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2018 NEES Brochure

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2018 NEES Brochure FROM NANO TO MESO Eight Years of the DOE Energy Frontier Research Center ARCHITECTURES Storing electrical energy is a central withdrawal. Storage saves solar FROM NANO TO MESO requirement to balance the energy or wind energy when available in AND BEYOND economy, providing compatibility abundance, and delivers it back SCIENCE TO ENABLE A NEXT GENERATION OF ENERGY STORAGE between where and when sources after sundown or when winds are Harvesting, holding, and delivering energy all rely on energy storage science. Batteries and related storage of energy are available and where calm. Batteries let us hold energy devices depend on both ions and electrons to move through materials and interfaces, providing challenges for materials science and chemistry in unparalleled ways. NEES seeks to understand these phenomena on a and when they are needed by users. in electric cars or cellphones and firm scientific footing and to develop new concepts to fuel a next generation of energy storage. Our collaboration Batteries and related energy storage use it when desired. Ideally, storage exploits a significant portfolio of experimental, theoretical, and intellectual resources. NEES achievements to date suggest boundless opportunities to create revolutionary designs for the batteries of the future. devices thus serve as an energy devices hold huge amounts of “bank,” receiving and holding energy energy and yet can deliver that that is deposited from various energy at high power. In a more sources, and delivering it to various subtle context, storage facilitates TODAY’S BATTERIES: NEES-1: NEES-2: • Uncontrolled transport paths • Precision nanostructured electrodes • Nanostructures beyond Li-ion uses when they need to make a smooth management of energy • Excess inactive material • Heterogeneous, multifunctional • 3-D mesoscale architectures • Safety concerns • Electrode/electrolyte interfaces • Local consequences (ionics, degradation) supply and demand variations on • Rational design of interfaces & interphases the electric grid, and analogously Particulate electrodes Precision heterogeneous during acceleration and braking in nanostructures for LIB an electric car. Enabling Today’s rechargeable lithium-ion methods batteries—and those projected Interfaces and Single nanostructure Interphases over much of the next decade— platforms cannot meet the energy, power, FROM NANOSTRUCTURES ... ... TO MESOSCALE reliability and safety demands in a ARCHITECTURES AND Nanostructure arrays growing energy economy. NEES THEIR CONSEQUENCES seeks to establish a scientific base Solid state energy storage Mesoscale architectures to support the paradigm shift in energy storage that is needed. Degradation mechanisms EVOLUTION OF NEES RESEARCH The NEES mission is to reveal scientific insights and design principles that enable a next-generation electrical energy storage technology based on dense mesoscale architectures of multifunctional nanostructures. This mission has evolved substantially since NEES began in 2009. 1 NEES RESEARCH OUR TEAM MANAGEMENT TEAM THRUST 1 THRUST 2 THRUST 3 THRUST 4 • An Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences. Initiated in August 2009 (Phase 1), renewed in 2014 (Phase 2) Gary Rubloff, Phil Collins, Chunsheng Reginald Penner, A. Alec Talin, UMD UCI Wang, UMD UCI Sandia, CA • +20 scientists funded in disciplines ranging from chemistry and physics to 4 THRUST ENERGY SOLID STATE STORAGE materials and chemical engineering Synthesize solid electrolytes and 3D solid state battery architectures to understand their electrochemical interfaces and consequences for performance of safe energy storage • Young energy scientists: graduate/ PhD students, undergraduates, Sang Bok Lee, Bryan Eichhorn, Liangbing Hu, John Cumings, Bruce Dunn, postdoctoral researchers UMD UMD UMD UMD UCLA Li+ • 7 universities and 2 national lab sites, SuSfrface LaL yers Phashasee ChangeChange,,c cracks CNT led by the University of Maryland • +250 journal publications over 8 years MnO2 Li15Si4 α-Si Au Sean Hearne, Kevin Leung, Mark Reed, Katherine Jungjohann, Henry White, glass Sandia, NM Sandia, NM Yale Sandia, NM University of Utah NEES IMPACT 37% THRUST 3 THRUST NANOSTRUCTURE DEGRADATION SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD Chair: John Hemminger, UC Irvine Identify fundamental mechanisms driving nanostructure degradation and failure, and develop methods of mitigation Stephen Harris, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Eric Joseph, IBM 28% V Tom Mallouk, Penn State University Elizabeth Lathrop, Chuck Martin, Janice Reutt-Robey, 23% YuHuang Wang, Kamen Nechev, Saft Groupe SA UMD UFL UMD UMD A Amy Prieto, Prieto Battery, Colorado State University 3 nmn MnO2 Lynn Trahey, Argonne National