SustainBaltic ICZM Plans for Sustaining Coastal and Marine Human-ecological Networks in the Baltic Region

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN SustainBaltic ICZM Plans for Sustaining Coastal and Marine Human-ecological Networks in the Baltic Region

Conducted by: Maila Kuusik (Estonian University of Life Sciences, [email protected]), Tarmo Pikner (Tallinn University, [email protected]), Anu Printsmann ( University, [email protected]) and Janar Raet (Estonian University of Life Sciences, [email protected])

Design & layout: Karl-Kristjan Videvik

The project involved partners: Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tallinn University, University of Turku, Finnish Environment Intitute, and Regional Council of Satakunta

SustainBaltic is funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the Central Baltic Programme 2014–2020

Tallinn 2018

EUROPEAN UNION European Regional Development Fund

Photo: Karl-K. Videvik

EUROPEAN UNION European Regional Development Fund Content

Introduction 4 1. ABOUT THE ICZM PLAN FOR THE LÄÄNE-VIRU CASE AREA 5 1.1 Selection and scope of the case area 5 1.2 The relations of the management plan with spatial strategies, and its possible applications 6 1.3 The process of the Lääne-Viru case area management plan and the participation of stakeholders 7 2. CURRENT SITUATION 7 2.1 Possible contradictions and relationships between the fields of activities 8 3. VISIONS FOR THE FUTURE 10 4. MANAGEMENT PLAN ACTIVITIES 10 4.1 Recreation 11 4.1.1 Coastal bathing sites 12 4.1.2 Hiking trails 14 4.1.3 State forests of increased public interest 15 4.2 Mobility 16 4.2.1 Access to the sea and connections 17 4.2.2 Small-craft harbours 17 4.2.3 Cycle and pedestrian tracks 19 4.2.4 Maritime rescue and security 19 4.3 Communities and entrepreneurship based on the regional specifics 20 4.3.1 Coastal fishing 20 4.3.2 Community-based entrepreneurship 22 4.3.3 Residential building areas 23 5. SUMMARY 25 the stakeholders and end-users directed b) strengthening the viability of historic al Zone Management, however, is up to INTRODUCTION by the project members; and 5) As the coastal villages and communities, the countries and local authorities them- final results of SustainBaltic the updated c) using the natural resources of the selves. Therefore, there is no explicitly SustainBaltic i.e. ICZM Plans for Sustain- completed ICZM plans can be download- marine and coastal zones sustaina- accepted methodology for the manage- ing Coastal and Marine Human-ecological ed from the websites of the partner or- bly. ment plan. Networks in the Baltic Region project is ganisations and at the http://www.utu.fi/ In this management plan, the socio-eco- implemented for 27 months during 2016- SustainBaltic, also beyond the project life logical networks of the sea and the land Many people have contributed to the 2018. SustainBaltic (CB354) is funded span. In addition, the interim results and are determined and the suggestive activ- preparation of the management plan. A by the European Regional Development the other activity phases of the prepara- ities are based on aspects of sustainable number of interviews and meetings with Fund (ERDF) under the Central Baltic tion of the first ICZM drafts are found at and balanced development. Sustainabili- different stakeholders were conducted Programme 2014-2020. SustainBaltic is the https://blogit.utu.fi/sustainbaltic. ty means diverse cultural and economic during the preparation of the plan and a joint cooperation project of Universi- activities that are integrated with envi- the steering group of the Lääne-Viru case ty of Turku, Estonian University of Life This ICZM plan (hereinafter: the man- ronmental values and do not harm nature area advised in drafting the plan. The Sciences, Finnish Environment Institute, agement plan) covers the Lääne-Viru and natural resources in the long term. people who prepared the management Regional Council of Satakunta and Tallinn case area, which extends from Käsmu to plan thank the steering group consisting University. Kunda (see Figure 1). The management The management plan is primarily fo- of representatives of local authorities – plan has a 10-year perspective, with the cused on the greater integration of tra- Anneli Kivisaar ( rural municipality), The project targets to improve the share aim of outlining the current trends and ditional fields of activity and the oppor- Ivar Lilleberg (formerly rural mu- of the managed coastal networks in the the necessary activities. The manage- tunities for diversification, especially nicipality), Mati Jõgi (formerly Lääne-Viru Central Baltic area by the cross-border ment plan is a knowledge-based guid- considering the possibilities of using the county government), and Marit Laast preparation of the ICZM plans for total ance document that combines various coastal sea and the land together, as well (Viru-Nigula rural municipality) –, Imbi four case areas with their public assess- development strategies and can be used as the seasonal nature of many activities Mets and Maret Vildak from the Envi- ment in and Finland. This was in the development of several plans, de- (recreational economy, coastal fishing). It ronmental Board, and Jaan Kangur from planned to achieve by 1) Integrating multi- velopment plans, and strategic projects is also important to integrate the fields the Ministry of Finance. Many thanks to disciplinary human-ecological data on the (see Figure 2). of activity (combining activities) – coast- Kristel Toom (Tallinn University) for the whole project area: in Finland the regions al fishing and tourism, ports and sports financial administration; to all Finnish of Satakunta and Southwest Finland and The management plan consists of two camps, nature conservation, and entre- colleagues, and project colleagues from in Estonia the areas of Lääne, Harju and parts: a description of the situation and preneurship – as well as develop coop- Estonian University of Life Sciences Lääne-Viru with their land-sea interfaces; context based on values and challenges; eration both within the areas of activity working with Läänemaa ICZM case. We 2) Selecting the themes of ICZMs and and an operational part of the manage- (ports, bathing spots, etc.) and between also thank all the interviewees, partici- case study areas which locate along the ment plan that includes integrated ac- them. pants in public discussions, and respond- coast of Lääne and Lääne-Viru in Estonia tivities and a scheme. The management ents to the questionnaires. and in the region of Satakunta in Finland; plan is based on the maritime vision of In the context of spatial planning in the 3) Making four digital ICZM plans which Lääne-Viru county, which focuses on European Union, the ICZM is formally were first tested with the current region- three main areas: considered separate from Marine Spa- This report is an abridged translation al land use of the project area; 4) Public a) ensuring the development of diverse tial Planning – MSP. The preparation of from an Estonian version, which can be assessing of the plans using both e-plat- maritime transport, ports, and mari- MSP is obligatory for Member States. downloaded from the project web-page forms and arranging working groups with time tourism, The realisation of the Integrated Coast- mentioned above.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 4 $

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Na�uri 1. ABOUT THE ICZM 50 10 Lahe Pedassaare PLAN FOR THE 5 20 20 Lobi LÄÄNE-VIRU CASE 10 Käsmu Kooli- mäe AREA 5 20 20 Eru Mustoja 1.1 SELECTION AND Oandu 10 Võsu Tepel- Andi 5 välja SCOPE OF THE CASE 10 Vihula Karula Võsu AREA 5 The case areas were selected in the pro- Kiva Selja ject areas (in Finland: Satakunta and Vars- Ojaküla inais-Suomi counties, in Estonia: Lääne Kaliküla Kunda county, , and Lääne-Viru HALJALA MUNICIPALITY Kivi- county) with a regional geoinformatics Selja küla (geographic information system – GIS) analysis with the following criteria: VIRU-NIGULA a) nature areas of high nature value, Border of the test area Se�led area MUNICIPALITY b) diverse land use specific to coastal Municipal border Agricultural area 1:250 000 Se�lement unit border Natural area zones, 0 2.5 5 10 km AP2018 c) population processes (marginalisa- tion and sparsely populated areas), The case area of Lääne-Viru county is fishermen). The determination of borders Figure 1. The location and boundaries of the d) cultural heritage, located between Käsmu and Kunda. is always conditional and subjective and case area (data: Estonian Land Board, 2018; e) the cross-border aspect. Initially, the border of the case area to- raises a number of questions. There is no Estonian Maritime Admistration, 2017). wards land and in the marine area was clear internal border on the coastal land- As a result of an analysis based on these indicatively set as 5 km from the coast- scape. Instead, it is conventional usually the land and the sea can be found in the criteria, regions with moderate human line. On land, the border of the case area a coastal zone that is up to a few kilo- area located between the road and the impact in Lääne county and Lääne-Viru was later specified, covering the so- metres wide and often extends to a larg- sea running along the coast. county were selected, which would re- called second-round villages (Figure 1). er road running along the coast.1 In the flect more generally the socio-ecological The borders were set on the basis of the context of this management plan, the The case area is located on the territo- tendencies and value-based challenges consultations with various stakeholders case area is somewhat broader. Howev- ry of two local authorities – the rural of coastal zones in Estonia. (e.g. the use of the marine area by coastal er, very important connections between municipalities of Haljala and Viru-Nigula.

