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UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR JAVIER BACHILLERATO EN CIENCIAS

MONOGRAPH HOW DID THE PROTESTANT INFLUENCE THE AND WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES BROUGHT ON BY THEM 500 YEARS LATER?

STUDENT: JUAN SEBASTIAN VILLALBA GUARDERAS

TUTOR: LAURA ORTUÑO

THIRD BACCALURETTE - SECTION “C”

2017 – 2018

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to thank God, I have made this monograph because I love Him and the Church, both are my reasons for living. I also want to thank my parents for all their support, Ms. Laura Ortuño, for her love and patience while correcting this work. I am grateful as well to Father Pedro Barriga for the time he spent with me during our interview.

“

et in terra hominibus bonæ voluntatis.”

This monographic work was completed on October 31, 2017, 500 years after the Augustinian monk nailed the 95 theses on the doors of the church in Wittenberg, Germany; beginning the Reformation. May God help us to reunify the Church. May God help us to reunify the Church.

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SUMMARY

The Reformation was the point of division in the history where the Middle Ages end, it divided forever Europe and Christianism and its effects are still sensed. The Reformation initiated by Luther in 1517 was the cause for the Trent Council and all the changes for diverse areas that it brought such as architecture, painting and liturgy. The figure of the and the importance of the was reinforced during the Counter-Reformation in the before Luther.

The division of the Church still continues today, which is cause for God’s saddening.

Catholics know and love his faith to stop Church’s division and they also need to work for those who had lost his faith in the Catholic Church, ’s mystical body.

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INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... I SUMMARY ...... II INDEX ...... III INTRODUCTION ...... 1 CHAPTER I ...... 2 Martin Luther and his rebellion ...... 2 1.1 Who was martin Luther? ...... 2 1.1.1 General information ...... 2 1.1.2 Luther as a catholic monk ...... 2 1.2 The crisis of the Church ...... 3 1.3 The Ninety-five Thesis ...... 4 1.3.1 What are they? ...... 4 1.3.2 Concrete causes ...... 5 1.3.3 Immediate reactions ...... 5 1.4 Luther as a heretic ...... 6 CHAPTER II ...... 8 Counter-Reformation, the main consequence ...... 8 2.1 ...... 8 2.2 The changes ...... 9 2.2.1 Doctrine ...... 9 2.2.2 Liturgy ...... 10 2.2.3 Organization of the Church ...... 10 2.2.4 Culture ...... 11 2.2.4.1 Music ...... 11 2.2.4.2 Art and Architecture ...... 11 CHAPTER III ...... 12 The Christianism after Luther ...... 12 3.1 What happened afterwards Luther and the Counter-Reformation? ...... 12 3.2 The nowadays ...... 13 3.3 A wounded Body ...... 14

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CHAPTER IV ...... 15 Interview ...... 15 4.1 What do you know about the Protestant Reformation?...... 15 4.2 Do you know it main cause? ...... 15 4.3 Do you know it main consequence? ...... 15 4.4 Do you consider that the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation influenced in other areas such as literature, painting or politic? ...... 15 4.5 Which were the most important changes that the Counter-Reformation brought? ...... 16 4.6 In your opinion, who will be the most visible and important figure of the Counter- Reformation? ...... 16 4.7 Do you know anything about the Catholic Church’s actions at that time? ...... 16 4.8 Which are it effects today 500 hundred years later? ...... 17 4.9 What can we do to fight the effects of the Reformation? ...... 17 CONCLUSIONS...... 18 RECOMENDATIONS ...... 19 REFERENCES ...... 20

INTRODUCTION

Which could be the importance of an event that happened 500 hundred years ago? The rebellion initiated by an Augustine monk back in 1517 continues being cause of sadness and a big trouble for the Catholic Church. Its importance is in how it divided history forever.

The study of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation is for the interested of historians and for members of both religions. Is necessary to know the concrete causes that took Luther to broke with the Catholic Church and which were the consequences that this event brought, especially those that continue today.

Luther’s reasons, the changes introduced by the Counter-Reformation, the proliferation and expansion of the Protestant sects have been and continue being object of innumerable studies made by historians, theologians and philosophers.

