DOCSLIB.ORG

Dietary Astaxanthin Supplementation for Hatcherycultured Red King Crab

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dietary Astaxanthin Supplementation for Hatcherycultured Red King Crab Aquaculture Nutrition doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2012.00963.x 2013 19; 312–320 .............................................................................................. 1 2 2 1 School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Seward, Alaska, USA; 2 School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Juneau Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, USA approaches to meet that demand by enhancing or restoring depressed fisheries (Lorenzen et al. 2010). Progress in crus- We conducted large-scale production trials in Seward, tacean aquaculture has allowed for stock enhancement of Alaska, USA to investigate effects of dietary astaxanthin crab and lobster species worldwide (Bannister & Addison supplementation on survival, growth and shell colouration 1998; Agnalt et al. 1999; Secor et al. 2002; Davis et al. of recently settled juvenile (C1–C4) red king crabs (Para- 2005a; Zmora et al. 2005; Stevens 2006b; Bartley & Bell lithodes camtschaticus). We supplemented a control diet of 2008; Cheng et al. 2008). Despite this progress, applications commercial crustacean feeds with astaxanthin, and fed of hatchery technology to stock enhancement are often lim- these diets to juvenile king crabs at densities of 2000 and ited by challenges including economic feasibility of juvenile À 4000 crabs m 2 for 56 days. We assessed survival and production and post-release survival (Blakenship & Leber growth by counting crabs and individually measuring cara- 1995; Bell et al. 2005; Lorenzen 2008). pace width and weighing crabs at the start and end of the Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus, Tilesius 1815) experiment, and quantified crab colour (hue, saturation, was one of the most important fisheries in Alaska, USA; brightness) in digital photographs. Diets containing asta- however, many populations remain depressed despite fish- xanthin had higher survival, suggesting that astaxanthin ery closures (Stevens et al. 2001; Woodby et al. 2005). may provide nutritional or immune system benefits. Crabs Stock enhancement has been proposed as a possible popu- had lower hue, higher saturation and lower brightness val- lation recovery tool for red king crabs because they are ues when fed diets containing astaxanthin, suggesting that some of the most commercially valuable crustaceans in the red king crab colouration is plastic and responds to diet. world, and recruitment limitation has been proposed to Astaxanthin is likely an important dietary component for explain their lack of recovery in the absence of fishing hatchery or laboratory reared red king crab juveniles, and (Blau 1986). The Alaska King Crab Research Rehabilita- should be considered for aquaculture and other rearing of tion and Biology (AKCRRAB) programme was created in this and possibly other crustacean species. 2006 to assess the feasibility of stock enhancement for king crabs in Alaska and expanded on previous rearing technol- KEY WORDS: astaxanthin, crustacean, Paralithodes camtsch- ogies (Nakanishi & Naryu 1981; Nakanishi 1987, 1988; aticus, red king crab, stock enhancement Epelbaum et al. 2006; Kovatcheva et al. 2006; Stevens 2006a,b). Since its inception, the AKCRRAB programme Received 14 September 2011; accepted 13 March 2012 is the first and only US aquaculture programme to success- Correspondence: Benjamin Daly, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, fully demonstrate that king crabs can be cultured on a University of Alaska Fairbanks, 201 Railway Avenue, Seward, AK large-scale in a hatchery setting (Daly et al. 2009). 99664, USA. E-mail: [email protected] As king crab stock enhancement through hatchery pro- duction becomes a possibility, it is increasingly important to understand ecological competence of artificially reared juvenile red king crab. Artificial rearing conditions (i.e., The growing global demand for seafood has increased pres- artificial substrate, flow conditions, diet, lighting) may sure on fish stocks (Pauly et al. 1998). Aquaculture and impact behaviour and morphology, or reduce brain devel- stock enhancement have been suggested as possible opment as seen in other crustacean species (Sandeman & .............................................................................................. ª 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Sandeman 2000; Davis et al. 2005b). The literature is rich Astaxanthin is ubiquitous in marine environments with examples of behavioural and morphological differ- because it is synthesized by phytoplankton and zooplank- ences between hatchery and wild fish (see Huntingford ton and bio-accumulates throughout the food web (Anders- 2004; Brown & Day 2002 for a review) and crustaceans son et al. 2003; Harmon & Cysewski 2008). Astaxanthin is (Davis et al. 2005b; van der Meeren 2005; Young et al. the predominant carotenoid in many crustaceans (Herring 2008). However, some behavioural or morphological defi- 1972, 1973) and is incorporated into the body tissue as it ciencies may be mitigated through conditioning or moves from the digestive system to the epidermis, which improved rearing conditions (Davis et al. 2005b; van der adds a red hue to the overall shell colour (Chien & Shiau Meeren 2005; Le Vay et al. 2007; Young et al. 2008). 