Perspectives on Peace from Jaffna

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SOCIAL INDICATOR DECEMBER 2002

PERSPECTIVES FROM JAFFNA ON THE PEACE PROCESS AND ISSUES OF CONCERN

INTRODUCTION

Social Indicator (SI) carried out its Study Valikamam, Vadamarachchi and of Public Perceptions in the Jaffna Thenmarachchi areas, used a structured peninsular for the third time in 2002. SI questionnaire, administered through face- is an independent research organization, to-face interviews amongst a sample of operating under the Board of Directors 320 respondents. of the Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA). Financial assistance for the survey was provided by the Canadian International While capturing the views and beliefs of Development Agency (CIDA) through people on the peace process, this study the Governance and Institutional also reaches out to cover issues such as Strengthening Project (GISP) of the the cost of living, education and health. University of Ottawa.

The survey carried out between 10 – 14 December 2002 in the Jaffna, Nallur,

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

During the last two months people’s dissatisfaction has changed to satisfaction over employment opportunities. However, people are still dissatisfied with humanitarian assistance and Government loan schemes. For over 60% of the people peace means “ethnic harmony”. However, when compared to October 2002 there is an increase in opinion that peace means “freedom” for the people. The opinion that war means “death and destruction” continues to increase in December 2002, while there is a decrease in opinion that war means “fighting for rights” from October 2002 to December 2002. An overwhelming majority believes in peace talks as a means to end war in Sri Lanka, though there is a decline from October 2002. (91% October 2002, 82.2% December 2002). The opinion that neither party can achieve total victory through war shows a sharp increase to 62.2% in December 2002 from 47.4% in October 2002. Over 61% feel that all the ethnic communities can live together - an increase since October 2002.

The opinion that an international third party’s involvement is essential to solve the North East war in Sri Lanka continues to increase (78.8% December 2002). Reversing the declining trend of October 2002, people hail Norwegian assistance in the Sri Lankan peace process. Over 84% express their support for Norway’s continued assistance in the Sri Lankan peace process. There is an increase in opinion that Indian involvement in the Sri Lankan peace process is essential (23.8% in October 2002 to 30.3% in December 2002). There is a gradual increase from July 2002 to December 2002 in opinion that the ceasefire will last long. However 50.9% express their uncertainty. The declining satisfaction with Norway’s role in the ceasefire agreement in October 2002 has reversed dramatically in December 2002 (47.8% July 2002, 39% October 2002, 83.1% December 2002). People who are aware of the SLMM’s involvement in the monitoring of the ceasefire overwhelmingly agree that such a monitoring mission is essential for the CFA to succeed. Belief in SLMM’s impartiality and effectiveness has significantly increased, turning around the declining trend in October 2002. Over 88% of the people are aware of the 200 year sentence passed on Mr. Velupillai Prabhakaran; 70.9% believe that it will have a negative impact on the on going peace process. An overwhelming majority (80.3%) is of the belief that the Heroes’ Day speech made by the LTTE leader will have a positive impact on the peace process. Of the 60% who are aware of the 2nd round of peace talks in Thailand, 51.1% believes that the sub-committee on the Immediate Humanitarian and Rehabilitation Needs in the North and East should be given priority. Over 73% express their satisfaction with the outcome of the 2nd round of peace talks. While 62.5% of the people believe that the Government is not committed to treating the return of IDP’s as priority in the peace process, 60.6% believe that the LTTE is committed. Over 67.8% say that HSZ are an impediment to the return of IDP’s. Of the people who are aware of the meeting in Oslo on 25th November 02, 70.5% believe that it will have a positive impact on the people of the North.

BURNING ISSUES AND SATISFACTION LEVELS REGARDING AVAILABLE FACILITIES AND SERVICES

Unemployment continues to be ranked as the issue of most concern to a majority (21.6%) of the people of Jaffna in December 2002. The ethnic conflict as an issue of concern continues its downward trend since the first wave in July 2002 (33.8%) and now stands at 18.1%. While 11.6% of the people rank the cost of living as the most burning issue, for 8.1%, it is de- mining. As the graph depicts, in December 2002, 6.3% rank resettlement as the issue of most concern to them, while 2.2% of the people ranks education.

