Recursos Alimentares Utilizados Pela Ave Chauna Torquata E O Gado Em Áreas Úmidas Na Planície Costeira Do Sul Do Brasil

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Recursos Alimentares Utilizados Pela Ave Chauna Torquata E O Gado Em Áreas Úmidas Na Planície Costeira Do Sul Do Brasil Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG pf Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais Recursos alimentares utilizados pela ave Chauna torquata e o gado em áreas úmidas na planície costeira do sul do Brasil Cínthia Negrine Fernandez Orientador: Leandro Bugoni Coorientadora: Lizandra Jaqueline Robe Rio Grande 2019 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais Recursos alimentares utilizados pela ave Chauna torquata e o gado em áreas úmidas na planície costeira do sul do Brasil Aluna: Cínthia Negrine Fernandez Orientador: Leandro Bugoni Coorientadora: Lizanda J. Robe Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais. Rio Grande 2019 Dedico essa dissertação aos meus pais, ao Roberto (Betinho) e a todos que acreditam na mudança pela educação. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador Dr. Leandro Bugoni pela confiança, por propor desafios constantes, pelo exemplo de ética e profissionalismo e por sempre me incentivar a ir além na pesquisa. À minha co-orientadora Dra Lizandra Robe por aceitar embarcar em um ramo totalmente novo para ela, sempre disposta a solucionar minhas inúmeras dúvidas. Podes ter certeza que contribuisse para o meu gosto inesperado pela molecular. Ao Getúlio e ao Edinho por proporcionarem a realização desse trabalho nas fazendas, em especial ao Edinho e a todo o pessoal da Fazenda Invernada que estiveram envolvidos nas coletas, sempre dispostos a ajudar. À todo o pessoal da Estação Ecológica do Taim (ESEC TAIM/ICMbio), pela colaboração nas atividades de campo e pelo incentivo a cada campo, em especial ao Ângelo que se dispôs a ir a campo em busca de tachã novamente. À Dra. Ioni Colares pelo auxílio nas identificações. À CAPES pela concessão da bolsa de mestrado. À todos os colegas e amigos do Laboratório de Aves Aquáticas e Tartarugas Marinhas (LAATM) pelo acolhimento, conversas e trocas de experiências. Aos colegas do Laboratorio de Evolução e Ecologia Molecular (LABEEM) pelo acolhimento e ajuda com a biologia molecular. A técnica Bruna Nornberg por todo o suporte na execução das extrações de DNA e a técnica Daiane Carrasco pelo suporte mas principalmente pela companhia enquanto eu realizava as análises. Aos técnicos da Laboratório de Limnologia, Clara Lima, Cláudio Trindade e Leonardo Furlanetto pelo suporte na execução deste trabalho. Aos meus colegas e amigos Cindy Barreto, Danilo Filipkowski, Fernanda Marques, Fernanda Valls, Fernando Faria, Francisco Borges, Gabriela Oliveira, Gustavo Leal, Gustavo Martins, Juliana Gaiotto, Laura Alma, Leonardo Soares, Roberto Almeida, Rodrigo Moraga, Silvia Gastal e Vitória Muraro pela enorme ajuda em campo e no laboratório. Aos meus amigos de longa data, Crislaine Barbosa, a mestre dos peixes anuais, que teve uma importância fundamental na minha iniciação no mundo da biologia molecular. Ao melhor taxonomista vegetal que eu conheço, William Matzenauer, pela enorme ajuda nas identificações das plantas, sempre disposto a me ajudar e a ir a campo. Ao Mateus Negrini, que deve estar ciente da minha dificuldade em escrever o seu sobrenome da forma errada (só para lembrar, Negrine é com “E”), pelas conversas e pela amizade. À Aline Fregonezzi, que conheci no período final do trabalho mas que estava sempre disposta em solucionar minhas dúvidas na molecular, por dividir o espaço na bancada e deixar o ambiente de trabalho menos estressante. Agradeço também a Luciana Medeiros pelo auxílio com as minhas dúvidas na molecular e na disposição enorme em solucioná-las. As minhas amigas de laboratório, Gabriela Oliveira e Cindy Barreto pelo companheirismo de anos, pela ajuda nas revisões, pelas conversas e por serem as “gurias do holofote” nos campos. À Vitória Muraro pela ajuda na bancada e em campo, pela empolgação com o trabalho e como eu sempre digo: “é uma vitória da minha vida”, porque as análises funcionavam quando ela estava presente. Ao meu pai, Climério Fernandez, que apesar da distância agora, teve um papel fundamental nas escolhas da minha vida. À minha mãe, Nair Negrine, que sempre estava disposta a escutar e discutir sobre o único assunto que eu tinha no momento: minhas conquistas e dificuldades no mestrado, e agradeço a ambos por entenderem a minha ausência. Agradeço também aos meus pais emprestados, Marli Borba e Luzardo Almeida por todo suporte em Rio Grande e pela preocupação com o meu bem estar. Ao meu companheiro de vida, Roberto Almeida (Betinho), por ser meu melhor amigo e me apoiar em todas as etapas da minha formação acadêmica, as vezes como psicólogo e outras como