1 Ratas, U.; Puurmann, E.; Rivis, R. (2002). Maastikud maa ja mere piiril. Eesti Loodus, 5.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 5 There are 33 villages in the case area. In these two factors (national interests and Lääne-Viru county, the area of influence forest ownership), the share of state- NATIONAL PLAN ESTONIA 2030+ MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING of the wider case area covers the cities owned land in the case area is high. of Kunda and Rakvere. The first one is located in the immediate vicinity of the case area. The eastern part of the case 1.2 THE RELATIONS LÄÄNE-VIRU COUNTY PLAN LÄÄNE-VIRU COUNTY MARINE area consumes services provided by the 2030+ VISION city of Kunda. The city of Rakvere is an OF THE MANAGE- important service centre for the whole region and also a destination for tourists. MENT PLAN WITH

Manor complexes – Palmse, Vihula, and INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN Sagadi – are also important destinations SPATIAL STRATEGIES, for tourists. The case area is located in AND ITS POSSIBLE the recreation area of Tallinn. Many peo- ple have cottages or summer homes on APPLICATIONS MUNICIPAL MUNICIPAL VILLAGE LOCAL THEMATIC the north coast. Võsu Beach is about an GENERAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT hour’s drive from Tallinn. PLAN PLAN PLAN PLAN The preparation of the management plan The wider area of influence of the sea included using and associating several can, in principle, be considered to extend strategic plans and spatial development to the southern coast of Finland, where strategies (Figure 2). In addition to the de- COUNTY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY people have fished and traded historical- velopment documents, we used the out- ly. However, the case area is limited to a comes of interviews with both the repre- 5 km zone from the coastline, because sentatives of the state and the private and everyday activities on the sea take place third sector. As the Vihula and Haljala rural SECTORAL LEGISLATION DEVELOPMENT even closer than that. The Uhtju islands, municipalities were joined during the ad- PLAN which belong to the Haljala rural munici- ministrative reform of 2017, this current pality, are not included in the case area. work considers the comprehensive plan Their main value is that of nature conser- of the former Vihula rural municipality (en- of comprehensive plans and regional de- Figure 2. The connections of ICZM plan and vation. acted in 2003). The Viru-Nigula rural mu- velopment plans. No single institution is its possible applications in the spatial planning. nicipality was joined with the city of Kun- responsible for the realisation of this man- Several national interests, such as nature da and Aseri. The comprehensive plan of agement plan, i.e. the implementation and national defence, are represented in the former Viru-Nigula rural municipality process can take place only through coop- The coastal area management plan can the case area. The case area as a whole (enacted in 2007) is used in this paper. eration and the exchange of knowledge. add new aspects to the county strategy is characterised by a lot of forests (about being prepared, but the management 75%) and the most significant part of The integrated coastal zone management The recently drafted Lääne-Viru County plan is much more detailed than the the forest land belongs to the State For- plan is an indicative document, which Plan gave an input (with a vision of the county strategy. The management plan est Management Centre (RMK). Due to can be implemented in the preparation marine area) for this management plan. can also provide input for the national

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 6 strategic documents, such as the net- number of stakeholders (e.g. coastal fish- relevant comments. The information re- about 90 kilometres and it includes fol- work of small-craft harbours, manage- ermen, port operators). ceived was analysed and taken into ac- lowing forms: 62% till shores, 20% sandy ment plans, tourism strategy, maritime count when supplementing the manage- shores, and 17% silt shores. The wide- area planning, etc. During the disclosing process, the man- ment plan. spread till shores assemble a significant agement plan was available online from amount of (symbolic) erratic boulders. March to May 2018. Just a few people The members of the regional steering The cultural heritage is presented along 1.3 THE PROCESS gave their feedback on the basis of this, group played an important role in the traditional settlements of coastal villages, although articles were published in the preparation of the management plan by which include some Soviet-era architec- OF THE LÄÄNE- newspapers of the rural municipalities giving feedback on the themes, struc- ture. The natural and cultural values of the that introduced the plan. During public ture, and proposed activities of the man- coastal landscape are well preserved in VIRU CASE AREA discussions with 15 people in April 2018, agement plan. The steering group also the , which covers MANAGEMENT a number of new topics were addressed, discussed the links between operation- a significant part of the area. But the val- as well as possible solutions. Over 130 al activities in the coastal zone and the uable landscapes and common resources PLAN AND THE people (111 locals or owners of summer possible applications of the management outside of the park have received much homes and 14 visitors) responded in the plan in spatial development. less attention. In the recent decade, the PARTICIPATION OF electronic public participatory geographic use of the coastal zone shifted towards STAKEHOLDERS information system (GIS) questionnaire recreational means and more territory and from April to August 2018, which was 2. CURRENT water area is covered by nature protection promoted by direct mail, on Facebook, regulations. Particularly sensitive are the The process of preparing the manage- in newspapers of the rural municipalities, SITUATION dune landscapes and wetlands, which in- ment plan included the following steps: and in advert columns. No question was clude varied habitats. The over-growing of a) specifying the case area, mandatory, so about 70 people answered The Lääne-Viru case area is characterised reed on the shores has become an issue b) analysing values and challenges each question. by varied coastal landscapes, including in the management of the coastal land- (including field work and consulta- heritage-rich villages, forest areas, quiet scapes. The sandy beaches, public camp- tions with stakeholders), The questionnaire was prepared in the beaches, nature protection terrains, small- ing sites, and traditional villages make the c) drafting the management plan (in- Maptionnaire software (developed by the craft harbours, etc. The whole territory area attractive for recreational activities cluding discussions with the steering University of Turku), which, in addition to (including land and sea) of the ICZM case and tourism. This tendency includes the group of the management plan), the usual open and multiple-choice ques- is 455 km2, from which 47% is associated establishment of seasonally used sum- d) public discussions, participatory- tions and assessment scales, makes it with nature protection means (see Figure mer homes. The shrinking of (coastal) based feedback, possible to upload map layers (for exam- 3) and 23% (including buffer zones) with fishery and agriculture-related production e) supplementing the management ple, planned residential building areas or diverse military defence tasks. Forest cov- remarkably decreased the number of sta- plan. forests with increased public interest) ers 75% of the land of the case area. The ble workplaces in the villages. Compared and for people to mark places on the forest is largely state-owned and used to to other Estonian regions, the fish catch During the preparation of the manage- map, as well as adding explanations or provide a wide range of public recreation- of the Lääne-Viru coastal fisherman is ment plan, in addition to field work meet- protests and suggestions to them. This al services. These facts indicate the pres- modest and has diminished remarkably in ings and surveys, consultations were GIS platform allows users to open draw- ence of diverse values and institutional the recent years. Tourism and other small organised with representatives of rural ings / map layers and if necessary, zoom concerns on these coastal landscapes. entrepreneurship generate jobs, but they municipalities, industry specialists, and a them to the corresponding scale to add The length of the ICZM case shoreline is are often seasonal.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 7 $

opment of ports in the Lääne-Viru county is affected by environmental and national defence restrictions. The plan to expand the shooting area (a possible new shooting range in Letipea) affects vessel traffic. Nature conservation restrictions affect the Lahemaa construction of port facilities. Mustoja Altja rahvuspark b) Natural environment, including pro- Rutja sea-aimed prac�ce area tected areas. Nature conservation re- Vainupea strictions inhibit the development of local authorities (mainly construction Järveoja activities) in Lääne-Viru county. There Võsu may also be conflicts between dif- Selja ferent departments – environmental and heritage protection (e.g. the dam Rutja firing range Toolse on the River Kunda). c) Energy, including production and connections (if necessary, cables on land). The development of wind energy is affected by both national defence and environmental protec- tion constraints. The use of marine hydropower can have an impact on Nature protec�on State defence 1:250 000 the state of the fish resources. Salmon rivers State defence restric�on zone 0 2.5 5 10 km AP2018 d) Maritime tourism and recreation. One of the major issues is ensuring Figure 3. The allocation of nature protec- access to the sea, especially in pri- Integrated coastal zone management tion and national defence related areas on 2.1 POSSIBLE vate lands in densely populated are- the case area (data: Estonian Land Board, includes the assessment of the relation- as – despite the fact that legislation 2018; Estonian Maritime Admistration, 2017; CONTRADICTIONS ship between different areas and activ- formally guarantees right of access Environmental Register, 2018; Lääne-Viru the- ities in the long term. In the course of to the beach (freedom to roam). Ma- matic county plan Coastal Area of Lääne-Viru, AND RELATIONSHIPS preparing the vision for the Lääne-Viru jor events can cause conflicts – in 2011; Lääne-Viru County Plan 2030+). BETWEEN THE FIELDS marine area, the visions steering group particular, due to undeveloped or formulated the following contradictions inadequate technical infrastructure OF ACTIVITIES in the development of the marine area: (e.g. car parks, road loads) that is not a) Maritime transport, including ports compatible with the intensity of use. and small-craft harbours. The devel-