2005; Tlusty 2005; Tlusty & Hyland 2005; Barclay et al. Hatchery-cultured juvenile red king crabs exhibit colour 2006). Wild red king crabs feed on a wide range of inverte- variation and are generally lighter in colour than wild brate, vertebrate and macroalgae species (Feder et al. 1980; crabs, which are deep orange/red (B. Daly & G. Eckert, Jewett & Feder 1982), suggesting that astaxanthin is likely pers. obs.; Fig. 1). Colour of crustaceans is determined a natural dietary component of juvenile red king crab. Spe- through two pathways, including morphological mecha- cific advantages of dietary astaxanthin for red king crab nisms and a physiological change via chromatophores (Rao remains unknown; however, nutritional benefits (i.e., 1985; Tlusty 2005). Morphological colour change includes improved survival, growth and colouration) may exist as adjustments of pigments within the exoskeleton, and tends observed in fish (Torrissen 1990) and other crustacean to occur over a longer period because of variations in the (Bordner et al. 1986; Howell & Matthews 1991; Dall 1995; amount and distribution of pigment and structure of the Merchie et al. 1998) species. cuticle (Rao 1985; Robison & Charlton 2005). Atlantic Commercial crustacean feeds are not specifically formu- rock crab (Cancer irroratus) and European green crab lated for red king crabs and yield varying survival and (Carcinus maenas) juveniles exhibit ranges of colours that growth rates (Daly et al. 2009). Hatchery diets may lack correspond with surrounding benthic habitat (Palma & Ste- critical nutritional components essential to juvenile red king neck 2001; Todd et al. 2006); however, the mechanism for crabs that are otherwise found in natural diets. An this colour variability remain largely unknown. American improved feeding regime and diet may enhance shell col- lobsters (Homarus americanus) exhibit short-term colour ouration and optimize survival through superior nutrition, response to environmental cues, such as background colour improved immunity (Babin et al. 2010) or decreased canni- and ultraviolet light in laboratory experiments (Tlusty et al. balism by reducing pressure to seek additional nutrients 2009). In addition, lobster shell pigmentation is controlled (Brodersen et al. 1989; Borisov et al. 2007). The objective by carotenoids that occur naturally in their diet (Tlusty of this study was to test the effects of dietary astaxanthin 2005; Tlusty & Hyland 2005). supplementation on survival, growth and shell colouration of juvenile red king crab under typical indoor hatchery grow-out conditions. Twenty ovigerous females were captured with baited com- mercial pots in Bristol Bay, Alaska, during November 2008. Crabs were transported to the Alutiiq Pride Shellfish Hatch- ery in Seward, Alaska and placed in 2000 L tanks containing flow through ambient seawater ranging from 3.3 to 8.3 °C (mean ± SE 4.65 ± 0.07 °C), and fed ad libitum [~20 g chopped herring and squid crabÀ1 twice weekÀ1 (~0.4% body weight dayÀ1)]. Once hatching began, larvae from each female were mixed together and raised in 1200 L cylindrical Figure 1 Colour variation observed for hatchery-cultured and wild tanks for 50 days until the first juvenile instar (C1) stage. red king crabs. Photo by G.L. Eckert. Larvae were fed enriched San Francisco Bay strain Artemia .............................................................................................. Aquaculture Nutrition, 19; 312–320 ª 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd nauplii daily. Artemia nauplii were enriched with DC DHA (15 000 lggÀ1), resulting in ~380 lg astaxanthin gÀ1 feed Selco® (INVE Aquaculture, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) (dry weight). This dose is comparable with other studies enrichment media in 100 L cylindrical tanks for 24 h. using dietary astaxanthin supplementation with shrimp and lobsters (D’Abramo et al. 1983; Barclay et al. 2006; Paibulkichakul et al. 2008). The diet mixtures were bound by cooking and then ground; producing moist particles ~400 We initiated the experiment with 15 000 juvenile (C1) red –1000 lm. Proximate composition of the diets was calcu- king crabs, which were reared over a 56-day period starting lated based on reported manufacturer values (Otohime, on 1 June 2009. First juvenile instars (C1) were collected ZeiglerTM, NatuRoseTM) and values from the scientific liter- from larval rearing tanks shortly
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Invasion of Asian Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus Monodon Fabricius, 1798, in the Western North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico
    Aquatic Invasions (2014) Volume 9, Issue 1: 59–70 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2014.9.1.05 Open Access © 2014 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2014 REABIC Research Article Invasion of Asian tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798, in the western north Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Pam L. Fuller1*, David M. Knott2, Peter R. Kingsley-Smith3, James A. Morris4, Christine A. Buckel4, Margaret E. Hunter1 and Leslie D. Hartman 1U.S. Geological Survey, Southeast Ecological Science Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA 2Poseidon Taxonomic Services, LLC, 1942 Ivy Hall Road, Charleston, SC 29407, USA 3Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, 217 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29422, USA 4Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA 5Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 2200 Harrison Street, Palacios, TX 77465, USA E-mail: [email protected] (PLF), [email protected] (DMK), [email protected] (PRKS), [email protected] (JAM), [email protected] (CAB), [email protected] (MEH), [email protected] (LDH) *Corresponding author Received: 28 August 2013 / Accepted: 20 February 2014 / Published online: 7 March 2014 Handling editor: Amy Fowler Abstract After going unreported in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean for 18 years (1988 to 2006), the Asian tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, has recently reappeared in the South Atlantic Bight and, for the first time ever, in the Gulf of Mexico. Potential vectors and sources of this recent invader include: 1) discharged ballast water from its native range in Asia or other areas where it has become established; 2) transport of larvae from established non-native populations in the Caribbean or South America via ocean currents; or 3) escape and subsequent migration from active aquaculture facilities in the western Atlantic.
    [Show full text]
  • Penaeus Monodon
    Pilot 2: “Crustacean production in RAS systems in Pomerania”- Joanna Szlinder-Richert National Marine Fisheries Research Institute „INNOVATIVE AQUACULTURE/ INNOWACYJNA AKWAKULTURA” Gdynia, 29.03.2017 www.innoaquatech.eu #InnoAquaTech Pilot 2: Research related to product quality National Marine Fisheries Research Institute www.innoaquatech.eu #InnoAquaTech NMFRI-about the institute Poland’s oldest marine science center, located in Gdynia Main research areas and activities are: . Ecology of species exploited by fisheries . Sustainable exploitation of marine ecosystems . Fisheries economics . Seafood safety and quality . Chemical contaminants and their environmental fate . Fish processing technology and mechanization . Educational offer in Gdynia Aquarium 07.04.2017 Gdynia, 2017 3 Quality and commercial value of food products from aquaculture Quality factors include: • Taste and flavour • visual apperance • nutritional value • consumer safety (chemical and microbiological contamination) • technological suitability They are determined by : • Species • Conditions of breeding : physicochemical parameters and quality of water, feed quality • Technology of breeding 07.04.2017 Place/meeting 4 Aimes of the study • Determine the quality of shrimps bred in RAS systems • Compare the quality of shrimps bred in RAS system with the quality of other shrimps available in Polish market • Determine the influence of processing methods applied through value chain on the quality of the products reached by consumers (experiments and desk study) 07.04.2017 Place/meeting
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Genes Involved in Norway Lobster (Nephrops Norvegicus) Female Sexual Maturation Using Transcriptomic Analysis
    Hydrobiologia https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3521-3 CRUSTACEAN GENOMICS Evaluation of genes involved in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) female sexual maturation using transcriptomic analysis Guiomar Rotllant . Tuan Viet Nguyen . David Hurwood . Valerio Sbragaglia . Tomer Ventura . Joan B. Company . Silvia Joly . Abigail Elizur . Peter B. Mather Received: 6 October 2017 / Revised: 17 January 2018 / Accepted: 20 January 2018 Ó Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract The Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus technology applied to multiple tissues. Ovarian mat- is the most important commercial crustacean species uration-related differential expression patterns were in Europe. Recent decline in wild captures and a observed for 4362 transcripts in ovary, hepatopan- reduction in total abundance and size at first matura- creas, eyestalk, brain, and thoracic ganglia in N. tion indicate that the species is overexploited. Increas- norvegicus. Transcripts detected in the study include ing knowledge of its reproduction, specifically at the vitellogenin, crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone, molecular level will be mandatory to improving retinoid X receptor, heat shock protein 90 and proteins fisheries management. The current study investigated encoding lipid and carbohydrate metabolizing differences between immature and mature N. norvegi- enzymes. From the study, data were collected that cus females using Next Generation Sequencing can prove valuable in developing more comprehensive knowledge of the reproductive system in this lobster species during the ovarian maturation process. Addi- Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3521-3) con- tional studies will be required, however, to identify tains supplementary material, which is available to authorized potential novel genes and to develop a molecular users.