The most important issues

40 33.8 35

30 26.6

23.8 21.6 % 20 18.4 18.1 15.4 15 12.4 11.6 10 7 8.1 5.7 5 6.3 5 2.3 4.3 1.5 2.2 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

The Ethnic Conflict Unemployment The Cost of Living

Education Resettlement De-mining

Level of satisfaction with facilities/services

0.64 Availability of raw material for construction 0.12 0.4 0.54 Communication facilities 0.55 1.65 1.04 Electricity 1.66 2.85 -2.1 Government loan schemes-2.16 -1.04 1.31 Housing 1.39 1.91 December '02 2.9 Availability of food 2.9 October '02 4.14 July '02 -1.16 Humanitarian assistance -1.33 -0.23 0.86 Health 1.51 2.97 2.36 Transport 2.41 3.8 1.68 Education opportunities 1.42 2.3 0.21 Employment opportunities -0.32 -0.11

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Average (10 point scale)

In December 2002, the level of satisfaction with the availability of food remains stationary from October 2002 at 2.9, though it is a considerable decline from 4.14 in July 2002. The services for which the levels of satisfaction have shown a notable increase in December 2002 from October 2002, are employment opportunities (-0.32 to 0.21) and the availability of raw material for construction (0.12 to 0.64). While other facilities and services like education opportunities (1.68) and humanitarian assistance (-1.16) have notched up slight increases, the level of satisfaction with health has dropped from 1.51 in October 2002 to 0.86 in December 2002.

MEANING OF WAR AND PEACE

Peace means freedom for 43.1% of the people of Jaffna in December 2002. This perception has risen considerably from 23.5% in October 2002. For a majority (60.3%) of the people of Jaffna, the perception that peace means ethnic harmony continues in December 2002, though it is a decline from October 2002 (67.8%). The belief that peace means feeling safe has also increased (13% in October 2002 to 18.8% in December 2002), while the perception that peace means the end of war has declined from 53.3% in October 2002 to 45.9% in December 2002.

What does 'peace' mean to you? [Multiple Answers]

80 67.8 70 60.3 60 53.3 End of w ar 48.8 45.9 Ethnic harmony 50 43.1 Feeling safe % 40 29.8 End of terrorism 23.5 30 Separate state 23.4 18.8 20 Freedom 18.7 13 9 8.4 10 4.3 0 1.9 1.3 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

The perception that war means death and destruction continues its steady increase in December 2002 (65.9%) from July 2002 (50.7%), while the belief that it is a hindrance to economic development shows a notable increase (14.6% in October 2002 to 23.4% in December 2002). The perception that war means fighting for rights has decreased from 36.8% in October to 24.7% in December 2002.

What does 'war' mean to you? [Multiple Answers]

70 65.9 Means of achieving peace 60 50.7 58.8 Fighting for rights 50 40 34.2 36.8 Disharmony amongst races % 24.7 30 Hindrance to economic 19.5 23.4 16.4 development 20 14.6 15 Death/ Destruction 10 7.4 10.5 12.2 6 5.3 2.5 Terrorism 0 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

SOLUTIONS TO THE CONFLICT

When will there be peace in Sri Lanka?

60 52.2 49.8 50 50 Soon 40 35 31.4 Within the next 5yrs 35.9 Within the next 10yrs % 30 Not in my life time 20 Never 7.2 5.4 6.2 Don't know 10 5 2.8 3.3 1.9 5.3 1.9 0 21.30.6 July '02 October '02 December '02

In December 2002, as in the previous two waves, a majority (50%) is unable to say when there will be peace in Sri Lanka. However, those that say there will never be peace in Sri Lanka has declined from 5.3% in October 2002 to 2.8% in December 2002. The perception that peace will be achieved soon remains almost constant (35.6%).

How do you think we can end the war and have peace in Sri Lanka ? [Multiple Answers] A majority (82.2%) of

the people continue to 100 91 89.3 believe in that peace 90 82.2 talks is necessary to end 80 the war and have peace 70 in Sri Lanka, though it is 60 LTTE defeating a decline from October % 50 the Government 2002 (91%). 40 Peace talks 30 20

10 2.3 2.2 3.8 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

In December 2002, a majority (59.1%) of the people believes there hasn’t been a solution to the war for the past 15 odd years as a result of corrupt military and political leadership. The lack of a solution to the war attributed to the absence of political will shows a notable decrease (27.9% in October 2002 to 18.1% in December 2002).