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 8 problematical potential conflicts all good, possible synergy non-existing effects, no direct relations e) Fishery and aquaculture. Possible tive interaction and which create syner- Table 1. The matrix conflicts between recreational and gies between them. Over time, both the of sea- and land coastal fishermen, in particular in themes and their significance as well use based on the rivers related to the recovery of fish as the trends can change (for example, case area with the time stocks. the proportion of agricultural pollution, perspective year f) National defence restrictions affect the intensification of military use, nature 2025. the development of wind energy protection rules, etc.). The results of the and ports. May cause conflicts in the matrix are also influenced by the expe- community as the level of national rience, knowledge, etc. of its authors. Accessibility (to sea) Bathing sites, beaches Residential areas, cottages Tourism Military defence use Nature conservation Heritage protection (Motor)boats scooters Water Coastal fishery Small-craft harbours Shore landing sites Agriculture Renewable energy Forest management defence activity increases (e.g. the Therefore, the matrix is valuable, in par- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Accessibility possible negative impact on the de- ticular, in mapping the interconnections 1 velopment of recreational economy, and effects of the areas (e.g. positive/ (to sea) Bathing sites, including the use load increasing on negative), identifying the understandings 2 beaches local roads, seaside areas may be of different parties, and, if possible, har- Residential 3 temporarily closed, etc.). monising them. areas, cottages g) Extraction and dumping. Conflicts may occur with conservation restric- The problematic areas overlap in the con- Tourism 4 tions with impacts on marine biota text of both the county’s maritime area Military defence 5 and fish resources. and this coastal zone. More detailed use h) Residential building construction in problems: Nature 6 the coastal zone is affected by nature a) water scooters – especially if this conservation Heritage protec- conservation restrictions. The atti- topic is not dealt with and their use is 7 tude towards construction and busi- not regulated (prohibiting them does tion ness activities is divided into two: not solve the problem – people will (Motor)boats 8 there are stakeholders who are inter- still use them), ested in development and construc- b) military areas – especially if their Water scooters 9 tion activities and those who have a range or intensity of use changes, negative attitude towards them. c) restrictions resulting from nature Coastal fishery 10 conservation set the conditions for Small-craft 11 To specify the sectoral contradictions and land use and movement. harbours relationships in the context of the coastal Shore landing 12 zone, the Lääne-Viru steering group pre- The problems related to water scooters sites pared a matrix up to the year 2025 (Table can be solved mainly at the local level Agriculture 13 1). Therefore, it is not based on the cur- (the Lahemaa Management Plan pro- Renewable rent situation, but the expected develop- vides an area where water scooters are 14 ment of areas. The matrix can be used prohibited). However, to solve problems energy Forest manage- as a tool to identify potential conflicts related to military use and nature conser- 15 ment as well as areas where there is a posi- vation, communication is required at both

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 9 the national and local level, including con- d) Bodies of water and coastal areas, The following major development trends heritage, identity, and traditions charac- sidering local interests, which is one of which serve as effective features of have been set out in the Lääne-Viru teristic of the region. The quality and di- the biggest challenges in planning. Estonia’s landscapes and accentuate County Plan: versity of the infrastructure and public the specific character of space in cit- a) the spread of IT developments and and private services has contributed to ies and towns as well as the country- increasing mobility, the increase of permanent residents. side, are enjoying active and sustain- b) population decline and aging, 3. VISIONS FOR THE able public use. c) general urbanisation, 3. The natural resources of the mari- FUTURE d) valuing ecological thinking and wider time area and the coastal area (mineral In addition to the above, the case area is distribution of renewable energy, cli- resources, fish stocks) are used sustain- affected by important national interests mate change. ably. Innovative renewable energy solu- The principles for using the sea and the – mainly in the form of restrictions – in tions are used in the region. general development trends have been terms of nature protection and national The northern coast is considered a sepa- specified in the current national spatial defence (see Figures 3, 5). A large part of rate region in the Lääne-Viru County Plan, plan, but the ongoing maritime spatial the case area – both land and the marine as it is an attractive recreational area and planning process will specify them. area – is covered by the Lahemaa Nation- as a result, seasonally used summer 4. MANAGEMENT al Park and the Toolse Nature Reserve, homes have been built and currently are PLAN ACTIVITIES In accordance with the National Spatial as well as the Selja River Landscape Re- being built there. 2 Plan Estonia 2030+ : serve. There are other restrictions on the a) Estonia is open to the sea. coastal area, such as the building exclu- In addition to the Lääne-Viru County Plan, The sectoral objectives of the man- b) The network of passenger, freight, sion zone (which can be both increased the Lääne-Viru County Government pre- agement plan are mainly based on the and small-craft harbours is operating and reduced with the comprehensive pared the Lääne-Viru County Maritime County Maritime Area Vision (Figure 4), productively and is well-linked to the plan of the local authority), the flooded Area Vision in 2017, in cooperation with which takes into account the special- rest of the infrastructure, making it area, and the water protection zone. local authorities and the private and third ty and traditions of the case area based one of the key factors in terms of the sector and within the framework of the on the existing values and, at the same international competitiveness of the An important national defence restric- national maritime area plan. The vision time, offers solutions to challenges. Tra- nation. tion in the case area is the sea-oriented outlines three main objectives of spatial ditional forms of entrepreneurship, such c) The efficient and sustainable utili- shooting area in Rutja. According to the development, which are also taken as ba- as agriculture and fisheries, have margin- sation of marine areas is important Ministry of Defence, it is necessary to sis for preparing this management plan: alised over time, but they are important for the nation. By means of appro- extend the current practice area due to for maintaining the identity and traditions priate plans, a reasonable balance the increased risk areas and the increase 1. The development of diverse maritime of the region. It is therefore important to has been struck between utilisation in the intensity of use of the shooting transport, ports, and maritime tourism find new outputs for traditional forms of for leisure, tourism, the conserva- range(s). The reason is the added nation- has been ensured in Lääne-Viru county. entrepreneurship and integrate them into tion of bodies of water, national de- al defence capability – new weapons and the tourism sector. Improving mobility fence, and commercial activities, the increasing presence of allies.3 2. The historic coastal villages of Lääne-Vi- and the social infrastructure would make ru county are viable. The local communi- it possible to attract permanent residents ties are active and represent the cultural to the region and stop marginalisation. 2 Üleriigiline planeering Eesti 2030+. 3 Lääne-Viru maakonna mereala visiooni arutelu. Memo. Rakvere 18.05.2017.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 10 Border of the test area ! Public swimming place Border of nature protec�on areas " Small harbour ! Mul�func�onal swimming place State defence restricted zone Ñ $ " Planned small harbour º Wreck accessible through diving Coastal fisheries' catching area " Unloading site (fishermen) ! Trailer park Jet ski area 50 " Unloading site (ministry) # RMK recrea�onal site Jet ski prohibited area 20 Motororised vessels prohibited area 10 Forest with heightened public concern " 5 Ñ Reserved areas for residen�al development ACCESSIBILITY TO º " COAST AND " Se�led area MOBILITY " " RMK area on test area " " 20 " " " ! " Forest SEA TRANSPORT, VITALITY OF COASTAL " 20 HARBOURS, VILLAGES, TRADITIONS, "" " " " "" DEVELOPMENT OF SEA INCREASE OF Vergi ! TOURISM PERMANENT RESIDENTS " Käsmu " "" ! " " ! " # # "" 20 Vainupea " " " Altja " ! Mustoja " " ! " "" " Mustoja Eisma " " # "" Võsu SUSTAINABLE USE OF # # NATURE RESOURCES Rutja # " 10 !" Karepa " " Võsu Vihula Toolse !" # Sagadi " " Figure 4. The relations between the focus Selja " themes of the ICZM plan (orange colour) and Planned light traffic road HALJALA MUNICIPALITY regional maritime visions of Lääne-Viru coun- Light traffic road Kunda ty (blue colour). Planned bicycle route # Bicycle route

Planned hiking trail VIRU-NIGULA The management plan focuses on the Hiking trail MUNICIPALITY contact-nodes of land and sea by linking Main road them spatially and by making proposals Support road 1:250 000 for developing cross-sectoral coopera- Side road 0 2.5 5 10 km tion. AP2018 The management plan is recommenda- Figure 5. The scheme of ICZM case: spatial 4.1 RECREATION landscapes, recreation areas). Lahemaa tory and contains a description of topics, development activities on Lääne-Viru case National Park, where the case area is general development recommendations, area. partially located, is already a well-known and partly also site-based activities (these The development of recreation economy tourist destination, but for people to stay activities are not included in the English is one way of supporting local business- in the area for more than half a day, more version). The management plan activities es and exhibit the natural and cultural comprehensive solutions are needed. also include an integrated scheme (Fig- heritage of the region, which is a goal There are several bathing areas in the ure 5). in both the Maritime Area Vision (use case area, the potential of which has only of natural resources, development of been partially realised so far. Thanks to maritime tourism) as well as other coun- the cultural and natural values of the re- ty development documents (valuable gion, hiking trails have been developed,