    [Show full text]
  • Recently Established Asian Tiger Shrimp Penaeus Monodon
    BioInvasions Records (2017) Volume 6, Issue 3: 233–238 Open Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2017.6.3.08 © 2017 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2017 REABIC Research Article Recently established Asian tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 consume juvenile blue crabs Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 and polychaetes in a laboratory diet-choice experiment Jennifer M. Hill1,2,*, Olivia N. Caretti2,3 and Kenneth L. Heck Jr.2 1Louisiana Tech University, P.O. Box 3179, 215 Carson Taylor Hall, Ruston, LA 71272, USA 2Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA 3North Carolina State University, 2800 Faucette Drive, Jordan Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Author e-mails: [email protected] (JMH), [email protected] (ONC), [email protected] (KLH) *Corresponding author Received: 6 January 2017 / Accepted: 18 January 2017 / Published online: 8 March 2017 Handling editor: John Mark Hanson Abstract Asian tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 are a newly established exotic species on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States (US). Their size, estuarine distribution, and diet preference for crustaceans and mollusks in their native range suggest that these shrimp may have significant impacts on a variety of species native to the northern Gulf of Mexico and Southeastern US. However, to date no studies have investigated this possibility. We examined tiger shrimp prey choice in mesocosm predation experiments. In these experiments, blue crabs and polychaetes exhibited the lowest survival rates (<25%) while small flat fish, grass shrimp, and juvenile penaeid shrimp exhibited the highest survival (>60%). In separate video observations tiger shrimp searched for prey by probing the sediment; consequently, juvenile blue crabs Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 that were buried were easily located and consumed.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Research and Management
    Marine Research and Management Editors V.N. Pillai and N.G. Menon Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Tatapuram P.O., Cochin-682 014 Kerala, India 2000 The Indian tiger prawn Penaeiis monodon 33 Fabricius G. Sudhakara Rao ABSTRACT The largest penaeid Indian tiger prawn, Penaeus wanodon is widely distributed in the Indian waters and forms an important fish­ ery with high demand in tthe export market. By virtue ojits fast growth, hardness and export demand it is cultured in about 1 lakh ha of prawn farms with an annual yield of 82850 t. As the demand is very high it is subjected to heavy fishing pressure at laa stages of life history, seeds and brooders for farm and hatchery and all others for internal and export markets. The paper reviews the work done on its distribu­ tion, biology and capture fisheries from estuaries and marine habitats together with its stock assessment and management measures to keep the ujild population sustainable. Introduction The Indian tiger prawn P. monodon Fabricius is the largest species among the penaeids. P"or a long time there was confusion In the identification of this species. The designation of a neotype in place of the lost original type of Fabricius by Holthuis (1949) has finally resolved the century-long confusion of this species with P. semisulcatus de Haan. Although P. monodon is widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific region, ranging from South Africa to Southern Japan, and from Karachi to northern New South Wales, it forms commercial fisheries only in the central part of the Indo-Pacific region (Mohamed, 1970; Motoh, 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Internal and External Anatomy of a Penaeid Shrimp Anus Abdominal Segment Hindgut Pleopods Heart Hepatopancreas Stomach Pereiopods Eye Stalk Eye Antenna Oesophagus
