Cofactors on the Donor Side of Photosystem II Investigated with EPR Techniques

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Cofactors on the Donor Side of Photosystem II Investigated with EPR Techniques Cofactors on the Donor Side of Photosystem II Investigated with EPR Techniques vorgelegt von Diplom-Chemiker Michael Kammel aus Laage von der Fakult¨at II -Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften- der Technischen Universit¨at Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Martin Lerch Berichter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Lubitz Berichter: Prof. Dr. Robert Bittl Tag der mundlic¨ hen Prufung:¨ 23.06.2003 Berlin 2003 D 83 Zusammenfassung Michael Kammel: Cofactors on the Donor Side of Photosystem II investigated with EPR techniques Dem Photosystem II, mit dessen Hilfe es h¨oheren Pflanzen und Cyanobakterien gelingt, Wasser zu oxidieren, wird seit Jahrzehnten die Aufmerksamkeit der Forscher vieler Fachgebiete zuteil. Die Kofaktoren im Photosystem II durchlaufen im Rahmen der lichtinduzierten Ladungstren- nung paramagnetische Zust¨ande. Diese k¨onnen mit den Techniken der Elektronen-paramagne- tischen Resonanz erfasst werden. Dies erlaubt Aussagen ub¨ er Kinetik und Mechanismen der Ladungstrennungsreaktionen, sowie ub¨ er Ort und Orientierung der daran beteiligten Kofak- toren. Der erste Teil der Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Beginn der lichtinduzierten Ladungstrennung. Durch eine Blockade des prim¨aren Elektronentransfers war es m¨oglich, eine Rekombination am Ort der ursprunglic¨ hen Ladungstrennung zu induzieren. Es entsteht ein Triplettzustand, welcher sich mit zeitaufgel¨oster EPR detektieren l¨asst. Durch die Verwendung von Kristallen des PS II und der orientierungsabh¨angigen Messung des EPR-Signals konnte der Ort der Rekombination ermittelt werden und Aussagen ub¨ er die Ladungstrennung gemacht werden. Der zweite Teil ist der redoxaktiven Aminos¨aure YD des die Kofaktoren umgebenden Pro- teingerustes¨ gewidmet. Sie liegt im Photosystem als metastabiles Radikal vor. Die magnetischen Hyperfeinwechselwirkungen innerhalb dieses Molekuls¨ wurden mit HYSCORE und 1H-ENDOR untersucht. Durch die Kombination dieser beiden Techniken gelang eine vollst¨andige Bestim- mung und Zuordnung der Hyperfeinkopplungsparameter der Wasserstoffatome des Molekuls.¨ Der dritte Teil untersucht die Umgebung des wasserspaltenden Kofaktors, dessen Herzstuc¨ k ein vierkerniger Mangankomplex ist. An zwei paramagnetischen Oxidationszust¨anden, dem S2- 1 und dem S 2-Zustand, wurden H-ENDOR-Messungen durchgefuhrt.¨ Dadurch konnten Hy- − perfeinkopplungen von Protonen in der N¨ahe des Mangankomplexes ermittelt werden. Durch die Anwendung eines erweiterten Punkt-Dipol-Kopplungsmodelles konnten maximale Proton- Mangankomplex-Abst¨ande, sowie die m¨oglichen Aufenthaltssph¨aren der betreffenden Protonen ermittelt werden. Fur¨ die Koordination an den Mangankomplex erwiesen sich protonierte µ- oxo-Bruc¨ ken als wahrscheinlich. Im folgenden Teil war der Mangankomplex selbst anhand von 55Mn-ENDOR-Messungen Gegen- stand der Untersuchung. Im Kontrast zu den Ergebnissen einer anderen Forschungsgruppe wur- den hier Signale gefunden, die auf eine andere Zusammensetzung des Mangankomplexes als dort angegeben schließen lassen. Im letzten Teil wurde das prim¨are Amin Methylamin als Inhibitor der enzymatischen Aktivit¨at des PS II verwendet. Durch begleitende EPR-Messungen des S2-Zustandes am nativen wie auch am inhibierten System konnte festgestellt werden, dass Methylamin wahrscheinlich nicht mit dem Kofaktor Chlorid um eine Bindungsstelle am Enzym konkurriert, sondern m¨oglicherweise mit Wasser. i ii Publikationen und Konferenzbeitr¨age Kammel, M., Hofbauer, W., Zouni, A., Fromme, P., Bittl, R., Lendzian, F., Witt, H.T., & Lubitz, W., High field EPR studies of the tyrosyl radical YD• in Photosystem II crystals of Syne- chococcus elongatus, In XIth International Congress on Photosynthesis, Budapest, Int. Soc. of Photosynth. Res., 1998. Kammel, M., Bittl, R., & Lubitz, W., EPR investigations of the g=2 multiline signal of Pho- tosystem II at different frequencies of different preparations of the S2 state and the S0 MLS, Summer School on: \Advanced methods in electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ap- plication to chemistry", physics and Biology, 12.-19. September 1999, Caorle. Hofbauer, W., Zouni, A., Bittl, R., Kammel, M., Fromme, P., Lendzian, F., Witt, H.T., Lubitz, W., Krauss, N., & Orth, P., EPR characterization of the tyrosyl radical YD• in active Pho- tosystem II single crystals at 94 GHz, In High Frequency Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Amsterdam, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2000. Kammel, M., Lubitz, W., & Messinger, J., Effects of the water analogue methylamine on the S-State EPR multiline signals of the manganese cluster in plant Photosystem II, Joint Meeting of French and German Biophysicists, Mai 2001, Hunfeld.