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Niacin and Vitamin B12 Requirements of Weanling Pigs

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Niacin and Vitamin B12 Requirements of Weanling Pigs University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Swine Reports Animal Science Department January 2002 Niacin and Vitamin B12 Requirements of Weanling Pigs Sara S. Blodgett University of Nebraska-Lincoln Phillip S. Miller University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Austin Lewis University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Robert Fischer University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/coopext_swine Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Blodgett, Sara S.; Miller, Phillip S.; Lewis, Austin; and Fischer, Robert, "Niacin and Vitamin B12 Requirements of Weanling Pigs" (2002). Nebraska Swine Reports. 71. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/coopext_swine/71 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Swine Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Niacin and Vitamin B12 Requirements of Weanling Pigs Sara S. Blodgett differences among groups for visual mide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Phillip S. Miller assessment of B vitamin deficiencies. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Austin J. Lewis Based on these results, the niacin phosphate (NADP). Enzymes contain- Robert L Fischer1 requirement of 10 to 40 lb pigs is not ing NAD and NADP are important links greater than 4.5 µg/lb of diet and the in a series of reactions associated with vitamin B12 requirement is greater than carbohydrate, protein, and lipid Summary and Implications 3.1 µg/lb. metabolism. The objective of this study was An experiment was conducted Introduction to determine the responsiveness of to assess the responsiveness of weanling pigs to niacin and vitamin weanling pigs to increased dietary The B-vitamins have received little B12 supplementation. Our hypothesis concentrations of niacin and vita- attention since the 1950s and 1960s. In was that pigs fed diets containing min B12. The purpose of the experi- the past 40 to 50 years, leaner pigs have supplemental niacin or vitamin B12 ment was to determine if the niacin been developed, which may increase would have greater ADG and improved and vitamin B12 requirements of their B-vitamin requirements due to feed efficiency than pigs fed a negative nursery pigs are greater than the increased protein accretion. Vitamins control diet. NRC (1998) recommendations for are important to consider when for- 11 to 22 lb pigs. Pigs (initial weight mulating diets, especially the water- Materials and Methods 9.4 lb) were fed one of four diets for a soluble vitamins because the body total of 35 days: 1) Negative control, cannot synthesize these vitamins and Pigs were weighed and allotted, common nursery diet with no added there is little storage in the body. based on initial weight and litter of niacin or vitamin B12; 2) Niacin, com- Niacin and vitamin B12 are the only origin, to one of four treatments using mon nursery diet with 22.7 mg/lb two B-vitamins that are significantly a randomized complete block design. × added niacin; 3) B12, common nur- limiting (below the NRC requirement) in Treatments were arranged in a 2 2 sery diet with 36.3 µg/lb added vita- a common nursery diet. There are con- factorial. Ninety-six pigs were allotted min B12; and 4) Positive control, flicting data regarding current niacin to 16 pens. There were four replications common nursery diet with 22.7 mg/lb research. Research at Iowa State Uni- per treatment and six pigs per pen. Pigs added niacin and 36.3 µg/lb added versity reported that niacin supple- were weaned at 14 to 16 days of age with vitamin B12. Pigs and feeders were mentation up to 13.6 mg/lb did not alter an average initial weight of 9.4 lb. The weighed weekly to determine aver- average daily gain (ADG), average daily duration of the trial was 35 days (Phase age daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed efficiency I was from day 0 to 14 and Phase II was feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (ADG/ADFI), protein accretion, or fat from day 15 to 35). The average final (ADG/ADFI). Pigs were visually scored accretion of high-lean segregated early weight was 38.2 lb. to assess any potential niacin and weaned pigs. Kansas State reported Pigs and feeders were weighed vitamin B12 deficiencies on days 14, that adding niacin to nursery diets every seven days to determine ADG, 21, 28, and 35. No niacin × vitamin improved ADG and ADFI day 0 to 8 ADFI, and ADG/ADFI. Pigs were scored B12 interactions were observed. Dur- after weaning with the greatest response to determine whether there were