DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecology of the Marten in Glacier National Park

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecology of the Marten in Glacier National Park University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1955 Ecology of the marten in Glacier National Park Vernon Duane Hawley The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hawley, Vernon Duane, "Ecology of the marten in Glacier National Park" (1955). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6451. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6451 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ECOLOGY OF THE MARTEN IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK by VERNON D. HAWLEY B# S# Montana State Iftiiversity, 1953 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Wildlife Technology MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 1955 Approved by; yOhainman. Board af E%ü&niners y pean, Gradüate School ./ / f T j T Date UMI Number: EP37252 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Oiasartadikm FNjUishing UMI EP37252 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright In the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Pro uesf ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 -1346 TABLE OF CONTmTS Page LIST OP TABLES......................................... T LIST OF F I G U R E S ...........................................vi ACKN0WLEDGEî®îT3...........................................vil INTRODUCTION............................................ 1 THE STUDY A R E A .......................................... 3 Geographical Description # . # . * # 3 Topographical Description . .................. 3 Climatic Description ...... 5 Vegetation Description.............................. 5 Birds and Mammals S VEGETATION A N A L Y S I S ....................... 12 Forest Types ......... 12 Methods 12 Results 16 BIRD AND MATiMAL CENSUS ......... 13 Bird Counts 13 Small Mammal Indices ......... 13 Squirrel and Chipmunk Counts . ..... 23 LIVE-TEAFPINa M E T H O D S ..................................... 25 Trap Line and Trap Site Location ............ 25 Trap Setting Methods 26 Marking Trap Sites ................... 23 Traps Used 23 B a i t ................................................ 29 • i ü — Pago Scent 29 Checking of T r a p s ............... ............... * 30 Handling Method •••••••••••••««••••• 30 Marking Method 32 Data Recorded ........... 34 Sexing . # # .................. 36 A g i n g ......... 36 TRAPPING S U C C E S S ........................... 42 General 42 Trap Distiirbance . 46 Trap Mortality 45 Discussion of the Success of the Methods Used • • • • • 46 LIFE HISTORT AND HABITS OP THE MARTE2Ï...................... 49 Behavior in the Trap 49 Behavior on Release ......... 51 Arboreal Tendencies 54 Activity Pattern ......... 55 Sociability 56 Trails...............................................57 Attitude Toward Man 5^ Predation . ......... 59 Food Habits ......... 59 Breeding Season 61 Minimum Breeding Age .........« 62 Date of Birth 63 Iv Page Number of Young *••• ....... *••••••••••• 63 Development of the Young ......... 64 Care of the Young ............. 63 POPULATION PHENOMENA......... 70 Population Composition 70 Population Density .............. 76 Weights ........................* # . # # 73 Foraging A r e a s ........... 33 Habitat Use « ..................................... 102 POPULATION D Y N A M I C S ....................................... 107 MANAGEMENT ASPECTS...................................... 115 Census Methods 115 Environmental Needs . ........... 116 Movements 113 Refuges ••«•••• 119 Seasons and Harvest Quotas 121 Habitat Improvement......... 124 S m C O R Y .................. 125 LITERATURE CITED........................................... 123 LIST OP TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 1# Summary of Climate and Weather ......... 6 2# Major Plant Species Present ............ 9 3* Mansnals Noted with Abundance Rating 11 4# Birds Noted with Abundance Rating ••••••••••• 10 5* Vegetation Survey Results ........ 17 6. Birds, Red Squirrels and Chipmunks per 1000 feet by Habitat . 19 7. Results of Small Mammal Trapping. Plot #1....,«. 21 8. Results of Small Mammal Trapping. Plot # 2 ...... 