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Do Pregnancies Reduce Iron Overload In Scotet et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2018) 18:53 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1684-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Do pregnancies reduce iron overload in HFE hemochromatosis women? results from an observational prospective study Virginie Scotet1*†, Philippe Saliou1,2†, Marianne Uguen1, Carine L’Hostis1, Marie-Christine Merour3, Céline Triponey3, Brigitte Chanu3, Jean-Baptiste Nousbaum1,4, Gerald Le Gac1,5 and Claude Ferec1,3,5 Abstract Background: HFE hemochromatosis is an inborn error of iron metabolism linked to a defect in the regulation of hepcidin synthesis. This autosomal recessive disease typically manifests later in women than men. Although it is commonly stated that pregnancy is, with menses, one of the factors that offsets iron accumulation in women, no epidemiological study has yet supported this hypothesis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of pregnancy on expression of the predominant HFE p.[Cys282Tyr];[Cys282Tyr] genotype. Methods: One hundred and forty p.Cys282Tyr homozygous women enrolled in a phlebotomy program between 2004 and 2011 at a blood centre in western Brittany (France) were included in the study. After checking whether the disease expression was delayed in women than in men in our study, the association between pregnancy and iron overload was assessed using multivariable regression analysis. Results: Our study confirms that women with HFE hemochromatosis were diagnosed later than men cared for during the same period (52.6 vs. 47.4 y., P < 0.001). Compared to no pregnancy, having at least one pregnancy was not associated with lower iron markers. In contrast, the amount of iron removed by phlebotomies appeared significantly higher in women who had at least one pregnancy (eβ = 1.50, P = 0.047). This relationship disappeared after adjustment for confounding factors (eβ = 1.35, P = 0.088). Conclusions: Our study shows that pregnancy status has no impact on iron markers level, and is not in favour of pregnancy being a protective factor in progressive iron accumulation. Our results are consistent with recent experimental data suggesting that the difference in disease expression observed between men and women may be explained by other factors such as hormones. Keywords: Genetic hemochromatosis, Iron overload, Phenotype, Pregnancy Background iron homeostasis [3–5]. As human body is not capable of HFE-related hemochromatosis (or type 1 hemochromatosis; eliminating the excess of iron, this will gradually affect OMIM #235200) is an inborn iron metabolism disorder various organs and may result in serious damages, e.g. that is particularly common in Caucasian populations [1, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma or cardiomyopathy [6]. 2]. This genetic disease is characterised by an inappropriate HFE hemochromatosis is inherited as an autosomal re- high iron absorption from enterocytes and by an excessive cessive trait and is mainly associated with the HFE iron release from macrophages. It is due to a defective p.[Cys282Tyr];[Cys282Tyr] genotype [7]. The penetrance of regulation of the synthesis of hepcidin, the key regulator of this genotype is clearly incomplete [8–10], and its expres- sion is influenced by genetic and environmental factors that * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † mayincreaseorreducetheironburden[8, 11, 12]. Equal contributors This expression of this genetic disorder is delayed in 1UMR1078 “Génétique, Génomique Fonctionnelle et Biotechnologies”, Inserm, EFS, Université de Brest, ISBAM, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, women than in men. Moreover, HFE hemochromatosis 29200 Brest, France women present with a less severe clinical profile, notably Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Scotet et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2018) 18:53 Page 2 of 8 a lower prevalence of liver injury [13, 14]. This differ- were recorded. These data enable estimation of the ence between genders has classically been attributed to amount of iron removed (AIR; in grams) to normalise pa- the protective effects mediated by iron losses related to tient’s iron stores (i.e. to reach SF < 100 μg/L). This calcu- menses and pregnancy [15–17]. lation was performed assuming that 1 L of blood contains During pregnancy, maternal iron requirements increase 0.5 g of iron [23]. substantially to allow for the physiological expansion of the haemoglobin mass, to promote formation of the foetus and placenta, and to cope with blood losses at delivery [18]. Statistical analysis While it is commonly stated in the literature that these Statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS soft- pregnancy-associated iron losses are one of the factors that ware (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). All tests offset the lifelong iron accumulation in women [15–17], were performed two-sided, and the significance level was this assertion has not been supported by any epidemio- set at 5% for all analyses. logical studies in humans. First, we described the baseline characteristics of the As recent literature has shown that other factors such as studied population. Continuous variables were described hormones may explain the differences observed according in means and standard deviation (SD), and were com- to gender [19, 20], we sought to investigate the association pared using Student’s t test or Anova. When these vari- between pregnancy and the phenotypic expression of the ables were not normally distributed, they were described predominant HFE p.[Cys282Tyr];[Cys282Tyr] genotype. by median and interquartile range (IQR), and compared by the Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables were Methods summarised in percentages, and were compared using χ2 Study design and participants test or Fisher’s exact test when appropriate. This work evaluated a cohort of 140 consecutive Before assessing the influence of pregnancy, we ex- p.Cys282Tyr homozygous hemochromatosis women plored the impact of gender on disease expression. For who started phlebotomies between January 1st, 2004 this, we compared the age at diagnosis of women in the and December 31st, 2011 at a blood centre in western study to that observed in the men cared for during the Brittany (Brest, France) where this disease is particu- same period in our blood centre (n = 161) (using Stu- larly common [21, 22]. dent’s t test). We also evaluated whether the proportion Included patients presented elevated iron markers (with of diagnosed female patients increased with the age at transferrin saturation (TS) > 45% and serum ferritin (SF) > diagnosis i.e. if the sex ratio (M/F) decreased with the age 200 μg/L) and were referred by general practitioners or at diagnosis (using a linear trend χ2 test). gastroenterologists to the blood centre for phlebotomy. In a second time, we compared women characteris- tics according to their pregnancy status (number of Questionnaire previous pregnancies). We then investigated the associ- This study relied on data obtained using a clinical question- ation between pregnancy and the degree of iron over- naire that was filled out upon admission to the phlebotomy load (assessed by SF and AIR) using linear regression program. As previously described [22], this questionnaire, analysis. As the distributions of these quantitative de- which was completed by a referral physician, collected in- pendant variables were highly skewed (Kolmogorov- formationonsocio-demographic characteristics (gender, Smirnov test), we performed logarithmic (ln) transfor- age at diagnosis, etc.), lifestyle factors (height, weight, alco- mations to normalise them. With such a transform- hol intake, etc.) and biological parameters (including trans- ation, the exponential of the estimated regression β ferrin saturation and serum ferritin). coefficient (e ) indicates how many times the outcome It also recorded data on reproductive functions, on the variable varies for each unit increment in the explana- presence (and number if any) of pregnancies prior to the tory variable. This means, in other words, that each beginning of the treatment (excluding miscarriages and unit increment in the explanatory variable multiplies β abortions occurring in the first trimester), as well as on the expected value of Y by e . We then tested the asso- the menopausal status at admission to the phlebotomy ciation between the iron parameters and potential con- program. Patients were also asked if they were regular founding factors such as age at diagnosis, alcohol blood donors, if they had chronic bleedings (including intake (whose hepatotoxic effect increases the disease gastrointestinal bleedings, chronic hematuria, bleedings severity) [24, 25]) and menopausal status. We thereafter due to parasitic infections) and if they received blood fitted a multivariable model to enable adjustment for transfusions (and how many if any), all this prior to confounders. All explanatory variables associated with admission to the phlebotomy program.
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