any ing Phase I, pigs fed supplemental observed at 25 mg/lb of diet. visual B-vitamin deficiencies. Two niacin had a greater ADFI (P < 0.01) Vitamin B12 functions include: individuals examined the pigs on days than pigs fed supplemental vitamin purine and pyrimidine synthesis, 14, 21, 28, and 35 using a scale of 1 to 5 B12. During Phase II, pigs fed supple- transfer of methyl groups, formation of (1 having extensive deficiency signs mental vitamin B12 had the greatest proteins from amino acids, and carbo- and 5 having no deficiency signs). This ADG (P < 0.001) and ADFI (P < 0.01). hydrate and fat metabolism. The most assessment was based on physical Overall, the pigs fed supplemental important function of B12 is in the appearances, such as skin and hair vitamin B12 had greater ADG metabolism of nucleic acids and pro- coat characteristics. (P < 0.001), ADFI (P < 0.01), and teins. The four diets (Table 1) were: ADG/ADFI (P < 0.05) than pigs fed The major function of niacin is 1) Negative control, common nursery supplemental niacin. There were no as a coenzyme, primarily as nicotina- diet with no added niacin or vitamin B12; 2002 Nebraska Swine Report — Page 12 123 2) Niacin, common nursery diet with a) 123 123 Negative Control Niacin B Positive Control 12 22.7 mg/lb added niacin; 3) B12, common µ 1.6 nursery diet with 36.3 g/lb added B , P<0.001 vitamin B ; and 4) Positive control, 12 12 SEM=0.0119 common nursery diet with 22.7 mg/lb 1.2 B , P<0.001 added niacin and 36.3 µg/lb added 12 123456 123456 SEM=0.0154 vitamin B . All phase-I diets were for- 123456 12 123456 123456 mulated to contain 22% CP, 1.5% total 0.8 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 ADG, lb SEM=0.0150 123456 123456 lysine, 0.31% total tryptophan, 0.9% 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 Ca, and 0.78% P. Phase-II diets were 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 0.4 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 similar to diets used in Phase I, except 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 diets were formulated to contain 21% 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 0.0 123456 123456 123456 CP, 1.4% total lysine, 0.29% total tryp- Phase I Phase II Overall tophan, 0.86% Ca, and 0.74% P. Feeding Phase Pigs were housed in pens 6.3 ft × 3.4 ft that had plastic-coated wire floor- ing, one nipple waterer, and one four- 123 123 hole stainless steel feeder. Pigs had ad b) 123 Negative Control Niacin B Positive Control 12 libitum access to feed and water through- 2.4 out the experiment. Heat lamps and B , P<0.01 comfort boards were provided during 12 SEM=0.0309 Phase I of the trial. The relative humid- 1.8 ity (ranging between 50% and 60%) and B , P<0.01 12 room temperature (maintained at 78oF) 1234567 1234567 SEM=0.0218 1234567 1234567 were monitored continuously using a 1.2 1234567 123456 1234567 123456 Niacin, P<0.01 1234567 123456 temperature and humidity recorder. 1234567 123456 ADFI, lb 1234567 123456 1234567 123456 SEM=0.0128 1234567 123456 123456 1234567 123456 123456 1234567 123456 0.6 123456 1234567 123456 Results and Discussion 123456 1234567 123456 123456 1234567 123456 123456 1234567 123456 123456 1234567 123456 123456 1234567 123456 123456 1234567 123456 123456 1234567 123456 Average daily gain, ADFI, ADG/ 123456 1234567 123456 0.0 123456 1234567 123456 ADFI are shown in Figures 1a, b, and c, Phase I Phase II Overall × respectively. No niacin vitamin B12 Feeding Phase interactions were observed. Average daily gain was greater (P < 0.001) during Phase II and overall (P < 0.001) for the pigs fed supplemental vitamin B12. During Phase I, pigs receiving the 123 123 niacin diet had a greater (P < 0.01) c) 123Negative Control Niacin B Positive Control 12 ADFI than pigs fed the vitamin B12 1.0 diet. However, pigs fed the vitamin B12 diet had a greater ADFI during Phase II (P < 0.01) and overall (P < 0.01). There 0.8 SEM=0.0114 were no differences in feed efficiency 123456 123456 123456 123456 except during the overall experimental 0.6 123456 123456 123456 B , P<0.05 period, when the pigs fed vitamin B 123456 12 123456 12 123456 123456 123456SEM=0.0251 had a greater ADG/ADFI (P < 0.05). 123456 123456 0.4 123456 123456 123456 123456 Scores for each group are shown 123456 SEM=0.0165 123456 123456 123456 ADG/ADFI, lb/lb 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 in Figure 2. Essentially no B-vitamin 123456 123456 123456 0.2 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 deficiencies were observed through- 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 out the five-week study, and there were 123456 123456 123456 0.0 123456 123456 123456 no differences among treatment groups.
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