22 9. Summary of Trapping Results . 43 10. Sex Ratio Comparisons ••••• 4B 11. Residential Status of the Marten . ...... 71 12. Number of Marten Last Captured in Each Quarterly Period. 75 13# Marten Densities on the Study Area . ........ 7B 14# Mean Weights of Non-juvenile Marten . 79 15* Foraging Area Sizes of Male and Female Marten . • . • • 87 16. Seasonal Foraging Area Size Comparisons ........ 93 17. Successive Capture Distances of an Adult Male Marten . # 94 18# Percent Success by Habitat T y p e ................. 103 19. Marten Density Index by Habitat Type . ........ 104 20. Trap Success by Primary Species ........ 106 21. Trap Success by Size Class ...... .. 106 -V- LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE 1. Study A r e a .......... 4 2# Vegetation Map . .............. # 7 3# Trap Check Form 31 4. Capture F o r m ............. ••».................. 35 5. Juvenile Captures " 1953 6$ 6* Juvenile Captures ^ 1954 . 66 7* Population Composition 72 S# Juvenile Male Marten Weights . SO 9# Monthly Mean Marten Weights . .... ... SI 10. Weights of an Adult Male Marten « .............. S2 11. Minimum Foraging Areas, Non-juvenile Marten, 1953-1954. S5 12. Minimum Foraging Areas. Juvenile Tlarten, 1953-1954 * . S6 13. Minizmm Foraging Areas. Non-Juvenile Marten, Summer, 1953 . 8S 14. Minimum Foraging Areas. Non-juvenile Marten, Winter, 1954 . S9 15. Minimum Foraging Areas. Non-juvenile Marten, Summer, 1954 . 90 16. Minimum Foraging Areas. Mon-juvenile Jîarten, Fall, 1954 91 17. Foraging Area Use. Adult Male #2......... 96 IS. Foraging Area Use. Adult Male #6 and Adult Female #10 • 97 19. Foraging Area Use. Adult Male #7 and Adult Female #4. 9S LIST OF PLATES PLATE I Trap set in stump with marten held captive .... 27 PLATE II Method of weighing marten in handling cone • • . • 33 -vi- ACKTÎOlVLEDGKOTrrS The help contributed by laany individuals and cooperating agencies is most sincerely appreciated* A special word of thanks goes to Mr* Fletcher E* Newby for assistance and guidance in field techniques, information on preliminary studies, and the interest he has shown during this investigation ; and Dr* Philip L* Wright for the invaluable guidance and assistance he has given throughout the period of the study* To Dr* Ludvig Browman and Dr. John Craighead, appreciation is extended for their interest and advice during the investigation. I wish to thank the Glacier National Park Service personnel for their help and hospitality while I was residing in the Park. I am also indebted tot Dr. Joseph Kramer for the help given on some of the vegeta- tional aspects of the problem. Charles Crunden for his help on some of the surveys and for information obtained from trapping on the area near the study location and preliminary investigations on the area. Ken Greer for giving transportation when travel conditions were difficult. The individual members of the Wildlife Research Unit; Zoology, Botany and Forestry staff for advice and assistance* The National Park Service for the use of housing and communications facilities. The Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit and Pittman— Robertson Project W-49-R provided financial aid and equipment. The -vii- -viii- study was conducted in Glacier National Park with the permission of the National Park Service through the collaboratorship of Dr. Philip L. Wight# Mr. Beatty, Park Naturalist, helped to coordinate activities with the Park Service and for this help I wish to express my appreciation. INTRODUCTION Relatively little Information is available on the population dynamics of the marten (Martes amerlcana) # Su<^ information Is needed if the marten^ a valuable fur bearer^ la to be placed on a sustained yield basis through proper management* This study was designed to obtain quantitative data on the ecology of the marten by means of live trapping and release of marked animals* This represents the initial phase of a proposed long-term study to be conducted by graduate students through the Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit^ Montana State University^ Missoula^^ Montana* This investigation has the following main objectives: 1* To gather data on the life history of the marten* 2* To determine population density and turnover^ range^ movement and distribution of marten through live trapping and tagging* 3* To correlate marten density with vegetation types and food supply* The study was conducted over a two year period^ from June 1953 to June 1955, at Anaconda Creek in Glacier National Park^ Montana* The periods of active field investigative work were as follows: June 16 through September 25, 1953* November 26 through 2Ô, 1953* January 12 through March 16, 1954* June