The division impulse by Luther, based on wrong interpretations of the , still continues and still affects the Church. More than 30000 sects had appeared since 1521. This monograph studies the causes and consequences that the Reformation brought and how this affects us today. The author makes an investigation about the life and beliefs of Luther, and also about the Counter-Reformation.

In the First Chapter, the author makes a reconstruction of Luther’s life but also about the beginnings of the Reformation and its immediate reactions. The Second Chapter is about the

Counter-Reformation and the changes introduced by the Catholic Church. The Third Chapter talks about the Reformation today, how it has evolved500 years after Luther. The last Chapter is a summary, from an interview with the Jesuit Pedro Barriga.

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CHAPTER I

Martin Luther and his rebellion

1.1 Who was martin Luther?

1.1.1 General information

Martin Luther was a catholic priest specially known for initiating the Reformation. He was born on 10 November, 1483 in Eisleben (actual Germany). His father was Hans Luder, a miner; and his mother was Margarethe, a pious hard worker woman. Luther was the first son of his poor family.

His parents were so cruel with the young Martin; he was hard punished receiving spankings until bleed. The treat that he received converted him in a shy person. When he was fifteen escaped home to Eisenach, where his grandfathers lived. Here he received education without severe maltreatments.

On July 17th 1501 he entered in the Erfurt university to study Philosophy, contradicting his father who wanted him studying laws. The next year he graduated as a bachelor, then when he became 22 Luther received the tittle of teacher in Philosophy making his father very proud of him. Luther decided to be dedicated to Theology and Holy Scriptures.

1.1.2 Luther as a catholic monk

In 1505, while travelling by foot from Mansfield to Erfurt, a lighting struck near him. He was so nervous that believed was going to die, so he invoked the protection of Ana and promised her that if he was saved he will become a monk. Few days later he entered in the

Convent of San Agustin, making his father very angry of that decision. When he became 24 was ordered as a priest.

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In 1508 his spiritual director sent him to study Aristotelian ethic in the University of

Wittenberg. Here Luther received the grade of Biblical Bachelor, allowing him to do exegesis in public. The young Luther started teaching in Wittenberg, demonstrating great boldness.

In 1510 he travelled to Rome to make a complaint about the strict observance of the monastic rule. He remained horrified with the corruption in the Eternal City and with the clergy of poor faith and much wealth. He started to be a critic of that behavior and his impression of the

Vatican changed forever.

In 1512 he graduated as a doctor in theology. However, Luther was special because he wasn’t interested in the medieval scholastic (Aquino, Bonaventure, etc.) like most theologians in those times. Luther was named the chief of the convent of Wittenberg and then vicariate of his district, making him in charge of 11 convents.

It was in these years when he theorized what would be his main doctrines: Sola Fide, which means that we are saved only for the Grace of God not for our merits. Sola Scriptura, which means that the Bible is the only source of authority and any interpretation is unnecessary.

He also despised the figure of the Pope. All this is in contraposition of what the Church teaches, because we are not saved only for grace of God but also for our merits. Furthermore, the Bible and the Oral Tradition are the sources of authority, both are interpreted by the Magisterium.

1.2 The crisis of the Church

Saint Teresa of Avila (1904) in his work The Book of my Life expresses the following:

I know not why we are astonished that the Church is in so much trouble, when we see those, who ought to be an example of every virtue to others, so disfigure the work which the spirit of the

Saints departed wrought in their Orders. May it please His Divine Majesty to apply a remedy to this, as He sees it to be needful! Amen (p. 56)

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Actually, what Saint Teresa wrote is a great truth. Priests, monks and nuns that are supposed to be an example for all were so corrupted and lost. They lived with lot of luxuries and totally detached of the ’s values. Their religious and intellectual preparation was so poor and the Church was plagued with corruption.

Specially the Pope was anything but a spiritual figure. Great warriors, patrons, strategists, and political influencers where those who occupied Saint Peter’s throne during that time. The

Church came to recover from problems such as the Western Schism, where for 39 years (1378-

1417) two or three reclaimed to be the real Pope.