    154 Internal andExternal Anatomyof stomach hepatopancreas eye stalk heart a PenaeidShrimp hindgut abdominal segment oesophagus anus antenna pereiopods pleopods Internal and external anatomy of a penaeid shrimp. SECTION 4 - CRUSTACEAN DISEASES Internal and External Anatomy of a Penaeid Shrimp 154 SECTION 4 - CRUSTACEAN DISEASES C.1 GENERAL TECHNIQUES 157 C.1.1 Gross Observations 157 C.1.1.1 Behaviour 157 C.1.1.1.1 General 157 C.1.1.1.2 Mortalities 157 C.1.1.1.3 Feeding 158 C.1.1.2 Surface Observations 158 C.1.1.2.1 Colonisation and Erosion 158 C.1.1.2.2 Cuticle Softening, Spots and Damage 158 C.1.1.2.3 Colour 158 C.1.1.2.4 Environmental Observations 160 C.1.1.3 Soft-Tissue Surfaces 160 C.1.2 Environmental Parameters 160 C.1.3 General Procedures 160 C.1.3.1 Pre-collection Preparation 160 C.1.3.2 Background Information 162 C.1.3.3 Sample Collection for Health Surveillance 162 C.1.3.4 Sample Collection for Disease Diagnosis 162 C.1.3.5 Live Specimen Collection for Shipping 162 C.1.3.6 Preservation of Tissue Samples 164 C.1.3.7 Shipping Preserved Samples 165 C.1.4 Record-Keeping 165 C.1.4.1 Gross Observations 165 C.1.4.2 Environmental Observations 165 C.1.4.3 Stocking Records 166 C.1.5 References 166 VIRAL DISEASES OF SHRIMP C.2 Yellowhead Disease (YHD) 167 C.3 Infectious Hepatopancreas and Haematopoietic 173 Necrosis (IHHN) C.4 White Spot Disease (WSD) 178 C.4a Bacterial White Spot Syndrome (BWSS) 183 C.5 Baculoviral Midgut Gland Necrosis (BMN) 186 C.6 Gill-Associated Virus (GAV) 189 C.7 Spawner Mortality Syndrome 192 ("Midcrop mortality syndrome")
    [Show full text]
  • Krill Meal Use Reduces Other Costly Ingredients in Shrimp Study Diets « Global Aquaculture Advocate
    2/19/2019 Krill meal use reduces other costly ingredients in shrimp study diets « Global Aquaculture Advocate ANIMAL HEALTH & WELFARE (/ADVOCATE/CATEGORY/ANIMAL-HEALTH-WELFARE) Krill meal use reduces other costly ingredients in shrimp study diets Monday, 1 November 2010 By Alberto J.P. Nunes, Ph.D. , Marcelo V.C. Sá, Ph.D. and Hassan Sabry-Neto, M.S. Inclusion can replace sh oil, soybean lecithin and cholesterol White shrimp that received diets in which krill meal replaced shmeal and other ingredients performed as well as shrimp that received a basal control diet. https://www.aquaculturealliance.org/advocate/krill-meal-use-reduces-other-costly-ingredients-shrimp-study-diets/?headlessPrint=AAAAAPIA9c8r7g 2/19/2019 Krill meal use reduces other costly ingredients in shrimp study diets « Global Aquaculture Advocate The search for alternative protein ingredients that can replace shmeal in shrimp feeds has considerably increased. Despite encouraging results with plant and land animal protein sources, none has been able to surpass the individual value of shmeal as a palatability enhancer and source of essential key nutrients. Among the various marine animal ingredients used in aquafeeds, krill is the only resource still available in large quantities for harvest. The Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a shrimp-like zooplankton practically unexploited and widely distributed in the cold waters of Antarctica. While its standing biomass ranges 400 million metric tons (MT) to 500 million MT, a precautionary catch was stipulated at 4 million MT. Fisheries currently harvest less than 0.1 million MT. Krill meal A typical krill meal can contain up to 65.0 percent crude protein, 22.0 percent lipid, 13.0 percent phospholipids, 0.5 percent cholesterol and 5.0 percent chitin.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Pathogenic Virus in the Caribbean Spiny Lobster Panulirus Argus from the Florida Keys