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Educator Packet
    Educator Packet Animal Survival Strategies Grade Level: 4th Grade (can be adapted to 2nd and 3rd grade) Overview: Students will observe pieces of art from the Art and Animal exhibit and learn about various Ohio wildlife species and the ways they adapt to survive extremes in weather and environments. Materials: Wildlife board game and handout on animal traits. Content Standards: Science: Changes in an organism’s environment are sometimes beneficial to its survival and sometimes harmful. Plants and animals have life cycles that are part of their adaptations for survival in their natural environments. Organisms that survive pass on their traits to future generations Social Studies: Places and Regions: The regions of the United States known as the North, South and West developed in the early 1800s largely based on their physical environments and economies. Human Systems: People have modified the environment since prehistoric times. There are both positive and negative consequences for modifying the environment in Ohio and the United States. Background/Key Ideas: Students will play a game that includes reproductions of several pieces of art from the exhibit Art and the Animal. All pieces are images of animals that can be found in Ohio. Students will use previous knowledge and deductive reasoning to match the correct facts (classifications, and characteristics) to each animal. After completion of the game, facts about adaptation will be further addressed with a silly exercise where the classroom teacher is outfitted with various props which represent each of the animals from the game. Procedures: Introduction: “Hello and welcome to another round of Adapt to Survive; the game where you compete to match Ohio’s wildlife to the correct category.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Patterns of Laboratory Mongolian Gerbils by Sex and Housing Condition: a Case Study with an Emphasis on Sleeping Patterns
    Journal of Veterinary Behavior 30 (2019) 69e79 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Veterinary Behavior journal homepage: www.journalvetbehavior.com Small Mammal Research Behavioral patterns of laboratory Mongolian gerbils by sex and housing condition: a case study with an emphasis on sleeping patterns Camilo Hurtado-Parrado, PhD a,b,*, Ángelo Cardona-Zea, BSc b, Mónica Arias-Higuera, BSc b, Julián Cifuentes, BSc b, Alejandra Muñoz, MSc b, Javier L. Rico, PhD b, Cesar Acevedo-Triana, MSc c a Department of Psychology, Troy University, Troy, AL, USA b Faculty of Psychology, Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá DC, Colombia c School of Psychology, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia article info abstract Article history: The behavioral patterns of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) housed individually and in same- Received 10 September 2018 sex groups (siblings) were characterized. Gerbils were continuously video-recorded 24 hours (day 1) and Accepted 7 December 2018 120 hours (day 5) after housing conditions were established (no environmental enrichment was Available online 13 December 2018 implemented). Video samples totaling 2016 minutes were scored to obtain measures of maintenance (drinking, sleeping, grooming, and eating), locomotor (jumping and rearing), communication (foot Keywords: stomping), and stereotyped behaviors (gnawing bar and digging), which were compared across housing case study conditions and sex. Irrespective of sex or housing, gerbils dedicated between 65 and 75% of the day to Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus maintenance behaviors; more than 50% of this time was dedicated to sleep. Time allocated to other d d housing conditions behavioral states for example, bar gnawing, digging, and eating remained below 5% of the observation captivity time.