All these problems were hardly criticized by catholic humanists like Saint Thomas More or Erasmus, but they were also against breaking with the Church and strongly condemned

Luther's attitude. They believed that the Church could be reformed from inside.

1.3 The Ninety-five Thesis

1.3.1 What are they?

The original Latin tittle for the Ninety-five Thesis is “Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum”, and were published in the doors of the Church of the Palace of Wittenberg on

October 31, 1517. Luther wrote them to criticize the doctrine of Indulgences. In this text, he invites to debate those ninety-five reasons to declare invalid the indulgences of the Pope.

This thesis are simply sentences, ideas, that talk about the contraposition between the indulgences and the . They also argue that the Pope doesn’t have the power to refer penalties, the indulgences are not better than Christian charity and that the way to Heaven is only the Cross, not illusions. Martin Luther conceived a great truth: we can’t buy salvation.

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This work was the detonate of a big theological debate that ended up in the Reformation, one of the biggest schism in the history of the Church.

1.3.2 Concrete causes

The sale of indulgences criticized by Luther was promulgated by Pope Leo X. The raised funds would be used for the construction of the new Saint Peter's basilica in Rome. Johann

Tetzel was commissioned by the archbishop of Mainz to sell the indulgences. Despite that the prince that ruled the city where Luther lived prohibited the sale of indulgences in his domains, the congregation of the monk traveled to other cities to buy them. Luther was very upset because he believed that people were being cheated, because of this he wrote the Ninety-five Thesis to call the Pope to reflect on what he considered an abuse.

Luther was right, we can’t buy salvation. As we see, the leaders of the Church were detached from message that they began selling papers with the promise of salvation to remodel Pope's basilica. Luther was so incensed —with correct reasons— and that indignation leaded him to call to debate about the inefficacy of the indulgences and the damage that they provoked in the religiosity of the people.

But, are all indulgences wrong? No. Not all of them are wrong. An indulgence is the partial or total remission of the guilt that the sin left. Unfortunately, in that time they were used as a direct way to Heaven. These made , and charity being underestimated.

That’s why Luther wrote those Ninety-five thesis, he wanted to change that.

1.3.3 Immediate reactions

In that time the Dominican were in charge of the Inquisition, so they were the ones who denounced Luther. He tried to calm the situation but was in vain. In 1518 he was called to the

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judge in Rome, but by using his abilities with the prince of Saxony he obtained the permission to be judged in German ground.

In Augsburg, Luther discussed with the representative of the Pope for four days in interventions full of shouts. He wasn’t retracted and it was the beginning of the separation from the Church.

In 1519 Luther tried to call a council to present his reformists ideas, but it was denied in

1520 by the Pope Leo X. In the same year the Pope sent Luther the bulla Exsurge Domine, where the monk had the last opportunity to be retracted but in an arrogant act and in front of student burned the bull marking his official break with the Church.

In 1521 Leo X promulgated the bulla Decet Romanum Pontificem, where Luther was officially excommunicated. Carl V was the one who executed the sentence by determining

Luther and burning his works.

Federico the Wise pretended to kidnap Luther and hid him in the Wartburg castle until

1522. In this place Luther wrote the most important literary production in his life, where his most important work was the translation of the to the German.

1.4 Luther as a heretic

Rebellions and peasant wars forced Luther out of retirement, he tried to calm the peasants and the nobles but it was pointless. Luther authorized the nobles to use armed repression, initiating a bloody massacre like never before. He saved the Reformation of a possible dissolution but he lost popularity.

In 1525, during the wars, Martin Luther got married with Katharina von Bora. Katharina was a nun who abandoned the habits to follow the ideals of the Reformation, she appeased her husband's spirits and raised six children. The prince of Saxony granted them the use of an old

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convent as a student pension, the students had the opportunity to share the table with Luther and to be clarified of certain doubts.

The next years he got fat, his new church only celebrates and mass, but negating the doctrine of . The Reformation extended through all Europe and it was separated from the civil power.