Why do you think there hasn't been a solution to the war for the last 15 odd years ? [Multiple Answers]

57.3 60 59.1 Corrupt military and political leaders 50 No political w ill The strength of the LTTE 40 31.5 The strength of the Government % 27.9 LTTE does not w ant peace 30 22.8 The Government does not w ant pea 19.8 18.1 War is necessary for people in pow 20 14.9 16.6 Don't know 9.7 14.7 12.7 10 9.4 8.8 5 5.7 3.4 1.7 3 3.1 1.9 0 0.7 1.2 1.6 July '02 October '02 December '02

Can total victory be achieved by one of the parties in this war ?

70 62.2 In December 60 2002, a majority 48.8 47.4 50 (62.2%) continues Yes 40 to feel that neither 30.3 % 27.8 No party can achieve 30 20 Not s ure total victory in 17 20 11.4 this war. 15.9 10 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

LEVEL OF TOLERANCE AND PLURALISM

Do you think all the ethnic communities can live together?

80 71.2 70 58.5 61.3 60 Yes 50 No

% 40 Nev er 27.2 30 24.1 Don't know 20 14.4 8 10 8.7 10 6.2 5.4 4.1 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

A majority (61.3%) of the public is of the view that that all ethnic communities can live together. This is an increase from October 2002 (58.5%).

THE PEACE PROCESS AND INTERNATIONAL THIRD PARTY INVOLVEMENT

What is your opinion of the need for an international third party's involvement to solve the North East war in Sri Lanka ?

90 78.8 80 73.1 69.6 70 60 Is essential 50 Will add a positive impact % 40 Is not essential

30 Don't know /Not sure

20 12.7 13.3 8.4 7 10 5 7.8 6.4 3.7 0 3.1 July '02 October '02 December '02

The perception that third party involvement to solve the North East war in Sri Lanka is essential continues to increase in December 2002 (78.8%) from July 2002 (69.6%) and October 2002 (73.1%).

Please tell me if you approve or disapprove of Norway assisting in the Sri Lankan peace process ?

Approval for 100 81.9 Norwegian assistance 90 87.8 in the Sri Lankan peace 80 74 Approve process while 70 60 Neither approve nor continuing to be high, disapprove % 50 shows a notable 40 Disapprove increase from October 30 Don't know /Not sure 2002 (74%) to 20 14.9 7.7 8.8 December 2002 10 5.7 8.4 2.5 3.3 0.6 (87.8%). 0 2.8 July '02 October '02 December '02

Please tell me if you approve or disapprove of Norway continuing to assist in the Sri Lankan peace process ? 84.1 90 80 70 62.8 Norway’s continual 60 50 assistance in the % October '02 40 peace process is 30 December '02 15.5 15.5 endorsed by a 20 3.4 6.2 10 majority of the public 10 1.9 0 (84.1%) in December

Approve Neither Disapprove Don't know /Not 2002and is an approve nor sure increase from 62.8% disapprove in October 2002.

What is your opinion of the need for India's involvement in the Sri Lanka peace process ?

45 38.1 40 36.8 33.8 Is essential 35 30 30.3 Will add a positive impac 23.8 25 23.1 Will have no impact % 20 Will add a negative impac 14.2 14.1 15 12 Is not essential 12 13.9 11.6 10 6.8 Don't know /Not sure 9 7.5 5 3.3 1.9 2.2 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

As depicted in the graph above, while a majority (33.8%) of the public continues to believe that Indian involvement in the Sri Lanka peace process is not essential, it is a decrease from 38.1% in October 2002. On the other hand, the perception that Indian involvement is essential has increased from 23.8% in October 2002 to 30.3% in December 2002.

CEASEFIRE AGREEMENT

In December 2002 What do you think of the longevity of the ceasefire while a majority agreement ? (50.9%) are unable to state if the ceasefire 70 agreement will last,

60 59.2 there is a steady 51.4 50 50.9 The ceasefire agreement increase in the opinion w ill last long that it will (39.7%). 40 32.8 39.7 % The ceasefire agreement This is an increase 30 25.1 w ill not last long from 32.8% in Don't know /Not sure 20 15.5 October 2002. 13.7 10 9.1 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

The findings for December 2002 show a sharp increase in those very satisfied with Norway’s role in the ceasefire agreement from 39% in October 2002 to 83.1% in December 2002. The graph further indicates a significant decline in those who are somewhat satisfied from 35.3% in October 2002 to 0% in December 2002.