    [Show full text]
  • Lagomorphs: Pikas, Rabbits, and Hares of the World
    LAGOMORPHS 1709048_int_cc2015.indd 1 15/9/2017 15:59 1709048_int_cc2015.indd 2 15/9/2017 15:59 Lagomorphs Pikas, Rabbits, and Hares of the World edited by Andrew T. Smith Charlotte H. Johnston Paulo C. Alves Klaus Hackländer JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS | baltimore 1709048_int_cc2015.indd 3 15/9/2017 15:59 © 2018 Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2018 Printed in China on acid- free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www .press .jhu .edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Smith, Andrew T., 1946–, editor. Title: Lagomorphs : pikas, rabbits, and hares of the world / edited by Andrew T. Smith, Charlotte H. Johnston, Paulo C. Alves, Klaus Hackländer. Description: Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017004268| ISBN 9781421423401 (hardcover) | ISBN 1421423405 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781421423418 (electronic) | ISBN 1421423413 (electronic) Subjects: LCSH: Lagomorpha. | BISAC: SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Biology / General. | SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Zoology / Mammals. | SCIENCE / Reference. Classification: LCC QL737.L3 L35 2018 | DDC 599.32—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004268 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Frontispiece, top to bottom: courtesy Behzad Farahanchi, courtesy David E. Brown, and © Alessandro Calabrese. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410-516-6936 or specialsales @press .jhu .edu. Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 percent post- consumer waste, whenever possible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Carnivora of Madagascar
    THE CARNIVORA OF MADAGASCAR 49 R. ALBIGNAC The Carizizrorn of Madagascar The carnivora of Madagascar are divided into 8 genera, 3 subfamilies and just one family, that of the Viverridae. All are peculiar to Madagascar except for the genus Viverricula, which is represented by a single species, Viverricula rasse (HORSFIELD),which is also found throughout southern Asia and was probably introduced to the island with man. Palaeontology shows that this fauna is an ancient one comprising many forms, which appear to be mainly of European origin but with very occasional kinships with the Indian region. For instance, Cvptofiroctaferox, although perhaps not directly related to Proailurus lenianensis (a species found in the phosphorites of the Quercy region of France and in the Aquitanian formations of Saint Gérand-le- Puy) , nevertheless appears to be the descendant of this line. Similarly, the origin of the Fossa and Galidiinae lines would seem to be close to that of the holarctic region. Only Eupleres raises a problem, having affinities with Chrotogale, known at present in Indochina. The likely springboard for these northern species is the continent of Africa. This archaic fauna has survived because of the conservative influence of the island, which has preserved it into modern times. In the classification of mammals G. G. SIMPSONputs the 7 genera of Madagascan carnivora in the Viverridae family and divides them into 3 subfamilies, as shown in the following table : VIVERRIDAE FAMILY Fossinae subfamily (Peculiar to Madagascar) Fossa fossa (Schreber) Eupleres goudotii Doyère Galidiinae subfamily (peculiar to Madagascar) Galidia elegans Is. Geoffroy Calidictis striata E. Geoffroy Mungotictis lineatus Pocock Salanoia concolor (I.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Behavioural Feedback on Circadian Clocks of the Nocturnal Field Mouse Mus Booduga R
    This article was downloaded by: [Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Adv. Sci. Research] On: 20 January 2012, At: 03:12 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Biological Rhythm Research Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/nbrr20 Effect of Behavioural Feedback on Circadian Clocks of the Nocturnal Field Mouse Mus booduga R. Chidambaram a , G. Marimuthu a & Vijay Kumar Sharma b a Department of Animal Behaviour and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai Tamil Nadu India b Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur Bangalore Karnataka India Available online: 09 Aug 2010 To cite this article: R. Chidambaram, G. Marimuthu & Vijay Kumar Sharma (2004): Effect of Behavioural Feedback on Circadian Clocks of the Nocturnal Field Mouse Mus booduga , Biological Rhythm Research, 35:3, 213-227 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09291010412331335760 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and- conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub- licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic and Gene Regulatory Signatures of Cryptozoic Adaptation
    Wayne State University Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship 2007 Genomic and gene regulatory signatures of cryptozoic adaptation: Loss of blue sensitive photoreceptors through expansion of long wavelength-opsin expression in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Magdalena Jackowska Wayne State University, [email protected] Riyue Bao Wayne State University, [email protected] Zhenyi Liu Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, [email protected] Elizabeth C. McDonald Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, [email protected] Tiffany A. Cook Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, [email protected] Recommended Citation Jackowska et al. Frontiers in Zoology 2007, 4:24 doi:10.1186/1742-9994-4-24 Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/biomedcentral/153 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. See next page for additional authors Authors Magdalena Jackowska, Riyue Bao, Zhenyi Liu, Elizabeth C. McDonald, Tiffany A. Cook, and Markus Friedrich This article is available at DigitalCommons@WayneState: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/biomedcentral/153 Frontiers in Zoology BioMed Central Research Open Access Genomic and gene regulatory signatures of cryptozoic adaptation: Loss of blue sensitive photoreceptors through expansion of long wavelength-opsin expression in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Magdalena Jackowska1, Riyue Bao1, Zhenyi Liu2, Elizabeth C McDonald3, Tiffany A Cook3 and Markus Friedrich*1,4 Address: 1Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA, 2Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, 3600 Cancer Research Building, St.
