Terrorismens Sosiale Drama

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Terrorismens Sosiale Drama Terrorismens sosiale drama En analyse av sentrale narrativ, manuskript og fremføringer av den islamistiske terroren Jørgen Sand Johansen Masteroppgave Våren 2016 Sosiologisk institutt, Universitetet i Bergen Sammendrag På grunn av en rekke blodige terrorangrep i Europa de siste par årene er terrortrusselen i samfunnet stadig tilstedeværende og aktualisert. Med et eksplorerende metodologisk utgangspunkt vil jeg med denne oppgaven se nærmere på hvordan denne terroren og terrortrusselen iscenesettes og dramatiseres i media. Denne besvarelsen er en kultur-sosiologisk studie av terrorrelaterte sosiale fremføringer som ulike aktører spiller ut på den offentlige scene. Denne dramatiseringen oppstår og formidles i massemedia, derfor er det empiriske materialet i oppgaven et utvalg medietekster. Det overordnede målet for oppgaven er å avdekke, identifisere og drøfte hvilke narrativ og kollektive bakgrunnsrepresentasjoner sentrale aktører, både sympatisører og motstandere, bruker i sine fremføringer i den islamistiske terrorens sosiale drama. De utvalgte fremføringene rekonstrueres og analyseres i fire casestudier ved hjelp av Jeffrey Alexanders (2006) perspektiv cultural pragmatics som består av en rekke dramaturgiske elementer, blant annet aktøren, publikum, bakgrunnsrepresentasjoner og iscenesettingen. Fremføringene i casene er valgt ut på grunn av sin relevans for den islamistiske terrorens sosiale drama i Europa i dag. Case 1 er en propagandavideo laget av terrorgruppen den islamske Stat ment for rekruttering av fremmedkrigere. Case 2 omhandler François Hollandes tale i Versailles etter terrorangrepet i Paris 13. november 2015. Case 3 belyser en demonstrasjon mot IS og Profetens Ummah arrangert av norske muslimer i 2014. Mens Case 4 ser nærmere på den profilerte norske islamistgruppen Profetens Ummahs fremstilling og iscenesetting av seg selv i en pressekonferanse holdt i 2012. Blant de mange funnene av sentrale narrativ og kollektive bakgrunnsrepresentasjoner i fremføringene som identifiseres, belyses og drøftes i oppgavens case er eksempelvis: Historisk urett mot muslimer, vestlig militær og kulturell påvirkning på land i Midtøsten og arven fra vestlig kolonitid. Den diskursive kampen innad i islam, hvor sprikende religiøse tolkninger blant annet medfører svært ulik holdning til det demokratiske styresett. Europas demokratiske verdier som frihet, åpenhet, ytringsfrihet og brorskap er blant de narrativ som brukes fra aktørene som vil bekjempe den islamistiske terroren. Moderniseringens og globaliserings påvirkning i denne sammenhengen belyses også, hvor særlig internett og sosiale medier viser seg å spille en sentral rolle for dagens terrorrelaterte sosiale fremføringer. (Antall ord i hovedteksten: 34 592) 2 Forord Arbeidet med masteroppgaven har til tider vært altoppslukende, derfor er jeg glad for at jeg valgte et tema jeg har stor interesse for, og som har vist seg å være høyst aktuelt i tillegg. Jeg har vært så heldig at mange rundt meg også har vist interesse for oppgaven, gjerne har diskutert temaet og har bidratt med verdifulle innspill underveis. Jeg vil takke til mine foreldre som har vært oppmuntrende, hjelpsomme og engasjerte. Medstudenter og venner på Sofie Lindstrøms hus fortjener også takk, i første rekke Espen, Christian og Joachim, for både gode faglige diskusjoner og ikke minst for etterlengtede matpauser og avbrekk fra skrivingen. Jeg vil også takke alle kjente og kjære i Bergen som har fylt årene i byen med liv og latter: Ingen nevnt, ingen glemt. Men mest av alle så vil jeg takke veileder Atle Møen for raske tilbakemeldinger, lærerike samtaler, viktig oppmuntring og godt samarbeid fra første dag. Jeg forlot alltid veiledningstimene med fornyet mot og motivasjon for skrivingen, takket være din genuine interesse for temaet terrorisme og Jeffrey Alexanders teoretiske perspektiver, som du også introduserte meg for. Takk! Jørgen Sand Johansen, Bergen, 15. juni 2016. 3 Innholdsfortegnelse Kapittel 1: Innledning ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Oppgavens struktur .................................................................................................................... 8 Kapittel 2: Kontekst ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Terror som sosialt fenomen ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Definisjoner på terrorisme .................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Terrorisme før i tiden............................................................................................................ 12 2.1.3 Dagens globale terror ........................................................................................................... 12 2.1.4 Jihadisme .............................................................................................................................. 14 2.1.5 Bin Laden og al-Qaidas ideologi og narrativ ........................................................................ 15 2.1.6 Fremveksten av gruppen Den Islamske Stat i Irak og Syria ................................................. 16 2.2 Iscenesettelsen av terrortrusselen i norsk kontekst ...................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Risiko og staging .................................................................................................................. 19 2.2.2 Iscenesettelsen av terror i media ........................................................................................... 21 2.2.3 Nye scener for dramatisering av terror ................................................................................. 22 2.2.4 Terroralarmen 2014 .............................................................................................................. 23 2.2.5 Myndighetene agerer på terrortrusselen ............................................................................... 24 2.2.6 «Rolfsen-saken» ................................................................................................................... 25 2.2.7 Risikovurdering: PST iscenesetter trusselnivået .................................................................. 26 2.2.8 Fremmedkrigere ................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.9 Profetens Ummah ................................................................................................................. 29 2.3 Kronologi over islamistisk terror-fremføringer og vestlig motfremføringer ............................... 31 2.3.1 Oversikt over sentrale islamistiske terroraksjoner i vesten: ................................................. 33 2.3.2 Oversikt over sentrale konflikter i vestens krig mot terror: .................................................. 34 2.3.3 11. September 2001. USA rammes av terroren .................................................................... 35 2.3.4 Terroren rammer Madrid ...................................................................................................... 36 2.3.5 Terroren rammer London ..................................................................................................... 36 2.3.6 Terroren rammer igjen i Paris ............................................................................................... 37 2.3.7 Invasjonen av Afghanistan (2001-) ...................................................................................... 38 2.3.8 Invasjonen av Irak (2003-2011) ........................................................................................... 39 2.3.9 Krigen mot Den Islamske Stat .............................................................................................. 40 Kapittel 3: Metode ............................................................................................................................... 41 3.1 Metodologisk utgangspunkt .................................................................................................... 41 3.2 Kulturell vending ..................................................................................................................... 42 3.3 Narrativ / Diskursanalyse ........................................................................................................ 43 3.4 Narrativ .................................................................................................................................... 43 3.5 Utvalg og medie-kilder ............................................................................................................ 45 4 3.6 Kulturell pragmatikk og tykke beskrivelser ............................................................................ 47 3.7 Casestudie ................................................................................................................................ 48 Kapittel 4: Jeffrey Alexanders kulturelle pragmatikk ..................................................................... 50 4.1. Jeffrey Alexanders kulturelle pragmatikk i norsk sammenheng ................................................ 52 4.2 Elementene i kulturell pragmatikk .............................................................................................. 52 4.2.1 Aktøren: ...............................................................................................................................
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