In 1530 Charles V succumbed to and signed the Peace of Nuremberg, which established the freedom to freely and publicly exercise the new cult.

In 1536 Pope Paul III convoked the Council of Trent. This event in addition to the to the death of his daughter, Magdalena and his addiction to food and beer gradually deteriorated his health. In 1547, without any sign, Martin Luther died in Eisleben at the age of 62. His cause of death wasn’t determined by the doctors. He was buried under the pulpit of the Church of All

Saints, but his Reformation expanded rapidly throughout the world.

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CHAPTER II

Counter-Reformation, the main consequence

2.1 Council of Trent

The sacrosanct Council of Trent was convoked by Pope Paul III and is considered one of the most important events in the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age. It was instated to respond the attacks of the Reformation and to clarify the central aspects and dogmas of the catholic faith. Is the maximum attempt to fight against the moral crisis that the Church lived in those days.

It was an , which means that all the Church participated and was appeal to define his belief. The council had twenty-five sessions, first celebrated December 13th

1545, and it last session occurred on December 3rd and 4th 1563. Three held the chair of san Pedro during the Council; Paul III, Julius III and Pius IV presided the sessions. Each Pope marked a different stage in the council, which suffered pests and betrayals.

So that it may be celebrated brought with it Manny complications. For example, was

Pope Clement VII was the one who wanted to convoke it but he didn’t have the approval of the

King of France, who didn’t accept the Council due to the support of the Protestants that he received in the war, and without it the Council wouldn’t be successful. Paul III promised to reunify the Church by convoking the council, at first he was in favor with the thinking of

Erasmus of Rotterdam and reconcile Protestants and Catholics. Later he resolved that it wasn’t possible. Before being instituted in Trent, the Council set to start in Mantua and Vicenza.

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During the meetings two positions entered into debate. The first considered that the

Catholic Church needed to find a way to be reconciled with the Protestants, the other —which actually won— was intransigent and in favor to destroy all the heresies.

Where the Jesuits Diego Laínez, Alfonso Salmerón and Francisco Torres those who inspirited the topics of the Council. Cardillo de Villalpando was the one who prompted the philosophy and Pedro Guerrero defined the sanctions for those who attacked the faith.

This Holy Council marked a before and after in the Church, and helped avoiding bad behaviors of certain religious.

2.2 The changes 2.2.1 Doctrine

The Council of Trent didn’t define any new dogma, it relegated to clarify and well-define all the doctrine of the Church. It remarked the following things:

1. The human is saved by faith, which is demonstrated in works (in contraposition

with Luther’s doctrine sola fide).

2. The sources of the Magisterium are the Holy Scriptures (The Bible) and the

Tradition.

3. The interpretation of the Scriptures is only for the Pope and the bishops, not for

everyone. This doctrine allows the unity of the Church.

4. The official translation of the Bible is the one made by St. Geronimo known as

the Vulgate.

5. The clergy must be a moral example, and his formation has to be very rigorous.

6. Each diocese needs a seminary to the correct formation of it priests.

7. The hierarchy of the Church and it power must be controlled.

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8. The abuse of indulgences is prohibited.

9. The is real presence of Christ, where the bread and the wine become the

Body and the Blood of Jesus Christ (transubstantiation).

10. We can venerate the Holy Virgin Mary and the saints.

11. The sacraments are the , , Eucharist, Reconciliation

(Confession), , and Matrimony.

12. The is erased with the Baptism.

13. Bishops must live in their dioceses and they have to visit frequently the parishes.

14. A Catechism must be published, the missal and breviary have to be corrected. The

correction of the missal and the restructuration of the Mass ended in the

formulation of the “” in 1570, which was the manner in which the

Mass was celebrated until 1962 when the launched new

rite that we use nowadays.

2.2.2 Liturgy

The correction of the missal and the restructuration of the Mass ended in the formulation of the “Tridentine Mass” in 1570, which was the manner how the Mass was celebrated until

1962 when the Second Vatican Council launched the new rite that we use nowadays. We consider this the most important change in liturgy by this Council.