Please state your level of satisfaction with Norway's role in the

ceasefire agreement.

90 Very satisfied 83.1 80

60 Somew hat satisfied 47.8 50 % 39 40 35.1 Neither satisfied nor 30 35.3 dissatisfied 16.1 20 10.7 11.9 10 4 3.7 1.9 Don't know /Not sure 0 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

When asked to state their level of satisfaction with the implementation of the ceasefire agreement, a majority (46.9%) in December 2002 says they are somewhat satisfied. This is an increase from October 2002 (38.1%). At the same time, the number of those who say they are somewhat dissatisfied and very dissatisfied has declined from 10.5% and 5.6% in October 2002 to 2.8% and 1.3% in December 2002 respectively.

What is your level of satisfaction of the implementation of the ceasefire agreement ?

50 46.9 Very satisfied 45 42.5 38.1 40 Somew hat satisfied 35 39.1 30 Neither satisfied nor 24.8 28.4 dissatisfied % 25 Somew hat dissatisfied 20 13 15 14.7 Very dissatisfied 8.4 10 10.5 5.6 5.9 5 3.7 Don't know /Not sure 3.7 5 2.8 0 2 1.3 July '02 October '02 December '02

SRI LANKA MONITORING MISSION (SLMM)

In December 2002, a majority (81.9%) is aware of the involvement of foreign monitors in monitoring the ceasefire. 88.2% of those who are aware of the involvement of foreign monitors, believe that such a monitoring mission is essential for the CFA to succeed.

If "Yes", w hat is your opinion of the need for such a monitoring mission for the CFA to succeed ?

100 87 88.9 90 88.2 Is essential 80 70 Will have a positive 60 impact

% 50 Don't know /Not sure 40 30

20 5.9 10 3.4 4.9 2.2 1.5 4.6 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

A majority (63.7%) in December 2002, of those aware of the SLMM believes it is impartial in its monitoring of the ceasefire agreement. This is a notable increase from October 2002 (45.8%).

I think the Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission is impartial in its monitoring of the ceasefire agreement.

70 57.2 63.7 60 45.8 50 Agree

40 Neither agree nor disagree % Disagree 30 22.7 22.9 19.1 Don't know /Not sure 20 16.7 10.7 8.8 10 8 13.3 8.4 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

Coinciding with the increase in the above graph, is those who believe that the SLMM is effective in its monitoring of the ceasefire agreement (35.9% in October 2002 to 60.7% in December 2002).

I think the Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission is effective in its monitoring of the ceasefire agreement.

70 60.7 60 Agree

50 46.5 Neither agree nor 35.9 40 disagree % 30 26.8 24.1 Disagree

20 21 14.4 22 Don't know /Not sure 9.9 16.7 10 11.4 8.4 0 July '02 October '02 December '02

LTTE

In December 2002, a majority of the Jaffna public (88.8%) is aware of the 200 year sentence passed on the LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran for his role in the Central Bank bombing of 1996. Of those aware of this sentence, 70.9% believe that it will have a negative impact on the peace process.

If yes, what in your opinion will be the impact of this verdict on the peace process?

80 70.9 70

% 40

30 20 15.7 8.8 10 4.6 0 Will be pos itiv e Will hav e no impac t Will be negativ e Don't know /Not s ure

63.7% of the people are aware of the Heroes’ Day speech made by the LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran. Of those aware of this speech, 80.3% are of the opinion that it will have a positive impact on the peace process while 6.4% of the people believe that it will have no impact.

If 'Yes', what in your opinion, will be the impact of this speech on the peace process?

90 80.3 80 70 60 50 % 40 30 20 11.3 6.4 10 2 0 Will have a positive Will have no impact Will have a negative Don't know /Not sure impact impact

THAILAND TALKS

In December 2002, 60% of the people said they are aware of the 2nd round of peace talks held between the Government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE.

Are you aware of the 2nd round of talks that took place in Thailand between the Government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE ?

70 60 60

50 40 40 % 30

0 Yes No

If "Yes", are you aware of the decision to form three sub- committees on the immediate humanitarian and Of those who said they rehabilitation needs in the North and East, de-escalation w ere aware of the peace and normalization and political matters ? talks, a majority (69.1%) are aware of the decision to form three sub- 0.6 committees on the 30.3 immediate humanitarian Yes and rehabilitation needs No in the North and East, No response de-escalation and 69.1 normalization and political matters.