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 11 mainly in the territory of Lahemaa. How- During the field work, there was no ever, the development of hiking trails and case of it not being possible to walk on bathing sites is necessary outside the the beach because the coastal area was nature reserve, taking into account the closed. Problems may occur with per- needs of the locals. Landscape manage- meability (reed, soft soil, etc.), but there ment is also important for the preserva- very few man-made obstacles (such as tion of natural values, e.g. through agri- fences, prohibiting sings, private proper- culture or community-based landscape ty signs, etc.). stewardship practices. The features and functions of the coastal bathing sites in the case area can be split 4.1.1 COASTAL into the following groups: a) public bathing sites/beaches: Võsu, BATHING SITES Karepa, and Kunda, b) multifunctional bathing sites: Käsmu, Altja, Vainupea, and Toolse, The condition of coastal bathing sites c) regional/local bathing sites: Lobi, Pe- during a field work review in August 2017 dassaare, Vergi, Eisma, and Rutja, and was generally good (except for Toolse). d) community/neighbourhood bathing sites in the case area4. All these bathing Figue 6. Summer-time activities at Võsu Access was granted to all bathing sites sites: , Pihlaspea, etc. sites are also included in the list of Eu- beach (photo: Tarmo Pikner, 2017). – in some cases, even in multiple ways ropean bathing sites. According to the (Karepa, Eisma). Access problems can These features determine the supply and data of the Health Board, the quality of insufficiency of the above-mentioned occur when people come by car (includ- investment levels of the bathing sites, water is high in Võsu and sufficient in Ka- facilities (in Võsu). The need to contin- ing parking/stopping), but all bathing but also serve the principles of dispersal repa. The requirements for bathing water uously maintain the beaches was also sites are accessible on foot or by bike. during the summer season. Smaller and and beaches have been established with mentioned. The lack of benches and the In general, it should not be assumed more private beaches, where there is no Regulation No. 74 of the Government development of children’s playground that it is possible to access the beach by need to build infrastructure or provide of the Republic of 3 April 2008, which were also mentioned, but to a lesser ex- car. However, in many places, there are maintenance services, do not have to be states that before the bathing season is tent. marked parking areas. Private property advertised, meaning that both locals and opened, the bathing site must be main- signs near bathing sites are confusing – foreign tourists can explore them on their tained, fixed up, and equipped with a suf- The Võsu bathing site (Figure 6) is the owners of the area are not indicated own. ficient quantity of the necessary changing equipped with adequate technical infra- (in most cases, they are probably the ru- rooms, toilets, and bins, and the safety of structure and the amount of services ral municipalities). Information is also not According to the data of the Health bathers must be ensured. offered is sufficient. In any case, this available on how to apply for a permit Board, Võsu and Karepa, as well as Kun- bathing site has the best infrastructure from the owner. da beach, which is adjacent to the case Many people who responded to the ques- and hinterland in the region. The quality area, belong to the list of public bathing tionnaire also mentioned the absence or of services can be further developed and

4 http://www.terviseamet.ee/keskkonnatervis/vesi/suplusvesi/avalikud-supluskohad.html.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 12 the number of services provided can be maintenance of these bathing sites is increased. Due to the size of the area, more problematic (mostly waste man- conflicts between the groups of users agement) and more expensive, as the are unlikely – the swimming area, the utilisation of these sites is high. For all of harbour area, and the active recreational these beaches, the development poten- area are clearly distinguishable. Problems tial is greater than what has been realised arise in the organisation of waste man- for recreation thus far. It is advisable to agement – during the summer period, develop these beaches where there sup- people from the near-by settlements and/ portive infrastructure exists (eateries, toi- or vacationers take their domestic waste lets, car parks). to the waste bins meant for the beach. The next bigger group consists of sandy The infrastructure of the Karepa public beaches that are used regionally/locally. bathing site is poor because the technical The main users of these beaches are res- infrastructure (particularly parking and toi- idents or users of the surrounding area lets) has practically not been developed. who are looking for a quieter and more derused. On the positive side, the sites Figue 7. The particular small coastal bathing Sports facilities (ball courts, etc.) are private holiday destination. In most cas- and points of access are mainly in pub- site at Pihlaspea (photo: Maila Kuusik, 2017). missing or difficult to use. There are sev- es, there is a parking option (about 3–4 lic use (mostly state land) and continu- eral points of access to the beach (main- cars). Waste management was organised ing this trend is very important for the has been mainly based on the assump- ly forest roads) and it is also possible during the summer period. It is managed recreational potential of the region. In tion that these areas could be used more to stop there. However, this creates an and organised mainly by the local govern- the privatisation of land, it is extremely intensively in the future. Dispersing the additional burden on the natural environ- ment. Additional technical infrastructure important for the access to the sea and, vacationers and tourists to a degree by ment. Võsu and Karepa are long-standing does not have to be developed in these in particular, bathing sites to remain avail- providing better information would help holiday resorts and these beaches are areas, but it is important to ensure public able for the public. In this regard, coop- to reduce the expected seasonal over- well known in and beyond the county. In access and use of the beach, as well as eration between the state and the local load in Võsu beach. any case, these extensive sandy beaches upkeep. government is needed. At the state lev- have a lot of potential. el, the concepts of a bathing site and a General activities for the development of The other bathing sites are used by the bathing area could be harmonised in the bathing sites: Beaches where the use of the coastal community or the people living in the legislation (the latter is used in the Nature a) Ensuring access to the bathing sites area is multifunctional – other attractions neighbourhood (Figure 7). The examined Conservation Act to reduce the building in the future, as well (state owner- and site-specific practices are as impor- bathing sites were well-maintained even exclusion zone). ship or contracts ensuring public tant as the bathing site possibilities – though the coast was mostly covered in use). It is advisable to plan multiple form a separate group. These beaches reed-bed. These bathing sites do not re- In the maintenance of areas, cooperation accesses to large coastal areas. are suitable for both nature and culture quire much infrastructure – the priority is could be better between different agen- b) Improving the upkeep of beaches – tourists, as well as for recreation (sandy maintaining them. cies, especially in the maintenance of adding bins and toilets to multifunc- beach). The services and technical infra- cultural objects. The condition of bathing tional bathing sites that are used structure are generally well-developed in The potential of bathing sites in the case sites in the case area is generally good. more and, if possible, to regional/ these beaches, except for Toolse. The area is high and they are currently un- The description of the following activities local bathing sites. The continuity of

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 13 maintenance works in the bathing car and go to the toilet there). The plan- sites is also important, which means ning of hiking trails should consider their relatively high costs for the local varying degrees of difficulty and length. government, which is why it is un- It should also apply the principles of uni- derstandable that they do not want versal design – the trails should cover the to organise maintenance works in needs and interests of a wide range of many places. users, regardless of their ability of age. c) Adding information about the keeper This approach is becoming more and of the beach. more important due to the diversity of the d) Developing services and facilities target groups in recreation economy and (e.g. summer cafeteria, kiosk, life- the aging population. The starting point guards, playgrounds, sports facilities) of the hiking trails should be accessible in larger bathing sites. for people coming by (rented) bikes and families with children. It is also important to mark the trails clearly and consistently 4.1.2 HIKING TRAILS maintain them. Attention should be paid cultural heritage of the region (QR codes Figue 8. The former settlement structure to how a tourist of the case area moves taking the people to the village’s Face- and its cultural heritage is described in Võsu there, how much they can walk, and how book page, etc.). Additionally, the hiking (photo: Maila Kuusik, 2017). When planning hiking trails, attention motivated they are to visit different hik- trails could be diversified and the visiting must be paid to the relation of hiking trails ing trails. For bike rental, there are two load (or seasonality) could be dispended and the interaction with the cycle and pe- possibilities: circular routes or drop-off – this only requires the consent of the Cycle and pedestrian tracks could have destrian tracks. It can be concluded from points, for example, when cycling from landowners and clear markings. Addi- information about the cultural history of the visit statistics of Lahemaa National one manor to another. tionally, information about all these hiking the site similarly to hiking trails. Here, a Park that people prefer hiking trails that trails should be available in one place – positive example is the Võsu small town are so-called multifunctional (i.e. both The State Forest Management Centre either a physical or a virtual map. project, where plots of land that are not cultural and natural values are represent- has made a huge and commendable currently used include information about ed) and not too long, such as the nature contribution with their hiking trails with Information boards could, in addition to their previous use and building stock (Fig- and culture study trails in Käsmu and recreation areas which have become the information about the specific area, in- ure 8). Similar cultural projects could be Altja. The intrinsic coherence of the trails norm. The State Forest Management clude information about similar objects lo- initiated in other settlements, as well. is important: the trail could tell a story or Centre maintains its trails and recreation cated nearby or about other values found cover a topic, include an accessible rec- areas to ensure the corresponding stand- in the vicinity of the area. The objects of In addition to the existing hiking trails, the reation area (for ambulances, etc.), end ards, but it could also try to work with the interest (mainly protected objects) are development plan of Kunda city5 provides with a positive experience (such as an communities and NGOs – for example, marked in Lahemaa National Park, but for the construction of health and hiking observation tower), and (if possible) be in clean-up events or maintenance con- such information is often unavailable on trails in Kronkskallas, as well as opening round-shaped (end and start could be at tracts. Every village could have its own site outside the protected areas. the Kronkskallas view and building stairs the same place so people could park their hiking trail to introduce the natural and and a boardwalk there. The Toolse Nature