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 59: 109–118, 2004 Published May 5 Dis Aquat Org A new pathogenic virus in the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus from the Florida Keys Jeffrey D. Shields1,*, Donald C. Behringer Jr2 1Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA 2Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA ABSTRACT: A pathogenic virus was diagnosed from juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters Panulirus argus from the Florida Keys. Moribund lobsters had characteristically milky hemolymph that did not clot. Altered hyalinocytes and semigranulocytes, but not granulocytes, were observed with light microscopy. Infected hemocytes had emarginated, condensed chromatin, hypertrophied nuclei and faint eosinophilic Cowdry-type-A inclusions. In some cases, infected cells were observed in soft con- nective tissues. With electron microscopy, unenveloped, nonoccluded, icosahedral virions (182 ± 9 nm SD) were diffusely spread around the inner periphery of the nuclear envelope. Virions also occurred in loose aggregates in the cytoplasm or were free in the hemolymph. Assembly of the nucleocapsid occurred entirely within the nucleus of the infected cells. Within the virogenic stroma, blunt rod-like structures or whorls of electron-dense granular material were apparently associated with viral assembly. The prevalence of overt infections, defined as lethargic animals with milky hemolymph, ranged from 6 to 8% with certain foci reaching prevalences of 37%. The disease was transmissible to uninfected lobsters using inoculations of raw hemolymph from infected animals. Inoculated animals became moribund 5 to 7 d before dying and they began dying after 30 to 80 d post-exposure.
    [Show full text]
  • The Identity of Penaeus Monodon Fabr
    KONINKLIJKE NEDERLANDSCHE AKADEMIE VAN £< WETENSCHAPPEN § P The Identity of Penaeus monodon Fabr- BY L. B. HOLTHUIS Reprinted from Proceedings Vol. LII, No. 9, 1949 1949 NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY (N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Mij.) AMSTERDAM Zoology. — The Identity of Penaeus monodon Fabr. By L. B. HOLTHUIS. (Communicated by Prof. H. BOSCHMA.) (Communicated at the meeting of October 29, 1949.) The genus Penaeus Fabr. from a commercial point of view undoubtedly is the most important group of prawns. It occurs in the tropical and sub- tropical waters of the world and is used for food throughout its range of distribution. To make clear the economic importance of the genus, one only has to mention that the value of the catch of Penaeus setiferus (L.) along the South Atlantic and Gulf coast of the United States of America, in 1943 alone, amounted to 15 million dollars (cf. ANONYMUS, 1945, p. 91). In the Mediterranean it is Penaeus kerathurus (Forssk.) (the Langostino of the Spanish and Caramote of the French) which is fished and sold for food, while in E. Australia Penaeus plebejus Hess and Penaeus esculentus Haswell are caught in huge quantities. In the rest of the indo-westpacific region too the prawns of the genus Penaeus play an important role in the commercial fisheries. At present in India and Indonesia much attention is given to the problem of intensifying the prawn fisheries and developing the prawn industries. These economic studies of the prawns are greatly complicated by the fact that the nomenclature of two of the indo-westpacific species is hopelessly confused.