Of those aware of the decision to form the three sub-committees, a majority (51.1%) believes that the sub-committee on the immediate humanitarian and rehabilitation needs in the North and East should be given priority in the peace process. 38.5% believe that the sub-committee on de-escalation and normalization should be given more priority, while 9.6% are of the opinion that more priority should be given to the sub-committee on political matters.

According to your understanding, which sub-committee do you think should be given more priority?

60 51.1 50 38.5 40

% 30

20 9.6 10 0.8 0 The immediate De-escalation and Political matters No response humanitarian and normalization rehabilitation needs of the North and East

Please state your level of satisfaction with the outcome of the A majority of talks. the public (73.2%) is 80 73.2 somewhat 70 satisfied with

60 the outcome

50 of the second

% round of peace 40 30 talks, while 20.4 20.4% say they 20 are highly 10 3.6 0.7 2.1 satisfied. 0 Highly satisf ied Somewhat Neither satisfied Somew hat Don't know /Not satisfied nor dissatisf ied dissatisf ied sure

INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDP’s)

According to your understanding, is the Government committed to treating the return of 62.5% of the people the IDP's as priority in the peace process? are of the view that the Government is not committed to 70 62.5 treating the return 60 of the IDP’s as 50 priority in the peace process 40 % 30 24.4

20 13.1 10

0 Yes No Don't know /Not sure

However as depicted in the graph below, a majority of the people (60.6%) believe that the LTTE is committed to treating the return of the IDP’s as priority in the peace process.

According to your understanding, is the LTTE com m itte d to tre a ting the re turn of the IDP's a s priority in the peace process?

70 60.6 60 50 40 % 30 23.1 16.3 20 10 0 Yes No Don't know /Not sure

According to your understanding, high security zones are…[Multiple Answers]

80 67.8 70 60 50

% 40 30 20 15.3 9.1 7.2 10 3.4 0 Essential for the Necessary for the An impediment to the Don't know / Not sure No response presence of security provision of security return of the IDP's forces in the North in the North and East and East

A majority (67.8%) of those surveyed perceive High Security Zones (HSZ) as an impediment to the return of IDP’s, while 9.1% are of the opinion that HSZ are essential for the presence of security forces in the North and East. 7.2% believe they are necessary for the provision of security in the North and East. 15.3% are unsure of what a HSZ is.

EASTERN MUSLIMS

Since the Ceasefire Agreement in February 2002, the situation 49.4% of the people of the Muslims in the North and East has... believe that the situation of the 60 Muslims in the North 49.4 50 and East has improved

40 34.1 since the CFA, while 7.2% are of the % 30 opinion that it has 20 deteriorated. 34.1% of 7.2 10 3.8 5.5 the people are unsure of the situation of the 0 Muslims in the North Improved Remained the Deteriorated Don't Know /Not No response same sure and East.

OSLO

57.2% of the people are aware of the meeting in Oslo on 25th November of key donors in support of the peace process. Of those aware of this meeting, an overwhelming majority (70.5%) are of the opinion that it will have a positive impact on the people of the north. 8.2% believe that it will have a negative impact, while 14.8% say they don’t know.

If 'Yes', in your opinion, what impact will it have on the people of the north?

80 70.5 70 60 50 % 40 30 20 14.8 8.2 10 4.4 2.1 0 Will have a Will have no Will have a Don't know / Not No response positive impact impact negative impact sure

FOREIGN AID

I beleive the region that gets the bulk of the economic a ssista nce is the ...[Multiple Answ e rs]

60 51.6 50 40 % 30 19.4 20 11.9 11.3 10 5.8 0 South North-East Whole country Don't know / Not No response sure

A majority (51.6%) believes that the region that gets the bulk of the economic assistance is the North East, while 11.9% say it is the South. 19.4% are unsure.

PRESIDENT CHANDRIKA KUMARATUNGE’S SPEECH

A majority (77.8%) is aware of President Chandrika Kumaratunge’s proposal to set up a ‘National Commission for Ethnic Reconcilliation and Sustainable Peace’ made by her in a speech to mark her eighth anniversary as President on 12th November 2002. Of those aware of the President’s speech, 48.6% are of the view that it will have a negative impact, while 12.9% believe it will have a positive impact. 17.1% are of the opinion that the President’s proposal will have no impact. 21.4% are unsure.