2.2.3 Organization of the Church

One of the most criticized doctrines by Luther was the papacy, the Council in contraposition of that reaffirmed the figure of the Pope as the visible head of the Church and as the vicar of Christ. The Pope is assisted by the bishops, each of them must live in their diocese

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and correctly control them. The Pope and his bishops are in charge of the Magisterium, its main task is the correct interpretation of the Holy Scriptures and the Holy Tradition.

2.2.4 Culture 2.2.4.1 Music

The Council didn’t deliver specific teachings about Music, but it made clear that any abuse during the Mass is prohibited. Any use of music or instruments during the Mass should be in a respectful way and the words should be pronounced clearly. The specifications were taught by local synods according to each diocese following the teachings of the Council.

2.2.4.2 Art and Architecture

The Council fixed dispositions about the constructions of churches. For example, the location of the church, it capacity, the decoration of the facade with figures of saints, the shape of the doors of the temple, the decoration of the walls and the form of the church (Latin cross).

Alfonso Rodríguez G. de Ceballos (1991) in the book Anuario del Departamento de

Historia y Teoría del Arte writes the following about the changes in the architecture after the

The decrees of the Trento Council about the mass and worship of the Holy encouraged the space in churches being transformed by eliminating the choir stalls in the center of the nave and approaching the to people. The tabernacles where the Holy Sacrament is exposed merited special importance: sometimes they were autonomous, replacing the traditional , others occupied a prominent place in the . In both cases the altar stone and the tabernacle became the focal point in the temple.

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CHAPTER III

The Christianism after Luther

3.1 What happened afterwards Luther and the Counter-Reformation?

After Luther the division in the Church didn’t stop. Between 1533 and 1534 the French

John Calvin, profoundly influenced by the Humanism, started a new reformation and appeared as a new form of Christianism. Calvin adhered to the doctrine of Luther men are saved by faith not works, but contrary Luther, Calvin rejected any real presence of Christ in the

Eucharist. He thought up the dangerous doctrine of Predestination, which believe that men are predestinated to be saved or condemned since Creation.

In 1534, after the negation of his divorce, Henry VIII self-proclaimed the leader of the

English Church, initiating . It contains the same doctrines of Luther, in addition the priests can be married and can be women.

In 1830, Joseph Smith founded Latter Day Saint movement, commonly known as

Mormons. This religion is based on the Bible and The Book of Mormon, which Joseph Smith translated from an original made by American Ancestors. Witnesses of Jehovah derived from the

Mormons, in 1870 Charles Taze Russell created the movement and the original name was “Bible

Student Movement”. His mean belief was that the of Jesus Christ already occurred in 1914 and we are presently living the last times.

Basically, all these religions share the common Five solae:

1. Sola scriptura: where the Bible is the only source of faith truths.

2. Sola fide: we only need to believe to be saved.

3. Sola gratia: we aren’t saved for our merits, we are saved for the grace of the Lord.

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4. Solus Christus or Solo Christo: Christ is the only mediator between God and men.

5. Soli Deo gloria: we only have to worship God, not Mary or the saints.

These doctrines are based in wrong interpretation of the Holy Bible, made by people that loved God but didn’t have that special virtue that every Christians must have: obedience.

Sometimes we feel that we must act in some way, unfortunately our plans not always God’s plans, and if we continue engaged in doing what we want, we are capable of creating chaos.

That’s what happened to all this persons, they didn’t obey the Church, they didn’t obey God.

They created chaos and division, saddening our Lord, they divided the church, weakening it, yet never shaking the bases on which Jesus constructed his church.

3.2 The Protestantism nowadays

Ecclesia reformata semper reformanda secundum Verbum Dei. This Latin phrase means that the Church has to be reformed constantly according God’s word. It’s true, Christ’s Church has been constantly reformed during his 2000 years of existence and we profoundly believe that these are under the action of the . The same thing didn’t occur with any

‘illuminated person’ that may have wanted to make any changes to the original doctrine to the doctrine without any solid argument or based in incorrect interpretations, these actions only result in division and hate.