5 Kunda linna arengukava 2013–2025. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/419102013070.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 14 $

50

20 10 Reserve is located in the area between 5 Kronkskallas and Toolse Castle. Both the Toolse Castle and the Kronkskallas area could have information about the border- 20 ing nature reserve. 20 Vergi The results of the questionnaire show Käsmu that additional hiking trails are considered Vainupea 20 important in the development of tourism. Altja Mustoja However, it is noted that the existing hik- Võsu Mustoja Eisma ing trails are not always passable (due to Rutja trees that have fallen on the road). There- Karepa 10 fore, a realistic balance must be found Võsu Vihula Toolse between developing new hiking trails Sagadi and maintaining the existing ones. One option is organising clean-up events in Selja cooperation with communities, rural mu- nicipalities and the State Forest Manage- Kunda ment Centre.

Se�led area Support road 4.1.3 STATE FORESTS Forest Side road OF INCREASED RMK area on test area 1:250 000 RMK forest with heightened public concern 0 2.5 5 10 km PUBLIC INTEREST AP2018 A large part of the recreation areas and (cutting). The State Forest Management Figure 9. The allocation of forest areas (incl Most of the green network ecosystems objects of the State Forest Management Centre determines forests of increased State Forest Management Centre area, and in Lääne-Viru county are forests (about Centre is located in the green network. In public interest on the basis of both cul- also forest with high public concern) on the 75%), but the proportion of agricultural Lääne-Viru county, this percentage is 91.6 tural and social characteristics. The State case area (data: Estonian Land Board, 2018; Estonian Maritime Administration, 2017; State ecosystems is also relatively high (about Recently, the topic of forests of increased Forest Management Centre is subject to Forest Management Centre, 2017). 12–13%). The forests in the case area public interest located on the land of the the notification obligation for forests of (Figure 9), which are largely state forests, State Forest Management Centre has increased public interest, but clear cut- tain the provision that clear cutting must constitute an important resource for rec- become more relevant – especially with ting is not ruled out in these areas. The be consistent with the landscape and, if reation economy. regard to the management of forests standard terms of management do con- possible, cutting areas should not have

6 Rohevõrgustiku analüüs ja planeerimisjuhendi koostamine. Rohevõrgustiku analüüsi vahearuanne (4.12.2017).

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 15 straight lines.7 In the case of coastal for- also be considered (for example, the sustainable, but if the community is con- 4.2 MOBILITY ests, attention must be paid to the fact combination of recreation and residen- sistent in its activities, this option may that they have an important protective tial areas). A typical example in the case also work. For example, the community function both in terms of the settlement area is Toolse village, where the forest bathing sites were very well-maintained The purpose of the vision is the devel- and the landscape. From the standpoint must be preserved in the area located (mowed, existing benches). In addition to opment of diverse maritime transport, of forest management, it is also impor- between the residential areas and the bathing sites, the maintenance of small small-craft harbours, and maritime tour- tant to preserve coastal forests because beach (regardless of ownership, which is areas – such as opening views – can also ism in the coastal zone, which would they are better suited to the winds, thus why these aspects should be taken into work similarly. be supported by open sea access and protecting inland forests. account when issuing cutting licences). integrated services, including carefully The same applies to the village of Karepa. Ways which encourage the involvement thought out public transport. To ensure The respondents of the questionnaire The management plan prepared for the of local people in landscaping mainte- access, social agreements (freedom to pointed out pine forests, the beach, and protected areas in the case area show nance8 should definitely be considered, roam, shore path) are supported that the sea as the region-specific values. that the share of agriculture has de- as Estonia joined the Landscape Conven- would realise to a higher extent the rights Therefore, people consider coastal for- creased significantly. This means that tion in 2017. of use in space/landscape and would not ests one of the most important values the proportion of open areas has also be hindered by restrictive property rights. in the region. In addition to the forests decreased. In addition to nature conser- General activities: The three connected mobility aspects of increased public interest, people men- vation values, landscape diversity and a) participation of communities in de- of the coastal area are discussed here: tioned the forest located between Eisma aesthetics provide value added for rec- termining the forests of increased small harbours, cycle and pedestrian and Karepa as valuable. The question- reation economy, as well. Recreational public interest, tracks, and maritime rescue. The bigger naire showed that clear cutting should value is also a component that is taken b) organisation of better parking and challenge is developing a sustainable be avoided in coastal forests – instead, into account when determining the val- regulation of driving with ATVs in the network of small-craft harbours, which cutting should be limited to improvement uable landscapes in the county. In terms coastal zone, takes into account the environmental cutting – also outside the Lahemaa Na- of recreational value, all activities related c) preparation and implementation of conditions, the motion patterns, and the tional Park. to landscape management have a pos- landscape maintenance plans (for cultural context, and can diversify recrea- itive effect on the case area. However, example, with clean-up events) in tional services and jobs. Forest management is precisely regulat- there is a lack of explanatory work on partnership with local authorities and ed in protected areas, but the determina- why some fallen trees have not been re- communities, tion of forests of increased public inter- moved from hiking trails – the ecological d) simplification of the application con- est is particularly important outside the forest does not always look neat. There ditions for procurements/orders re- protected areas. The wider recreational are two main possibilities for landscape lated to landscape maintenance so value of the case area must be taken into maintenance – agriculture or communi- that small businesses in the region account in forest management and in ty initiative, e.g. performing landscape would also have an interest in partic- the determination of forests of increased maintenance works during clean-up ipating in applications and the oppor- public interest, cumulative aspects must events. The second option may not be tunities to do so.

7 RMK kõrgendatud avaliku huviga alade määramise, majandamise ja seal tehtavatest töödest teavitamise juhend, kinnitatud 30.01.2018. 8 Kliimask, J.; Parts, P.-K.; Järv, H.; Sepp, K.; Ward, R. (2015). Endangered settlements and protected areas in Estonia: the challenge of maintaining cultural landscapes. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 11, 346−368.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 16 4.2.1 ACCESS application that would allow to use infor- mation technology tools to provide infor- TO THE SEA AND mation about water sports opportunities and involve people more in promoting a CONNECTIONS sustainable maritime culture.

In the case area, access to the sea and the coastline is good, as a large part of 4.2.2 SMALL-CRAFT the land (about 75% of it is covered in HARBOURS forest) is state-owned. Thus, the free- dom to roam along shore paths general- ly works. Some problems do occur with The Haljala rural municipality has the fol- roads blocked by coastal landowners and lowing small-craft harbours: Vergi, Võsu, inconsiderate vacationers, who want to Eisma, and Käsmu (the latter is not reg- get as close to the beach as possible by and large tourist buses have limited pos- Figure 10. The accessibility with water scoot- istered in the State Port Register). The car. sibilities for turning around. ers to the sea in prohibited in Võsu harbour Vergi Port is, thanks to its natural con- (photo: Tarmo Pikner, 2017). ditions (the largest draft of the craft is In terms of mobility, the public network Parking in some parts of the case area 3.0 m), the most promising. However, connections between major coastal vil- may become a problem on perfect beach Riding water scooters in the Käsmu Bay its current infrastructure does not allow lages (Käsmu, Vergi), centres, and cit- days and during major cultural events. is also problematic, especially due to the the actual potential of the port to be ies (including Tallinn) are also important. One solution is to establish a seasonal resulting noise. Therefore, it is recom- used. For comparison, the largest draft They affect access to public services, parking fee during the summer period mended to plan a marked route for rid- of Võsu harbour is 0.8 m and Eisma har- (children’s) hobby activities, and recrea- in popular coastal areas, but in this case, ing water scooters in the Vergi harbour bour (Figure 11) is 1.5 m. In addition to tion. In the summer season, the public the appropriate parking options must be area (see chart). Water scooters should the above-mentioned ports, potential transport connection could be better – provided. be ridden in open marine areas, not harbour locations are in Karepa, where this would provide a better-working alter- closed bays. In reality, the riders would, there is currently a mole and some other native to cars and increase the mobility of One of the most problematic issues is the of course, often like to have spectators. boathouses, and an established NGO has certain social groups. use of water scooters9 in the marine area. In terms of using the sea, the goal should started its planning work. The potential of In several ports, it is prohibited to ride wa- not be the prohibition of activities, but the Vainupea harbour location needs clar- People coming here by car encounter ter scooters in the water area of the port directing them to coastal regions where ification. The planning of the reconstruc- problems especially during the intense (e.g. in Eisma10 and Võsu) with the rules the activity would be acceptable to most tion of the Käsmu small-craft harbour is visit period. For example, in Käsmu, there of the small-craft harbour (Figure 10). The parties and would not create conflicts an ongoing process. is basically just one road to get in and out restriction of riding water scooters is also (including in nature conservation) or se- of the village, which means that during provided for in the conservation rules of curity risks. During the publishing, it was The sizes of the existing and planned events, significant congestion can occur, Lahemaa (see limit area in Figure 5). suggested to develop a water scooter ports on the basis of the number of boats