programador, por escutar eu falar sem parar sobre isótopos e molecular (também tive que escutar sobre circuitos elétricos haha). Te Amo! Ao Dr. Alexandre Garcia, Dr. Gerhard Overbeck e Dra. Ana Rolon pelas contribuições na banca e sugestões para o manuscrito. RESUMO O compartilhamento de áreas entre herbívoros domésticos e selvagens pode levar a conflitos entre os fazendeiros e os animais nativos. Estudos de dieta podem auxiliar na compreensão da partição de recursos entre estes animais, informando sobre o nicho ocupado e a ocorrência de sobreposição trófica. A análise microhistológica de fezes é um método de fácil obtenção de amostras, porém é uma análise exaustiva e demorada. Técnicas complementares como o metabarcoding e a análise de isótopos estáveis (AIE) contribuem para a compreensão do uso de recursos, pela identificação e quantificação dos itens ou por trazer informações de conteúdo assimilado, respectivamente. Além disso, a AIE, quando aplicada em fezes, pode elucidar o hábito alimentar dos animais. No presente estudo, a dieta da ave nativa herbívora tachã, Chauna torquata, assim como do gado bovino (Bos taurus) e ovino (Ovis aries) que habita a planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, foi analisada por meio de metodologias complementares (microhistologia, metabarcoding e AIE) em amostras de fezes. Além disso, a AIE foi aplicada no sangue dos animais, de modo a inferir sobre a assimilação do alimento e sobreposição de nicho isotópico entre eles. A sobreposição de nicho isotópico não foi encontrada entre a ave e o gado (bovino e ovino), uma vez que os mesmos utilizaram os recursos de maneiras distintas. Similarmente, a avaliação do nicho trófico indicou uma sobreposição limitada entre os herbívoros não nativos, pelo uso de itens em comum. Neste sentido, a AIE nas fezes revelou maior similaridade no hábito e no nicho dos herbívoros domesticados. A abundância das plantas encontradas pela análise de metabarcoding revelou o uso de plantas em diferentes proporções na dieta de cada herbívoro. No entanto, esta análise não revelou o uso de espécies de Cyperaceae, que somente foram detectadas pela análise microhistológica. Por outro lado, a técnica de metabarcoding revelou-se mais efetiva que a análise microhistológica na detecção de Onagraceae e Poaceae, indicando, inclusive, um potencial papel de C. torquata no controle biológico de algumas espécies da família. A principal diferença encontrada na dieta de C. torquata foi o uso predominante de plantas do ciclo C3, de maior valor nutricional, para a síntese do sangue. Por outro lado, na dieta dos animais domésticos, foi encontrado um predomínio de Poaceae e Cyperaceae e a complementação da dieta por plantas de maior valor nutricional. Conclui-se, portanto, que a ave nativa, parece não interferir no uso de recursos pelos herbívoros domésticos, podendo ainda auxiliar no controle de algumas plantas no ambiente que esses utilizam. Palavras-chave: Análise de isótopos estáveis, Anseriformes, dieta, herbívoros, metabarcoding, microhistologia, sobreposição trófica. ABSTRACT Areas shared between domestic and native herbivores can lead to conflicts between farmers and native animals. Dietary studies can provide a better understanding on resource partitioning between herbivores, informing about the niche occupied by animals and the occurrence of trophic overlap. Microhistological analysis of faeces is a method in which samples are easily obtained, but laboratory analysis is exhaustive and time-consuming. Complementary techniques such as metabarcoding and stable isotopes analysis (SIA) can help to understand resources used by identifying and quantifying food items or by providing information on assimilated content, respectively. In addition, SIA when applied in faecal samples, can elucidate dietary habit of animals. In the present study, the diet of a native herbivore bird, the southern screamer, Chauna torquata, as well as cattle (Bos taurus) and sheep (Ovis aries) that inhabit the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brasil, was analyzed thought complementary methodologies (microhistology, metabarcoding and SIA) of feces analysis. In addition, SIA was carried out in blood of animals in order to infer isotopic niche overlap between herbivores. Isotopic niche overlap was not found among southern screamer and the livestock, as they used resources in different ways. Similarly, the evaluation of trophic overlap indicated a limited overlap between the non-native herbivores, which use similar items. SIA applied to feces revealed greater similarity in food habit and niche of domestic herbivores. The abundance of plants found by metabarcoding revealed the use of plants in different proportions in the diet of each herbivore. However, this analysis did not reveal the
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