UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR JAVIER BACHILLERATO EN CIENCIAS MONOGRAPH HOW DID THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION INFLUENCE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES BROUGHT ON BY THEM 500 YEARS LATER? STUDENT: JUAN SEBASTIAN VILLALBA GUARDERAS TUTOR: LAURA ORTUÑO THIRD BACCALURETTE - SECTION “C” 2017 – 2018 I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I want to thank God, I have made this monograph because I love Him and the Church, both are my reasons for living. I also want to thank my parents for all their support, Ms. Laura Ortuño, for her love and patience while correcting this work. I am grateful as well to Father Pedro Barriga for the time he spent with me during our interview. “Gloria in excelsis Deo et in terra pax hominibus bonæ voluntatis.” This monographic work was completed on October 31, 2017, 500 years after the Augustinian monk Martin Luther nailed the 95 theses on the doors of the church in Wittenberg, Germany; beginning the Reformation. May God help us to reunify the Church. May God help us to reunify the Church. II SUMMARY The Reformation was the point of division in the history where the Middle Ages end, it divided forever Europe and Christianism and its effects are still sensed. The Reformation initiated by Luther in 1517 was the cause for the Trent Council and all the changes for diverse areas that it brought such as architecture, painting and liturgy. The figure of the Pope and the importance of the Mass was reinforced during the Counter-Reformation in the Catholic Church before Luther. The division of the Church still continues today, which is cause for God’s saddening. Catholics must know and love his faith to stop Church’s division and they also need to work for those who had lost his faith in the Catholic Church, Jesus Christ’s mystical body. III INDEX ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................... I SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... II INDEX .......................................................................................................................................... III INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I .................................................................................................................................... 2 Martin Luther and his rebellion ...................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Who was martin Luther? .................................................................................................. 2 1.1.1 General information ...................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Luther as a catholic monk ............................................................................................. 2 1.2 The crisis of the Church ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 The Ninety-five Thesis ..................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 What are they? .............................................................................................................. 4 1.3.2 Concrete causes ............................................................................................................ 5 1.3.3 Immediate reactions ...................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Luther as a heretic ............................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................................... 8 Counter-Reformation, the main consequence ................................................................................. 8 2.1 Council of Trent ................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 The changes ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Doctrine ............................................................................................................................ 9 2.2.2 Liturgy ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.3 Organization of the Church ............................................................................................ 10 2.2.4 Culture ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.2.4.1 Music .............................................................................................................................. 11 2.2.4.2 Art and Architecture ....................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................................... 12 The Christianism after Luther ....................................................................................................... 12 3.1 What happened afterwards Luther and the Counter-Reformation? ............................... 12 3.2 The Protestantism nowadays .......................................................................................... 13 3.3 A wounded Body ............................................................................................................ 14 IV CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................................... 15 Interview ....................................................................................................................................... 15 4.1 What do you know about the Protestant Reformation?.................................................. 15 4.2 Do you know it main cause? .......................................................................................... 15 4.3 Do you know it main consequence? ............................................................................... 15 4.4 Do you consider that the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation influenced in other areas such as literature, painting or politic? .............................................................................. 15 4.5 Which were the most important changes that the Counter-Reformation brought? ........ 16 4.6 In your opinion, who will be the most visible and important figure of the Counter- Reformation? ............................................................................................................................. 16 4.7 Do you know anything about the Catholic Church’s actions at that time? .................... 16 4.8 Which are it effects today 500 hundred years later? ...................................................... 17 4.9 What can we do to fight the effects of the Reformation? ............................................... 17 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................... 18 RECOMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................. 19 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 20 INTRODUCTION Which could be the importance of an event that happened 500 hundred years ago? The rebellion initiated by an Augustine monk back in 1517 continues being cause of sadness and a big trouble for the Catholic Church. Its importance is in how it divided history forever. The study of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation is for the interested of historians and for members of both religions. Is necessary to know the concrete causes that took Luther to broke with the Catholic Church and which were the consequences that this event brought, especially those that continue today. Luther’s reasons, the changes introduced by the Counter-Reformation, the proliferation and expansion of the Protestant sects have been and continue being object of innumerable studies made by historians, theologians and philosophers. The division impulse by Luther, based on wrong interpretations of the Bible, still continues and still affects the Church. More than 30000 sects had appeared since 1521. This monograph studies the causes and consequences that the Reformation brought and how this affects us today. The author makes an investigation about the life and beliefs of Luther, and also about the Counter-Reformation. In the First Chapter, the author makes a reconstruction of Luther’s life but also about the beginnings of the Reformation and its immediate reactions. The Second Chapter is about the Counter-Reformation and the changes introduced by the Catholic Church. The Third Chapter talks about the Reformation today, how it has evolved500 years after Luther. The last Chapter is a summary, from an interview with the Jesuit Pedro Barriga. 1 CHAPTER I Martin Luther and his rebellion 1.1 Who was martin Luther? 1.1.1 General information Martin Luther was a catholic priest specially known for initiating the Reformation.