9 VV määrus “Jeti ohutu kasutamise ja jetijuhi ettevalmistamise nõuded ning jetijuhi tunnistuse vorm” Vastu võetud 31.01.2006 nr 11. 10 http://eismasadam.ee/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Eisma-sadama-eeskiri_01.05.2014.pdf.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 17 they can accommodate are as follows: General activities to be taken into account Võsu – 55, Eisma – 35, Vergi – 30, Käsmu in developing ports: – in planning, Karepa – in planning. a) in planning the port, consider the sur- rounding coastal zone in its entirety The coverage of the observed coastal to avoid later disagreements in terms zone in small-craft harbours is getting bet- of access roads and other social or ter and mobility by the sea is gaining pop- environmental impacts, ularity. Therefore, one might consider or- b) plan a certain land plot for further use ganising a maritime connection between because not all the necessary port Tallinn and the small-craft harbours in the functions (possibilities) may not be for- coastal area on summer weekends or mulated in the initial planning process, during bigger events (the concert series c) combine public access with “Kaunid Kontserdid Käsmus”, Viru Folk, semi-public areas in the territory of The Night of Ancient Bonfires), which the port, which helps to ensure se- would also somewhat mitigate the park- curity for the boat guards and, at the ing problem. A ferry made such a journey Figure 11. The reconstructed small port and User groups of ports may have specific same time, offers opportunities to three times a week also in the 1920s11. harbour building of Eisma (photo: Tarmo needs for services and infrastructure, the public to discover the pier and Pikner, 2017). which is why balance must be struck be- enjoy the sea views, Ports expand maritime mobility opportu- tween different functions (for example, d) create a longer-term vision that com- nities, which will bring more people arriv- In the development of small-craft har- water scooter riders and sailors). The bines the needs of different target ing by boat as well as business opportu- bours, the aspect of diversity must be challenge is integrating additional stake- groups and service components with nities. For example, in the third season of paid attention to – through it, distinctive holders (such as the youth) and the ac- the context of the coastal zone and, if the Võsu harbour, it announced its wish features are created and the seasonal tivities/services targeted at them, which necessary, plan clearer areas of use, to expand. Keeping the port infrastruc- fluctuations in income are balanced. The would expand the sphere of the maritime e) support the international and regional ture in running order (for example, clean- role of tourist flows and services related culture. The operators of ports in the networking of ports through informa- ing the fairways) requires a lot of resourc- to land (e.g. accommodation, visits to case area do not communicate enough tion exchange, cultural events, and es, which is why it is necessary to find manors, caravan parking) in the context with each other, but common elements joint marketing, opportunities to support the sustainabili- of small-craft harbours in the case area can be found for regional cooperation. f) in reconstruction, take into account ty of the infrastructures of small-craft har- is increasing. In terms of distinctive fea- Ports that are located farther from larger the location of the hinterland and bours after the EU Structural Funds pe- tures, the design of the services is be- centres have more common challenges the (changing) popularity of the lo- riod. Cooperation between ports would coming increasingly important – it must (including marketing) with other small- cation to ensure enough users and help here. bring together the site-based activities craft harbours with similar locations, e.g. to advance marine culture and, at and services and provide options for the in Finland overseas. The international the same time, preserve the cultural visitor on the basis of their lifestyle, age networking of ports must be supported characteristics, group, etc. through information exchange, cultural g) ensure access to sea to coastal fish- events, and joint marketing. ermen and support their continuous cooperation with small businesses, 11 http://urvepars.blogspot.com.ee.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 18 h) find ways to run the port infrastruc- f) Caravan parks should also be con- ture after the period of the EU Struc- nected with the cycle and pedestri- tural Funds. an tracks. The largest caravan park is located on the border of Võsu small town, but it is also possible to park 4.2.3 CYCLE AND caravans in Vergi. PEDESTRIAN TRACKS 4.2.4 MARITIME The cycle and pedestrian tracks in the RESCUE AND region are detailed in the Lääne-Viru County Plan. The plan does not envisage SECURITY separate cycle and pedestrian tracks – people can cycle on the highway. The ex- As the marine area is used more, it is im- ceptions are the road sections between Figure 12. Võsu–Käsmu cycle and pedestrian peninsulas (see Figure 5). It must be tak- portant to pay more attention to safety, Võsu-Käsmu and Karepa-Kunda, where a track near Võsu beach (photo: Tarmo Pikner, en into consideration that they may not including the development of voluntary cycle and pedestrian track is planned to 2017). always be permeable due to the weather maritime rescue. Maritime rescue op- be built. A 6-kilometre Võsu–Käsmu cy- conditions, but it is important to maintain erates on the sea and is not the same cle and pedestrian track (Figure 12) has Another project in the case area is the them to enable activities targeted at dif- thing as lifeguards in public beaches. already been built in the case area and development of a cycle and pedestrian ferent user groups. it has been very popular from the begin- track between Karepa and Kunda. The There are two voluntary maritime rescue units in the case area – Käsmu Voluntary ning. However, the highway between purpose of the cycle and pedestrian track General activities for the development of Maritime Rescue (created in 2009) and Võsu and Altja is curved and a lot of cy- is to improve the connection between cycle and pedestrian tracks: Kunda Voluntary Maritime Rescue (cre- clists ride there in the summer (including the Karepa-Toolse area and Kunda. This a) building bicycle storage facilities in ated in 2015).12 The service area of the foreign tourists). Building a cycle and pe- is the closest centre where the people of bathing sites, catering and accom- Käsmu Voluntary Maritime Rescue (Fig- destrian track is there probably restricted the Karepa region can consume the nec- modation facilities, and car parks, ure 13) is the area on the by the Lahemaa National Park. essary services. Most of the roads in the b) developing a bicycle rental system, from Peninsula to Kunda. The case area are also part of the internation- c) considering the need for addition- service area of the Kunda Voluntary Mar- As regards to the safety of the beach- al cycling route. al speed limits to ensure security itime Rescue is mainly near Kunda and side roads, participants were divided in on roads overlapping with bicycle Kunda port, but rescue work has been half. Cycling on curvy and high-speed It is also possible to use the existing for- routes, done in Eisma. The services provided by highways is not quite safe. Speed limits est trails for sporting or nature tourism. d) gathering and distributing informa- both units are: surf rescue, towing, first are not very helpful, because they are not Forest trails are sometimes used (de- tion on the bicycle network, aid, emptying of vessels, transportation followed. pends on the weather conditions and per- e) exposing cultural heritage related of people, transportation of equipment, meability) in the western part surrounded stories and sites on the posters searches in the daytime and at night, by the coast on both Käsmu and Vergi along the tracks. 12 http://www.vomare.ee/et/liikmed.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 19 extinguishing smaller fires both on ves- 4.3.1 COASTAL sels and on the island. FISHING The readiness of the units is different – the Käsmu Voluntary Maritime Rescue There are about 70 professional coastal has three teams (in reality, there are two) fishermen in the case area. For coastal and during the navigation season, their fishing, the reconstruction of Võsu and response time is 1 hour. The readiness Eisma small-craft harbours turned out to of the Kunda Voluntary Maritime Rescue be very important, as it valued the fish- is two teams and a response time of 15 ermen, among other things. Coastal fish- minutes. ermen (and members of the regional as- sociation of coastal fishermen) pay less While the Käsmu Voluntary Maritime for keeping their boat in the harbour than Rescue has the equipment for rescue regular users do. From the perspective of operations, the rescue equipment of the the sustainability of coastal fishing, it is Kunda Voluntary Maritime Rescue needs Figure 13. Kunda’s maritime rescue boat and important to keep representing the inter- further assembly (in particular, for individ- members of the team (photo: Tarmo Pikner, 4.3 COMMUNITIES ests of coastal fishermen in the process ual equipment), which is done with the 2017). of managing small-craft harbours in the help of projects and donors. To maintain AND region. For example, Union of Virumaa marine navigation skills, it is necessary to There are six navigation landmarks in ENTREPRENEURSHIP Coastal Fishermen has concluded such go to the sea from time to time. Events the case area (mostly communication a contract with the Võsu harbour for 25 where the behaviour on the sea is intro- masts). Other waterside buildings (or BASED ON THE years. For private ports, this is not as reg- duced offer rides on voluntary rescue natural objects, such as rocks) can also ulated. Therefore, the active participation boats, which are very popular, showing be used for orientation. In Käsmu, for ex- REGIONAL SEPCIFICS of coastal fishermen should be encour- that people want to go to the sea. ample, fishermen use the chimneys of aged in the long-term reconstruction and buildings for orienteering, which is why it The aim is to diversify the infrastructure management of small-craft harbours. General activities in the development of is important to, in addition to views from and services, which would support cul- maritime rescue: the land, also pay attention to views from ture-based entrepreneurship, local com- Coastal fishermen earn about 20% of a) providing equipment to voluntary mar- the sea. munities, and the increase in the number their income with fishing. In the changed itime rescue units, including keeping of permanent residents in the area. The circumstances, fishermen must think it updated, challenge is integrating the cultural her- more about increasing the value of fish b) conducting marine safety information itage and community skills with sustain- and doing other work. For successful activities to various stakeholders, able management practices and tourism ancillary activities, coastal fishing can c) organising information events in con- services. This chapter covers the follow- be linked to skills and areas such as ca- junction with small-craft harbours. ing aspects: coastal fishing, cultural and tering, the food industry, making fishing community-based entrepreneurship, and equipment, and recreation economy. housing construction. Among other things, the European Fish- eries Fund (including the direction of