    [Show full text]
  • Whiteleg Shrimp Criterion 1
    Whiteleg Shrimp, Giant Tiger Prawn Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus monodon Image © Monterey Bay Aquarium India Ponds September 21, 2015 Matthew Thompson, Independent Research Analyst Disclaimer Seafood Watch® strives to have all Seafood Reports reviewed for accuracy and completeness by external scientists with expertise in ecology, fisheries science and aquaculture. Scientific review, however, does not constitute an endorsement of the Seafood Watch® program or its recommendations on the part of the reviewing scientists. Seafood Watch® is solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. 2 About Seafood Watch® Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch® program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild-caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch® defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. Seafood Watch® makes its science-based recommendations available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can be downloaded from www.seafoodwatch.org. The program’s goals are to raise awareness of important ocean conservation issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans. Each sustainability recommendation on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Report. Each report synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this information against the program’s conservation ethic to arrive at a recommendation of “Best Choices,” “Good Alternatives” or “Avoid.” The detailed evaluation methodology is available upon request. In producing the Seafood Reports, Seafood Watch® seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Shrimp Diseases
    LOAN COPY ONLY TAMU-H-95-001 C3 Handbook of Shrimp Diseases Aquaculture S.K. Johnson Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University 90-601 (rev) Introduction 2 Shrimp Species 2 Shrimp Anatomy 2 Obvious Manifestations ofShrimp Disease 3 Damaged Shells , 3 Inflammation and Melanization 3 Emaciation and Nutritional Deficiency 4 Muscle Necrosis 5 Tumors and Other Tissue Problems 5 Surface Fouling 6 Cramped Shrimp 6 Unusual Behavior 6 Developmental Problems 6 Growth Problems 7 Color Anomalies 7 Microbes 8 Viruses 8 Baceteria and Rickettsia 10 Fungus 12 Protozoa 12 Haplospora 13 Gregarina 15 Body Invaders 16 Surface Infestations 16 Worms 18 Trematodes 18 Cestodes 18 Nematodes 18 Environment 20 Publication of this handbook is a coop erative effort of the Texas A&M Univer sity Sea Grant College Program, the Texas A&M Department of Wildlife and $2.00 Fisheries Sciences and the Texas Additional copies available from: Agricultural Extension Service. Produc Sea Grant College Program tion is supported in part by Institutional 1716 Briarcrest Suite 603 Grant No. NA16RG0457-01 to Texas Bryan, Texas 77802 A&M University by the National Sea TAMU-SG-90-601(r) Grant Program, National Oceanic and 2M August 1995 Atmospheric Administration, U.S. De NA89AA-D-SG139 partment of Commerce. A/1-1 Handbook ofShrimp Diseases S.K. Johnson Extension Fish Disease Specialist This handbook is designed as an information source and tail end (abdomen). The parts listed below are apparent upon field guide for shrimp culturists, commercial fishermen, and outside examination (Fig. 1). others interested in diseases or abnormal conditions of shrimp.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern California Tidepool Organisms
    Southern California Tidepool Organisms Bryozoans – colonial moss animals Cnidarians – stinging invertebrates Derby Hat Bryozoan Red Bryozoan Aggregating Anemone Giant Green Anemone Sunburst Anemone Eurystomella spp. Watersipora spp. Anthopleura elegantissima Anthopleura xanthogrammica Anthopleura sola closed closed closed open 2 in (5 cm) open 6.7 in (17 cm) open 6.5 in (12cm) Echinoderms – spiny-skinned invertebrates Sea Stars note signs of wasting Bat Star Brittle Star Ochre Star Giant Pink Sea Star Six Armed Sea Star Sunflower Star Patiria miniata (various genuses) Pisaster ochraceus Pisaster brevispinus Leptasterias spp. Pycnopodia helianthoides Purple or Red webbed arms 10 in 11 in 31.5 in Various sizes 4.7 in (12 cm) Long, thin arms (25 cm) (28 cm) 6 arms, 2.4 in(6 cm) (80 cm) Sand Dollar Sea Cucumbers Urchins note signs of balding Eccentric Sand Dollar California Sea Cucumber Warty Sea Cucumber Purple Urchins Red Urchins Dendraster excentricus Parastichopus californicus Parastichopus parvimensis Strongylocentrotus Strongylocentrotus purpuratus franciscanus has small 4 in 7in black tipped warts (10 cm) (17 cm) 4 in (10 cm) 16 in (40 cm) 10 in (25 cm) long (projections) Mollusks – soft invertebrates with a shell or remnant shell Snails (single, spiraled shelled invertebrate) Turban Snail Periwinkle Snail Kellet’s Whelk Snail Dog Whelk Snail Unicorn Whelk Snail Scaly Tube Snail Tegula spp. Littorina spp. Kelletia kelletii (Dogwinkles) Acanthinucella spp. Serpulorbis squamigerus Nucella spp. Top view 6 ½ in 2 in 1.6 in (16.5 cm) (5 cm) 1 in (2.5 cm) ½ in (1.5 cm) (4cm) 5 in (13 cm) Bi-Valves (2 shelled invertebrates) Abalone California Mussel Blue Mussel Olympia Oyster Pacific Oyster Rock Scallop Haliotis spp.
    [Show full text]