¨ Kammel, M., Kern, J., Lubitz, W., & Bittl, R., Photosystem II single crystals studied by TR EPR at 9.8 GHz: The light-induced triplet state at 10 K, XVIIth readings on Photosynthesis, Juli 2002, Puschchino. Kammel, M., Kern, J., Lubitz, W., & Bittl, R., Photosystem II single crystals studied by TR EPR at 9.8 GHz: the light-induced triplet at 10 K, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, in press. van Gastel, M., Kammel, M., & Lubitz, W., HYSCORE and DONUT-HYSCORE of the tyrosyl radical YD• in spinach Photosytem II, J. Magn. Res., manuscript in preparation. iii iv Contents 1 Photosynthesis 5 1.1 Overview . 5 1.2 Photosystem II . 6 1.2.1 Charge separation, electron pathways and kinetics in PS II . 7 1.3 Cofactors of the PS II core complex . 9 1.3.1 The primary donor . 10 1.3.2 The Oxygen-Evolving Complex (OEC) . 11 1.3.3 The tyrosines YZ and YD• . 13 2 Principles of EPR 15 2.1 The electron spin and its interaction with a magnetic field . 15 2.2 The Spin Hamiltonian . 16 2.3 The Electron-Zeeman-Interaction and the g Tensor . 16 2.4 The Nuclear-Zeeman-Interaction . 17 2.5 The Hyperfine-Interaction . 17 2.6 The Electronic Dipolar Interaction . 18 2.6.1 Two Electrons Coupling in an External Magnetic Field . 19 2.6.2 Electron Exchange Interaction . 20 2.7 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance . 22 v 2.7.1 Continuous wave EPR . 22 2.7.2 Transient EPR . 23 2.7.3 Pulsed EPR . 23 2.8 Other techniques of EPR . 24 2.8.1 Continuous Wave ENDOR . 24 2.8.2 Pulsed ENDOR . 25 2.8.3 Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) . 27 3 Sample preparation and characterization 33 3.1 PS II membrane fragments . 33 3.1.1 Sample treatments . 33 4 The Light-induced Triplet State in Photosystem II 35 4.1 Motivation . 35 4.2 Experiment . 37 4.2.1 Samples . 37 4.3 The PS II triplet state powder spectrum . 39 4.4 The triplet state spectra in PS II single crystals . 39 4.5 Simulation of the Single Crystal Spectra . 41 4.6 Discussion . 44 1 5 H-ENDOR and HYSCORE of YD• 51 5.1 Motivation . 51 5.2 Experiment . 53 5.2.1 Samples . 53 5.2.2 cw EPR . 53 1 5.2.3 Pulsed H-ENDOR of YD• . 53 vi 5.2.4 HYSCORE Spectra of YD• . 53 5.3 Analysis . 55 5.3.1 Pulsed ENDOR . 55 5.3.2 HYSCORE . 58 5.3.3 Assignment of the observed couplings to the protons of the tyrosine radical 59 5.3.4 The program used for the simulation of the HYSCORE spectra . 60 5.3.5 Simulation of the theoretical HYSCORE spectrum of YD• . 61 5.4 Discussion . 62 5.5 Conclusion . 65 1 6 H-ENDOR of the S 2 and the S2 state 67 − 6.1 Motivation . 67 6.2 Experiment . 70 6.2.1 Samples for the S2 state . 70 6.2.2 Samples for the S 2 state . 70 − 6.2.3 1H-Davies-ENDOR . 71 6.3 Results . 71 6.3.1 Field swept ESE of the S2 state . 71 6.3.2 Field swept ESE of the S 2 state . 72 − 1 6.3.3 H-ENDOR on protonated samples in the S2 state . 73 1 6.3.4 H-ENDOR on protonated and deuterated samples in the S 2 state . 75 − 6.3.5 Analysis of the ENDOR signals for the S 2 state . 78 − 6.4 Discussion . 81 6.4.1 The S2 state . 81 6.4.2 The S 2 state . 83 − 55 7 Mn-ENDOR of the S2-State 87 vii 7.1 Motivation . 87 7.2 55Mn-ENDOR spectra of exchange coupled complexes . 88 7.3 Experiment . 90 7.3.1 Samples and sample treatment . 90 7.3.2 Pulsed 55Mn-ENDOR . 90 7.4 Results . 91 7.5 Discussion . 91 8 Methylamine as inhibitor to oxygen evolution 95 8.1 Motivation . 95 8.2 Interaction of water analogues with the OEC . 96 8.3 Experiment . 96 8.3.1 Samples . 96 8.3.2 cw-EPR at X-band . 97 8.4 Enzyme kinetics and the effect of inhibitors . 97 8.4.1 Oxygen measurements in the presence of methylamine . 98 8.4.2 cw-EPR . 104 8.5 Discussion . 104 9 Summary and Outlook 107 10 Appendix 113 10.1 The Program Used for the Simulation of the Triplet Spectra . 113 10.2 Calculation of equipotential lines for coupling nuclei . 120 viii 1 Introduction Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), is the name given to the process of resonant absorption of microwave radiation by paramagnetic ions or molecules, with at least one unpaired electron spin, and in the presence of a static magnetic field. It has a wide range of applications in chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine: it may be used to probe the \static" structure of solid and liquid systems, and is also very useful in investigating dynamic processes. In the last decades the importance of EPR always stood behind the one of NMR. With the rise of the organic chemistry in the second half of the last century there was the need to explore the structure of thousands of.
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