Laboratory, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research Au glass Steve Visco, PolyPlus Battery Company Eric Wachsman, University of Maryland Energy Innovation Institute Nicolai Zhitenev, NIST CNST Zuzanna Siwy, Yue Qi, 7% 5% UCI Michigan State THRUST 2 THRUST MESOSCALE ARCHITECTURES AFFILIATES THRUST 1 10 30 Synthesize nanostructure assemblies into various architectures 0-5 >30 5- Hendrik Bluhm, LBNL 10-20 20- to assess the role of mesoscale architecture in realizing energy Ethan Crumlin, LBNL S CTA Kevin Zavadil, Sandia, NM SICS PNA Li+ SCIENCE CNT THRUST 3 Jabez McClelland, NIST NANO LETTERS TURE MATERIALS TURE MATERIALS Jinkyoung Yoo, LANL SICAL CHEMISTRY SICAL CHEMISTRY TRY OF MATERIALS TRY CHEMICAL PHY NA Li Si VANCED MATERIALS VANCED 15 4 PHY α-Si AD THRUST 4 ELECTROCHIMICA A TURE COMMUNICATIONS CHEMIS Marina Leite, UMD NA Y & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Y & ENVIRONMENTAL Yifei Mo, UMD CCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH CCOUNTS A ENERG EXAMPLES OF JOURNALS IN THIS RANGE 1 THRUST IN TRANSPORT ELECTROCHEMICAL INTERPHASES Understand chemical formation of interphase films at electrochemical interfaces and their ion and electron transport 2 3 Arranging nanostructures into MESOSCALE architectures at the mesoscale ARCHITECTURES NEES has investigated the perfor- mance and stability of precision NEES’ focus on architecture is aimed at understanding the essential mechanisms underlying electrochemical nanostructures arranged in different events and battery performance—the benefits accessible through nanostructuring and 3D architectures. architectures, from highly ordered NEES’ research goals differ from that of much of the battery research community, where focus typically lies in (top left) to random (bottom). Both Ordered nanopore battery array, Ordered nanopores with lateral interconnects, understanding and identifying new materials for high performance battery chemistries. One of NEES’ research the dense packing of nanostructures C. Liu et al, Nat Nanotech (2014) Gillette et al, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (2015) goals is to provide nanostructure design guidelines that underscore the importance of electron transport for high energy density and the vari- pathways for access to ion storage material, amidst architectures involving porosity and tortuous pathways ability of local geometries in random through random, pseudo-random and regular 3D meso-architectures. Examples include parallel nanowires and arrangements may constrain ion and/ nanopores as an ideal case, sponge-like structures assembled in random 3D arrangement, and bio-scaffolds or electron transport and may intro- such as cellulose films and natural woods with highly anisotropic mesoscale pore design. duce sites that initiate degradation and failure. These are central issues of mesoscale science, which NEES seeks to address through comparing such structures, including particularly Pseudo-random arrangement of precision nanostructures into 3D “sponge” carefully synthesized models which COMPARATIVE architectures. Chen et al, ACS Nano (2012) ARCHITECTURES introduce elements of randomness A new electrochemical cell (interpore connections, top right) in design distinguishes ion a controlled fashion. versus electron conductivity across a spectrum of meso- Battery architectures built on scale electrode architectures, Electrically conductive silicon Mesoporous cellulose fibers natural scaffolds offering insights into meso- anode carbon nanotube are functionalized with carbon composite yarn nanotubes and storage The structure of natural wood involves scale design guidelines and materials. possibly their propensity to densely packed micro- and nano-scale initiate degradation. pores clustered in different diameters, characteristics well suited to achieving the power-energy benefits of NEES’ 3D nanostructure arrays. NEES has developed processes to transform the wood to battery elements, carbonizing and activating it to make a carbon Above: Cross sectional and top views of wood pores with MnO2 cathode material added anode, electrodepositing MnO2 to Below: Natural wood processed to form anode, cathode, and separator for a Li-ion battery. Amorphous MnO2 cathode High-temperature treatment nanowire arrays of grass forms carbonized make a cathode, and retaining the Chen et al, Energy & Environmental Science (2017) architecture framework for wood as is to make a separator, and battery anode. finally, demonstrating full battery performance. The benefits of wood’s unique 3D anisotropy are showing value across a broad spectrum, including green electronics, biological devices, transparent paper, solar cells, and functional membranes, as well as energy storage. Asymmetric supercapacitor Templated growth 3D virus-templated of parallel silicon hierarchical electrodes nanowire forest 4 5 Passivation of
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