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 20 diversification) supports the acquisition sites (see Figure 5), which are used to of infrastructure for these areas of activ- deliver the catch to land and provide the ity. Professional coastal fishermen act as catch reporting and, if necessary, check entrepreneurs (most of them are self-em- it. There are 44 official unloading sites in ployed), which should have a positive the coastal zone of the case area and dur- effect on self-organisation and entrepre- ing interviews, fishermen added some to neurship. these. The determination of landing sites has become more precise in the last dec- The experience-based use of sea-landing ade. For example, previously, the landing places (Figure 14) allows fishermen to site was simply marked as ‘Eisma’, but make the right decisions at higher water now, if necessary, more accurately as ‘Lii- levels and, if necessary, supplement the vakünka’. Coastal fishermen can realise a landing places with the available tools. To certain amount of their catch unofficially access a specific landing place by car, the through their networks – they actively do use the highest chimneys in the coastal Figure 14. Cleaning of fishing nets at Võsu fisherman must apply for a permit from so and people are interested in both the zone (for example, the Käsmu Maritime harbour (photo: Tarmo Pikner, 2017). the Environmental Board to drive in the village and the surrounding cities. Small- Museum, the Kunda factory) and mobile coastal zone every year. The permit ap- craft harbours must have a correspond- communication masts. The fishing area recreational fishermen who often have plies to a particular vehicle and moving ing workspace and an ice machine for the of coastal fishermen is determined with faster boats. For example, recreational trajectory. The maintenance and use of primary processing of fish, which would the fishing zone, which is specified in the fishermen go fishing with their fast boats landing places are based on mutual agree- allow to prolong the time of realisation fishing licence. According to the coast- on the bay between Aksi and Toolse and ments. Fishermen do not often want to of fish in the case of larger volumes and al fishermen, these wider fishing zones professional Karepa coastal fishermen share their landing place with a stranger. warm weather. are followed at sea based on experience with their slower boats (the maximum However, there are some shared landing and there have been no problems. During engine power has been specified) often places, e.g. in Eru and Käsmu Bay, near The coastal fishermen in the case area the summer season, coastal fishermen lose their traditional fishing sites on the Vergi, etc. The reconstruction of addition- mostly fish in bays and the steep seabed must deal with water scooters and pleas- stony coast. One 70-metre fishing net al small-craft harbours has improved the zone, which is located, for example, in the ure boats, which break fishing nets and covers an area of about 200 metres in the accessibility of coastal fishermen to sea. sea at the top of the Lobi Peninsula. The cause unnecessary noise. coastal waters. To regulate the situation, Coastal fishermen do not have problems offshore motion range of coastal fisher- it was proposed that the fishing sites of related to landing places. Driving on pri- men is usually up to the 20-metre depth Fishing nets and fyke nets are fixed on the recreational fishermen could be deter- vate roads (for example, in Lepispea and line. The range of the boats of coastal basis of licences and agreements among mined on the basis of the extent of the Mustoja) is possible thanks to informal fishermen is less than two nautical miles the coastal fishermen community. These coastal zone (including coastal waters) of agreements made between the fisher- (3.7 km). Fishermen go looking for deeper agreements can partly last for several the local governments and the rural mu- men. At the same time, the situation may water away from the coastline during the generations and failure to comply with nicipalities/cities could make their own change, so other options should be con- hotter summer period. For example, they them creates conflicts. This is not a com- decisions and agreements in this regard. sidered for a long-term solution. go fishing near the Uhtju islands. GPS de- pletely closed system and there are so- This proposal presents the challenge of vices are often used to navigate, which called border crossers, who want to get managing the marine area, because cur- Several landing places have been marked are especially needed in the mist and to the best fishing sites early in the morn- rently, the local government is not man- in the coastal zone as official unloading on open water. However, they also still ing. Professional fishermen compete with aging the coastal waters.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 21 Several problems and suggestions of Key features of coastal fishing manage- 4.3.2 COMMUNITY- The challenge of promoting communi- coastal fishermen deal with the fisheries ment: ty-based entrepreneurship is the devel- policy in more general terms, which, in re- a) Encouraging the active participation BASED opment of open coherent cooperation ality, affects marine culture and the relat- of coastal fishermen in the long-term opportunities and supporting social gath- ed environment. Here are some aspects reconstruction and management of ENTREPRENEURSHIP ering places. Potential places have inter- of this broader topic. They are worried small-craft harbours. nal development possibilities (Käsmu, about the decline in fish stocks, which b) Maintaining the traditions of coastal To preserve heritage and keep the com- Vergi, Vainupea, Eisma, Karepa) and a has been happening rapidly in this coast- fishing. Restoring historic boathous- munity viable, it is necessary to maintain/ small-craft harbour, unique cultural her- al zone in the last decade. Regardless of es and reviving the tradition of build- increase the number of permanent resi- itage, and/or an active community. Kun- legislation, the rules allow to fish salmon ing wooden boats here, organising dents in the coastal zone. To support this, da, which is adjacent to the case area, swimming to go spawn from the mouths coastal fishing workshops. Including small businesses (tourism) based on the has development potential in the field of of the rivers and bridges and the moni- the community in preserving fishing specificity of the region, teleworking op- transport and logistics. toring was said to be inadequate in this traditions and practices. portunities, and cultural events should regard. It is recommended to regulate the c) Valuing fish catch. Developing di- be encouraged. Practice communities Tourists visiting the coastal area create, activities of recreational fishermen better rect contacts with fish buyers and (i.e. people who are connected by similar in addition to seasonal jobs, significant to improve the situation. Here, it should regional catering companies. Rais- skills and/or profession) create a favoura- pressure for the environment, which also be taken into account that several recre- ing awareness on the value of fish ble situation for the development of blue needs to be addressed by the local au- ational fishermen live in coastal villages (courses, information materials). growth, circular economy, and shared thority. A greater contribution of tourism who compete for fishing licences with d) Supporting the ancillary activities of economies, which is based on self-or- companies, e.g. through a cooperation other fishermen from all over Estonia coastal fishing. Increasing aware- ganisation as well as smart technologies fund or (targeted) moderate tourism tax, every year. A balance must be struck be- ness through good practice exam- and looks at resources from a sustainable would enable to promote the area further. tween conserving fish stock and nature ples, co-financing information, and perspective. Such communities could oc- protection (for example, seals, cormo- community involvement. cur in the region around recreation and Development of activities that support rants), including raising awareness of the e) Raise awareness about coastal fish- hobby activities, which would reduce the community and entrepreneurship: needs of both sides. The current legisla- ing among people who use motor- the seasonal volatility, extend the time a) actively involving communities in tion concerns boats of coastal fishermen boats for recreational activities at visitors spend in the area, and motivate preserving the historically and cultur- and industrial fishing trawlers almost sea. more people (the elderly, vacationers) to ally important places, practices, and equally, providing the same technical and f) Sustainable management of fish contribute to the promotion of the coastal skills in the villages, and its integra- similar requirements for them. The fish- stocks to support the lifestyle of zone. The aging population creates many tion into recreational activities and ermen’s proposal is to address coastal coastal fishing. opportunities for the silver economy, i.e. hobby activities, fishing as a part of the local lifestyle and creating new or customising the existing b) integrating the skills and infrastruc- distinguish the technical requirements services that are aimed at older people. ture of coastal fishermen with the for, for example, fishing vessels (boats). This trend must also be supported by a recreation economy, well-considered development of public c) improving Internet connections to fa- It is also important to reduce bureaucracy space and infrastructure. Local people cilitate teleworking opportunities, in the applications of the European Fish- value their gathering places, be it small d) carefully organising the public trans- eries Fund. village shops, centres, libraries, or the port, which would create better con- market (Figure 15). nections between the villages and