If yes, what in your opinion will be the impact of this proposal on the peace process?

60 48.6 50 40 % 30 21.4 17.1 20 12.9 10 0 Will have a Will have no Will have a Don't know / Not positive impact impact negative impact sure

Annex METHODOLOGY

The study is carried out using a structured questionnaire, administered through face-to- face interviews amongst a sample of 320 respondents. It covered the Jaffna, Nallur, Vadamarachchi and Thenmarachchi divisional secretariats and all the divisional secretariats of Valikamam. Samples are allotted to these areas according to the proportion of the population in these areas and the Grama Niladari Divisions (GND), the primary sampling unit, are selected randomly. Within the selected GND respondents are chosen randomly, thereby giving all citizens of that particular area an equal opportunity to be selected. In the case of high security areas, the enumerators are instructed to select GNDs from a list of alternative GNDs.

Eleven field enumerators, with a minimum Advanced Level educational qualification and resident in the Jaffna district, were hired to conduct the interviews. The field team comprised of two women and nine men, who were given a one-day intensive field training on administering the questionnaire and field techniques. In addition to accompanied visits, 10% of their work was rechecked by the senior SI staff, in order to maintain the quality of the fieldwork.

The findings of this survey are subject to a 3% margin of error.

SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION

AREA TOTAL Uduvil (Valikamam S.) 30 Chankanai (Valikamam W.) 30 Tellippalai (Valikamam N.) 30 Nallur 30 Jaffna 30 Kopai (Valikamam E.) 30 Sandilippai (Valikamam S.W.) 30 Karaveddi (Vadamarachchi S.W.) 30 Point Pedro (Vadamarachchi N) 30 Maruthankerny (Vadamarachchi E) 20 Chavakachcheri (Thenmarachchi) 30 320

DEMOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

SEX (%) Male 35.6 Female 64.4 320

AGE (%) 15 – 25 yrs 19.4 26 – 35 yrs 23.4 36 – 45 yrs 19.1 46 – 55 yrs 22.8 56 – 65 yrs 14.1 66 yrs and above 1.3 320

INCOME (%) Below Rs 5000 78.8 Rs 5001 – Rs 10 000 7.8 Rs 10 001 – Rs 15 000 2.8 Rs 15 001 – Rs 20 000 1.6 Rs 20 001 – Rs 25 000 0.3 Rs 25 001 and above 0.3 No response 8.4 320

OCCUPATION (%) Executives, Managerial and Administrative 1.9 Professionals Professionals 5.6 Technicians & Associate Professionals 1.9 Clerk 3.1 Travel, Restaurant, Protective Service Workers & 5.6 Sales Workers Agricultural and Fisheries Workers 8.8 Student 84 Housewife 38.4 Retired 2.2 Business 0.6 Self employed 1.9 Elementary Occupations 3.1 Unemployed 17.2 Other 1.3 320

EDUCATION (%) Cannot read & write 2.5 Literate but no formal education 4.1 Up to grade 5 12.8 Grade 6-9 19.7 Up to O’ Level 10.9 O’ Level 21.9 Up to A’ Level 3.8 A’ Level 14.4 Vocationally trained 0.3 Technically trained 1.3 Professional 2.2 Undergraduate 2.5 Graduate and above 3.4 320

For further information please contact:

Shamindrini Sivananthan or Pradeep Peiris Social Indicator Centre for Policy Alternatives 105, 5th Lane, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka.

Tel: 370472 Email: [email protected] Fax: 370475 Web: http://www.cpalanka.org

Social Indicator (SI) is an independent social research organisation, which conducts polls on socio-economic and political issues. Operating under the Board of Directors of the Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA), SI was established in September 1999, and filled a longstanding vacuum for a permanent, professional and independent polling facility in Sri Lanka on social and political issues. Polling is an instrument of empowerment, a means by which the silent majority of the public can express their opinions on issues affecting them. Our mission is to conduct surveys on key social issues, thereby providing a means through which public opinion can influence the public policy debate.

Published by: Social Indicator Centre for Policy Alternatives 105, 5th Lane, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka.

Tel: 370472 Email: [email protected] Fax: 370475 Web: http://www.cpalanka.org