    [Show full text]
  • By Linda Stanek Illustrated by Shennen Bersani from the Award-Winning Team That Brought You Once Upon an Elephant, CBC Children’S Choice Book Aw a R D 2017
    by Linda Stanek illustrated by Shennen Bersani From the award-winning team that brought you Once Upon an Elephant, CBC Children’s Choice Book Aw a r d 2017. What creeps while you sleep? Short, lyrical text makes this a perfect naptime or bedtime story. Young readers are introduced to nocturnal animals and their behaviors. Older readers learn more about each animal through As an early and middle childhood educator, Linda sidebar information. Stanek wants to inspire young learners, including children with written language disabilities, to write about things that excite them. Her own passion for teaching children about the importance of each link in the natural world provided the inspiration by Linda Stanek for Night Creepers. Linda has also written Once Upon an Elephant, The Pig and Miss Prudence and Beco’s Big Year: A Baby Elephant Turns One. illustrated by Shennen Bersani Linda has two grown sons and lives in Ohio with her husband and feline family members. Visit her website at www.lindastanek.com. Shennen Bersani is an award-winning illustrator with 2 million copies of her books cherished and read by children, parents, and teachers throughout the world. Her art delivers heartfelt emotion, the wonders of nature and science, Arbordale Publishing offers so much more and creates a unique joy for learning. Some of than a picture book. We open the door for Shennen’s other illustrated works include Honey children to explore the facts behind a story Girl; A Case of Sense; Once Upon an Elephant; they love. Animal Partners; Sea Slime: It’s Eeuwy, Gooey and Under the Sea; Shark Baby; Home in the Thanks to Kenneth Rainer, Education Cave; Astro: The Steller Sea Lion; The Glaciers Coordinator at the GTM Research Reserve, are Melting!, The Shape Family Babies; and and Cathleen McConnell, Community and Salamander Season for Arbordale.
    [Show full text]
  • Light Pollution and Impact of Light Pollution
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 Light Pollution and Impact of Light Pollution Dr. Rasna Rajkhowa Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, T. H. B. College, Jamugurihat, Sonitpur, Assam, India Abstract: Ecological light pollution comprises direct glare, chronically increased illumination and temporary, unexpected fluctuations in lighting. The sources of ecological light pollution are very various and found in nearly every ecosystem in the form of sky glow, illuminated buildings and towers, streetlights, fishing boats, security lights, lights on vehicles, flares on offshore oil platforms, and even lights on undersea research vessels. In this paper we discuss different types of light pollution and impacts of light pollution. Avoidable light pollution refers to light flow emitted at night by artificial light sources which are inappropriate in intensity, direction and/or spectral range, unnecessary to carry out the function they are intended for, or when artificial lighting is used in particular sites, such as observatories, natural areas or sensitive landscapes. Among all causes having a negative effect on night sky quality, light pollution shows the highest immediate risks but, at the same time, it can be reduced through viable solutions. Keywords: pollution, over-illumination, Light trespass, Glare, Sky glow 1. Introduction which claimed that there is a link between light pollution and breast cancer because of the suppression of the normal With the expansion of human habitation near and within nocturnal production of melatonin. natural habitats, fragile ecosystems are increasingly exposed to artificial night lighting. The natural night sky light comes The light pollution is also believed to contribute to smog.
    [Show full text]
  • A Profile of Panhandling Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 6-1983 A Profile of anhandlingP Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Jane Tate University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Tate, Jane, "A Profile of Panhandling Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1983. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2526 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Jane Tate entitled "A Profile of Panhandling Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Michael R. Pelton, Gordon M. Burghardt, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Edward E. C. Clebsch, Cheryl B. Travis Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: We are submitting herewith a dissertation written by Jane Tate entitled "A Profile of Panhandling Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park." We have examined the final copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial ful fillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philo sophy, with a major in Ecology.
