Positive Mental Health and Depression in College Students in Metropolitan Lima
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Psychology & Psychological Research International Journal ISSN: 2576-0319 MEDWIN PUBLISHERS Committed to Create Value for researchers Positive Mental Health and Depression in College Students in Metropolitan Lima Calvet MLM*, Pillaca JC and Iparraguirre CA Research Article Faculty of Psychology, National University of San Marcos, Peru Volume 5 Issue 2 Received Date: March 27, 2020 *Corresponding author: María Luisa Matalinares-Calvet, Faculty of Psychology, National Published Date: April 30, 2020 University of San Marcos, Peru, Tel: 01 51 6197000-3217; Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.23880/pprij-16000238 Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between Positive Mental Health and Depression in a sample of 252 university students from the National University of San Marcos (spanish: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - abbr. UNMSM), of both sexes, with ages between 16 and 42 years, selected by an intentional non-probabilistic sampling. A quantitative method of non- experimental, descriptive correlational and cross-sectional design was used. The Lluch Positive Mental Health Questionnaire (spanish: Cuestionario de Salud Mental Positiva - abbr. CSMP) adapted by Marcelino (2013) and the Depression Inventory (BDI-IIA) adapted by Carranza (2013) were used as evaluation instruments. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 software and the result was the existence of a statistically significant (p< .01), high negative mental health with the depression variable. (r= -.709) relationship between both variables and statistically significant relationships between all dimensions of positive Keywords: Positive Mental Health; Depression; University Students Introduction [7]. Since 1948 the World Health Organization (WHO) salud” (the area of welfare and the field of health promotion) understands health as a “state of complete physical, mental An explanation of this was given by Lluch [4], who and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease mentions that mental health is “un constructo que no tiene that is, a vision that prioritizes disease prevention and health promotion,and infirmity” justifying (2018), whichthe adoption reveals aof positive a biopsychosocial perspective, una definición directa” (a construct that has no direct model [1-3]. definition) (p. 16), since mental health “no es algo estático state)y definitivo (p. 18). sino un estado dinámico y cambiante” (is not But in practice, whether by physicians or psychologists, something static and definitive but a dynamic and changing more on interventions aimed at relieving pain and addressing problemsthe term that“health”, appear whether at the moment, physical than or mental,on promoting is focused well- She presents us 3 difficulties to conceptualize it: 1) being and health in order to prevent discomfort, noticing the considering it as a construct, 2) the existence of difficulties predominance of the disease model [4-6]. In addition, in the healthin differentiating and mental it illnessfrom the(p. term16-18). “mental However, illness”, the andauthor 3) early years of this new century, there was still the problem of the definition that each society or culture gives to mental mental health: positive/negativealso presents us with perspective, 3 perspectives 2) perspective that could of help normality, define anddefining “área mental de bienestar health andy del distinguishing campo de la itpromoción from “ausencia de la and 3) multi-criteria perspective. de enfermedad psiquiátrica” (absence of psychiatric illness) Positive Mental Health and Depression in College Students in Metropolitan Lima Psychol Psychology Res Int J 2 Psychology & Psychological Research International Journal Faced with these problems of conceptualization, Marie an attitude of growth and continuous personal development. in 1958 in order to deepen the description of the concept 6. Interpersonal relationship skills: Understands the ofJahoda mental first health proposed and theto termpresent “positive a community mental health”model ability to establish intimate and lasting interpersonal that promotes mental health rather than the prevention relationships, managing to understand the feelings of others of disease. For that she conceptualized positive mental in order to provide emotional support. health from multiple criteria or interrelated factors, which according to Jahoda (1958, in Lluch, 1999) include six The positive mental health construct has had similar criteria, they are [4]: 1) Attitudes towards oneself. Comprised conceptualizations, for example for Mettifogo, Martínez, Covarrubias, Fernández, Zepeda and George. it is the Concordance of the real self-ideal self, Self- esteem