Nowadays there are 800 million Protestants around the world, divided into five principal currents: Lutherans, Reformed, Evangelicals, Anglicans and Pentecostals. of these about 43,000 sects, all claiming to be the true Church that Jesus founded but none can prove it.

They like to criticize the Catholic Church, sometimes with lies or by twisting history to relegate the church with the sole purpose of tangling it in evil knots from which no good can come of it. They’ve changed the Bible, translating it incorrectly so as to support their own

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doctrines. They create fake miracles to attract the attention of needy. They profit at the expense of the tithe and the naivety of poor and good people. It seems that all of what Luther ‘fought’ against has vilely overcome his followers five hundred years later.

3.3 A wounded Body

Saint Paul recognized the Church as the Body of Christ in 1 Corinthians 12:12-27, all the baptized form this Body and, as a real body it has different members, as such the Mystical Body of Christ, also has it different members all dedicated to their distinct functions. If one member is ill the entire body suffers, so if there’s division and hate in the Church it affects Jesus Christ directly as well as all that are baptized, including those in Heaven or in the Purgatory— it is the entire Body which suffers

Jesus Christ is actually the affected by the disobedience of some people, not only by the

Protestants but also by those who believe that doing what they want to do is better than loving

God. We, as part of the Church, have to fight (in the best sense of the word) to avoid more division in the Church and more damage to the Mystical Body.

Our calling is to announce and expand the Holy Gospel and God’s Kingdom, this is not exclusively the mission of priests or missioners, it is for every person on the surface of the Earth.

We are not called to cause division, hate or death. Instead we must preach about on God’s behalf, and for our own sake of the promise of eternal life which is gained with the amount of love that we give out to others in our daily life, and in such, we are then able to reach holiness, by pleasing

Him and following in His guidance and teachings. We are committed to defend the Truth, even if it costs us our lives.

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CHAPTER IV

Interview

4.1 What do you know about the Protestant Reformation?

The Reformation was the rupture of a great part of the European Church initiated by

Luther, who was against some things of the Revelation and made some changes in the doctrine supposedly based on the Bible.

4.2 Do you know it main cause?

Its main cause was due to the improper use of the indulgences the indulgences, because the Pope was committed in some big works in Rome. He asked for money to beautify the cult of the Church and spiritual favors were granted for eternal life, for example by reducing the penalty of Purgatory. The voluntary economical sacrifice of some people to donate to the Church and its beautification was rewarded with spiritual advantages, but to gain these indulgences, people needed to complete some requirements, it was not something commercial in the manner in which

Luther thought.

4.3 Do you know it main consequence?

It main consequence was the revelation of Luther caused by the bad behavior of some members of the Church and their attitudes, but he wasn’t right at all and this caused a lot of problems.

4.4 Do you consider that the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation influenced in other

areas such as literature, painting or politic?

Yes. The most visible change was that the cult was broken and that influenced in art, culture, paint and architecture. Protestantism abolished painting and architecture, because they

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didn’t use images in the cult. Mass was relegated to an historical of the Last

Supper of Jesus. The solemnity of the Sacraments was totally overshadowed by Protestants and all were reduced to the Baptism.

4.5 Which were the most important changes that the Counter-Reformation brought?

One of the most important things that the Counter-Reformation brought was the reaffirmation that the Bible depends on the Church, and that only the Magisterium can interpret it. All this in contraposition to the Lutheranism that promulgated that anyone can interpret the

Bible however he wants and that the Bible is the unique fount of dogmas. The authority of the

Pope in all the Church and the importance of the Sacraments was reaffirmed, specially of the

Eucharist.

4.6 In your opinion, who will be the most visible and important figure of the Counter-

Reformation?

Definitely the most important figure of the Counter-Reformation was Saint Ignatius of

Loyola, because he was dedicated to the improvement of the Church and to rectify some things that were criticized by Luther. For example: the fidelity to the Pope, the Sacraments, the Word of

God, the Holy Tradition and the Magisterium. An interesting fact is that the same year that

Luther was excommunicated, the man selected by God for the spiritual reform, Saint Ignatius. was harmed in his leg and started his conversion.