    [Show full text]
  • Amazing Animal Adaptations
    Amazing Animal Adaptations This packet is to help introduce your students to terms and ideas that will be discussed during your visit to the Peoria Zoo. It is designed to enhance your program experience either through class prep or follow-up. By using the vocabulary, activities and ideas it will help reinforce the program and meet the State Standards listed on page 4. Terms to introduce: Adaptation- a physical characteristic or behavior that helps an animal survive in its environment Appendage-any complex part or organ extending from the body Antenna-a sensory appendage on the headof an arthropod Arachnid-an arthropod with four pairs of walking legs (spiders, scorpions, mites or ticks) Arthropod-a segmented animal with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton Biofact-an object found in nature including feathers, eggs, and teeth Burrowing-when an animal digs a hole to hide and live in Camouflage-hiding by protective coloring, pretending to be part of the natural surroundings Cold-blooded-an organism that regulates its body temperature by exchanging heat with its environment Countershading-form of camouflage where there is darker coloring located on the top and a lighter shade on the bottom, making it difficult for it to be seen from either above or below Crepuscular-animals which are active at dawn and dusk Diurnal-animals which are active during the daytime Habitat-the environment where an organism usually lives Endoskeleton-an organism whose support is located on the inside Exoskeleton-an organism whose support and protection is located
    [Show full text]
  • Teacher's Guide Survival at 40°C Above by Debbie S. Miller
    Teacher’s Guide Survival at 40°C Above by Debbie S. Miller **These notes may be reproduced free of charge for use and study within schools, but they may not be reproduced (either in whole or in part) and offered for commercial sale** TITLE: Survival at 40 Above AUTHOR: Debbie S. Miller ILLUSTRATOR: Jon Van Zyle NOTES BY: Robyn Sheahan-Bright CONTENTS • SYNOPSIS • THEMES • WRITING STYLE • AUTHOR MOTIVATION • AUTHOR BACKGROUND • ILLUSTRATOR MOTIVATION • ILLUSTRATOR BACKGROUND • EDITORIAL COMMENT • TEACHER ACTIVITIES/NOTES • BLACKLINE MASTERS SYNOPSIS ‘As the night sky melts away, the Simpson Desert horizon glows like a campFire.’ (p3) The secret liFe oF the Australian desert is evocatively captured in a text which creates an atmosphere of wonder as it also informs young readers. The colours of the sand and sky; the strange habits of the desert creatures including the sand goanna, emu, brown snake, skink, mulgara, dingo and ningaui; the idiosyncrasies of the predatory and protective behaviours of these animals is told with a sense oF awe and respect; and Finally the eFFect oF rain on this environment is lucidly and yet poetically described. 1 This text might be used as a catalyst For Further investigation into this unique environment, and into other texts which have been written about this terrain. It should entice young readers to read, look, and visit this unique landscape. THEMES This book is a multi-disciplinary non-fiction text which might be used in relation to each of the KLAs in the curriculum. (www.australiancurriculum.edu.au) Examples include: English In this curriculum area various aspects oF non-fiction and fiction writing might be discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Impact of Artificial Light at Night
    sustainability Review Ecological Impact of Artificial Light at Night: Effective Strategies and Measures to Deal with Protected Species and Habitats Annika K. Jägerbrand 1,2,* and Constantinos A. Bouroussis 3 1 Calluna AB, Hästholmsvägen 28, SE-131 30 Nacka, Sweden 2 Department of Environmental and Biosciences, Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Science (RLAS), School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, P.O. Box 823, SE-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden 3 Lighting Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: When conserving or protecting rare or endangered species, current general guidelines for reducing light pollution might not suffice to ensure long-term threatened species’ survival. Many protected areas are exposed to artificial light at levels with the potential to induce ecological impacts with unknown implications for the ecosystems they are designated to protect. Consequently, it is recommended that precautionary methods for the avoidance and mitigation of light pollution in protected areas be integrated into their management plans. This paper’s aims are to present an overview of best practices in precautionary methods to avoid and mitigate light pollution in protected areas and to identify and discuss what ecosystems should be considered light-sensitive and how to prioritise species and habitats that need protection from artificial light, including examples of legislation covering ecological light pollution in the European Union and in Sweden. The important Citation: Jägerbrand, A.K.; aspects to include when considering light pollution at a landscape level are listed, and a proposal Bouroussis, C.A.
    [Show full text]