and “capacidad para proveer bienestar psicológico y facilitar el Senseof 4 specific of identity; factors: 2) Accessibility Growth and of self-updating. the self to consciousness, Comprised psychological well-being and facilitate the achievement of in life; 3) Integration. Individual prototype of response to individuallogro de metas and collectiveindividuales goals) y colectivas” [9]. For Lluch (capacity (2015) to provideit is “un of 2 specific factors: Motivation for life and Involvement involves the use of coping strategies to maintain an adequate y, muy especialmente, sentimientos tanto positivos como levelanxiety. of integrationIt includes ina situationsspecific factor: of pressure; resistance 4) Autonomy. to stress, constructo dinámico y fluctuante que incluye pensamientos Conscious discrimination of environmental factors that includes thoughts and most especially positive and negative negativos” (a dynamic and fluctuating construct that Independent Conduct; 5): Perception of reality. Comprised of positive mental health, from a psychoanalytic approach [11], you want to accept or reject. It comprises a specific factor: asfeelings) “Positive [10]. mental Even health the WHO allows (2004) us to enjoyhas dared life’s pleasures,to define Sensitivity; and 6) Domain of the environment. Comprised believe in our own abilities, cope with the normal stresses 2 specific factors: Objective Perception and Empathy or Social work and free time; Adequacy in interpersonal relationships; capacity of the person to use his or her internal energy for his Abilityof 6 specific to meet factors: the demands Sexual ofSatisfaction; the environment; Adequacy Adaptation in love, of life, work/study productively and enjoy socialising” - the and Adjustment, and Problem Solving. (pp. 22-23). It is worth clarifying that the psychoanalytic stanceor her fulfilment differs from in emotional,the positive intellectual psychology, and the sexual current aspects) focus Lluch defends the study of mental health from a positive of this research. In that the latter is dedicated to studying the conscious world and the positive aspects of the human being; and emphasizes work, encouraging in this way the promotion while psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious world and ofperspective, resources since[8]. When it allows she therealized identification that the study of personal on positive skills the negative experiences of people [12]. mental health carried out by Marie Jahoda did not have empirical evidence, in 1999, after three consecutive studies, For the present study positive mental health is Lluch managed to construct a Likert scale to evaluate positive conceptualized as the “estado de funcionamiento óptimo de mental health with 6 general unidimensional, interrelated la persona, producto de la interacción de múltiples factores, factors, distributed in 39 items in total. Contributing in this presentando atributos de personalidad que protegen al way with a new instrument to psychology to assess people’s individuo de enfermar o contribuyen en su recuperación o capabilities and resources, as these are scarce compared to the large number of instruments that assess symptoms and functioning of the person, product of the interaction of problems, or suffering and discomfort [5]. multiplerehabilitación factors, de dificultadespresenting o personalitytrastornos” (stateattributes of optimal that protect the individual from becoming ill or contribute to his Scale found by Lluch are [4]: 1) Personal Satisfaction: Includes 13]. self-conceptThe 6 dimensions and satisfaction of the Definitive with both Positive personal Mental life Health and recovery or rehabilitation from difficulties or disorders) [4- future prospects; 2) Prosocial Attitude: Active predisposition Problem Statement to present an altruistic social attitude and acceptance of others and differential social facts); 3) Self-control: Ability to cope tolerating anxiety and stress; 4) Autonomy: Ability to have a moodDepression (affective) has disorder been indefined, which theaccording person presentsto the yourwith conflictiveown criteria, situations, show independence maintaining andemotional self-regulation balance, symptomsInternational such Classification as decreased of Diseasesenergy (ICD-10,and activity 2003) [14], as of your own behavior, expressing personal security and self- discouragement, disinterest, distrust of one self, ideas of guilt and loss of the ability to enjoy. According to the Diagnostic Understands the capacity for analysis, the ability to make and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, 2014) decisionsconfidence: and and the 5) ability Problem to adapt Solving to changes, and Self-actualization: thus presenting depression is a mental disorder that causes irritability, Calvet MLM, et al. Positive Mental Health and Depression