4.7 Do you know anything about the Catholic Church’s actions at that time?

Maybe the actions of the Church at that time were so drastic and radical, because Luther was excommunicated immediately with all his followers and then condemned by the Council of

Trent. It is most probable that had that happened today, his position would have been Heard and analyzed more reasonably, and Luther would have been asked to reflect more rather than have

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him and his followers excommunicated. This would have probably caused a minor division in the Church.

4.8 Which are it effects today 500 hundred years later?

The division is the biggest effect and it still continues. Half of Europe is Protestant nowadays.

4.9 What can we do to fight the effects of the Reformation?

We must be in favor of the undertaken by the Church in recent times, added to the teaching and obedience to the Second Vatican Council.

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CONCLUSIONS

At the end of this monographic work, it is concluding that:

Luther was a good intended well-intentioned priest, but his ideas were not doing not agree with the doctrine of the Church. From his studies for the doctorate, it is evident that Luther was not interested in the philosophy and theology that most of the priests in the sixteenth century, for example, he did not deepen in the study of Saint Thomas Aquinas, which was highly appreciated in those times. This little interest in the theology and philosophy of the Church lead him to devise wrong doctrines against the Magisterium and the .

The Catholic Church lived a hard period, but Luther did not work till the end to change bad things, he preferred to ignore 1500 years of history and to create a new church without the consent of God by following his whims. The perfect example of the antithesis of Luther is Saint

Ignatius of Loyola, who obeyed without conditions the authority of the Church and hardly worked to change those things that were wrong.

The Council of Trent was the mayor consequence of the Reformation initiated by Luther, it brought in every field of the Church. The Council led the creation of very important things like the Catechism or the consolidation of a unique liturgy for the Universal Church; this is visible in the Tridentine Mass and the use of a unique missal promulgated by the pope. The Council of

Trent also brought changes in art, music, politic and architecture.

Reformation and Counter-Reformation was not only the reformation of the Christian religion or the Catholic Church, it was the end of the Middle Ages and this division is the start of a new part of History. Reformation definitely divided the Church, and was the origin of sects that perverted Christianism, the doctrine used is product of its own desires or incorrect Bible interpretations, may be our Lord who return sanctity and unity to his Church.

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RECOMENDATIONS

At the end of this work its recommended;

Catholics must be prepared to avoid falling in sects and to prevent that more people leave the Church that Jesus founded. The apostolic work has to be intense and it have to work in favor of those who are speared from de mystical Body of Christ, Catholics must be respectful and peaceful, but also they must have firmness and industriousness. The separation of brothers is not minimal; Catholics cannot be indolent and they must treat them with respect and charity, but never accepting their doctrines.

The Catholic Church has to avoid any corruption or degeneration of itself, it has to be saint and immaculate, avoiding the exodus of persons due to bad things inside the Church. The

Church is a lovely mother that welcomes all his children without paying attention to their differences, it is always waiting his sons like Jesus, being reflect of the merciful love of his founder.

Truth must be said in every place every day. The Church may have made some mistakes, but it is repentant. Nevertheless, those mistakes are not reason to live the Church, that is a sin and is a big fault to the obedience, people doing that are far away from the Grace of God and they live sinning.

Every person must pray God so he comes back and put an end to all evil, finally uniting with his Wife for all eternity in an endless love. Every person must pray for the sanctity of the

Wife and for her reunification.

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REFERENCES

Agencia AFP. (n.d.). Cinco cosas que debes saber sobre el protestantismo a 500 años de la Reforma. Retrieved from El Comercio: http://www.elcomercio.com/afull/protestante-reforma- martinlutero-religion-historia.html

Barriga, P. (2017, October 5). La Reforma y la Contrarreforma. (J. Villalba, Interviewer)

Ceballos, A. R. (1991). Anuario del Departamento de Historia y Teoría del Arte. Retrieved from Vol. 3 (1991): https://revistas.uam.es/anuario/issue/view/320

Concilio de Trento: Aportes. (n.d.). Retrieved from Buzón Católico: http://www.buzoncatolico.es/formacion/catolicismoyreligion/conciliodetrentoaportes.html

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