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 22 Tallinn, Rakvere, other cities, and local kindergarten, branch pharmacy, a prima- centres, ry health centre branch or a single family e) supporting social gathering sites (in- practice, postal station, ATM or post of- cluding, for example, village shops, fice giro institution, gym, outdoor sports village squares, libraries) area and health trail, youth centre, com- f) creating flexible conditions for shar- munity centre, library, day centre for the ing information about and renting elderly, social worker’s office, gas sta- houses/cottages that are used sea- tion, volutary rescue unit, regional police sonally (or for a short period of the office. Most of the services are available year), in Võsu, except for the youth centre and a g) supporting the opportunities of the day centre. There are no other larger cen- silver economy – for example, creat- tres within the case area, but the case ing small boarding-houses (including area is bordered in the east by the city adapting the existing buildings) of Kunda, where most of the necessary h) providing hobby activities for young services are available. Attention must be people and interfacing them with paid to the fact that owners of summer maritime and entrepreneurial practic- homes and holidaymakers also use the es, services during the summer. Therefore, i) creating and developing cultural l) supporting the trends of blue growth Figure 15. The public market place in Võsu the maintenance and further develop- events that support the coastal her- (renewable energy, tourism, aquacul- (photo: Maila Kuusik, 2017). ment of the services is important, de- itage and identity, ture). spite the expected population decline of j) supporting the information networks Toolse. One large residential building area about 15% in the region13. and developing service packages to is planned for the area between Võsu extend the time that tourists spend and Käsmu area, for which a detailed In addition to the social infrastructure, it in the coastal area, 4.3.3 RESIDENTIAL plan must be prepared. Preference is is also important to develop the technical k) considering to increase the contri- BUILDING AREAS given to residential building areas which infrastructure, which supports telework- bution of tourism companies to the are designed for areas of already devel- ing opportunities (high-speed internet development of the infrastructure oped settlements. This will ensure better connection, ease of connection, tele- related to the use of the coastal The residential building areas are defined availability of services and reduce the de- working offices, etc.). However, attention zones, e.g. through a targeted coop- in the current comprehensive plans. Res- mand for / burden on public transport, as must also be paid to ensuring security of eration fund or a moderate tourism idential building areas are located in the the services are available at the centres supply of electricity and maintaining the tax, which could be used, for exam- Võsu small town and in the villages of or the public transport system between local roads. ple, to support the development of Käsmu, Nattur, Vergi, Altja, and Must- the centres is better. Võsu is designat- cycle and pedestrian tracks or clean oja. Outside the more compact village ed as the local-level centre in the county beaches with the communities, centres, residential building areas are plan (Annex 2). The recommeded list of designated in the villages of Karepa and services of a local centre is: basic school, 13 Lääne-Viru maakonnaplaneering 2030+ http://laane-viru.maavalitsus.ee/documents/181101/15818558/Seletuskiri_01022017_HK.pdf/9075189c-272f-4eb4-9429-52519c2ac09f.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 23 There is pressure on the coastal areas for es has also been mentioned. In general, management zone would perhaps be the construction, especially for the construc- the milieu of coastal villages is valued and most straightforward way. In particular, General activities in the development of tion of summer homes. However, priority people tend to have a rather conservative this would mean simplifying the con- residential building areas: should be given to the increase of a per- approach towards architectural solutions. struction of residential buildings to estab- a) organising information days for intro- manent population in the region, which There are both opponents and supporters lish a permanent population (permanent ducing construction types and val- creates a prerequisite for the sustainable of the extension of the residential build- residential buildings and summer homes ues. To maintain the construction tra- development of the region. Residential ing areas. The questionnaire showed that can be distinguished), reducing the re- ditions, the local authorities and the building construction must, in particu- most people think that it is still necessary strictive barriers of developing tourism Environmental Board (manager of lar, use the areas of the centres, includ- to reserve residential building areas for and agriculture that are consistent with the protected area) should cooperate ing village centres and housing areas or the development of the local authority. In the development plan of the protected in the inventory, reconstruction, and built-up areas in dispersed housing, and the planning of residential building areas, area, and other possible measures. This maintenance of buildings outside the restore farm buildings, etc. it is important to pay attention to the fact approach is favoured because it is seem- national park, as well, that the planning (or designing) process ingly simple, does not require time-con- b) preparing contracts for use for access The construction conditions and archi- may be prolonged at the expense of pub- suming analysis on the specifics of the roads to ensure access to the sea, tectural requirements are set out in the lic discussins, because the topic requires protected areas and their settlements, c) preserving the social infrastructure general plan, which is why they are not more explanation both in terms of the and the borders have also been deter- (regardless of the seasonal or tem- reflected in this plan. The recommend- scope of the areas as well as architectur- mined in detail between areas of different porary decline of the population), ed construction rules (mainly for exist- al conditions. protection regimes. However, problems d) diversifying the residential building ing buildings) are also provided for in may arise due to the specific features of areas – planning of apartment build- the Lahemaa Management Plan, but the In addition to the traditional large centres the protected areas, which are related to ings in larger centres, such as Vergi planning of new buildings is significantly such as Võsu and Vergi, the need for res- their different socio-economic situation and Võsu, restricted within the protected area. Con- idential building construction was men- and demographic viability14. e) preparing detailed plans for new struction activities (construction of new tioned for Karepa. In planning dispersed large residential building areas on buildings) are practically prohibited in the residential buildings, access to the coast- On the coast, attention must also be paid the initiative of the local authority; for special management zones of protected al area must be maintained. to the climate change. The region was construction activities in the coastal areas. In accordance with the manage- most affected by the autumn storm in zone, the potential climate change ment plan, construction activities are Reducing the restrictions on construc- 196715, when the sea reached the resi- and the risk of flooding must be tak- allowed, to some extent, in the limited tion activities in protected areas was dential building area in Käsmu. Overall, en into account in any case, management zone. However, this is re- mentioned in a study conducted in 2014, floods have had a lesser impact on the f) considering the establishment and/ stricted by somewhat unreasonable and as well (according to the Environmental settlement on the north coast than on or support of a common water and relatively rigid architectural requirements. Board, these proposals have been taken the west coast of Estonia. However, sanitary network (village water well, into account in the conservation-manage- taking into account the climate change, bio-cleaner) in denser villages. In the course of public discussions, the ment plan of Lahemaa park). The option- more attention must be paid to the risk of issue of the milieu value of coastal villag- al reduction of restrictions in the limited flooding in preparing plans in the future.

14 Kliimask, J.; Parts, P.-K.; Järv, H.; Sepp, K.; Ward, R. (2015). Endangered settlements and protected areas in Estonia: the challenge of maintaining cultural landscapes. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 11, 346−368. 15 http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/eesti_ilma_riskid_2012_uleujutus.pdf.

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 24 and the pressure of residential building the two local authorities in the case area. Baltic partly overlapped with the initiation 5. SUMMARY areas create contradictions. Based on The public meetings held to complement of the Estonian Maritime Area Planning, the values and many challenges of the the management plan did not create during which, it is possible for local au- The aim of the SustainBaltic project was coastal zone, the management plan ad- widespread interest in the local people, thorities to contribute to the planning the integrated management of coastal dresses and connects the following key so it seems that more personal contact of the maritime area through the public zones, which involves the consistent and issues: recreation, maritime mobility, with various stakeholders is a better planning process. The ‘back to the sea’ communicative planning of connections and community-related entrepreneurship form of discussion. However, the online approach was visible in several organisa- between the sea and land. One of the based on regional characteristics. The fo- questionnaire (geographic information tions, who believe that the maritime life- case areas of the project included the cus of the project is to overcome these system-GIS supported participatory map- style extends only slightly from the coast- coastal zone from Käsmu to Kunda in the challenges with a symbiosis of the sea ping of place-based values and activities) line to the inland. The formation of such Lääne-Viru region. The management plan and land to ensure social and ecological turned out to be more popular than ex- attitudes is, without a doubt, partly a re- has mapped the nature and cultural val- sustainability. pected, showing the potential of such sult of the interruption of the border zone ues in the case area, its main challenges participatory methods. In the course of of the Soviet era, which greatly hindered and visions, and the proposals submitted Process of the coastal zone manage- the public discussions, a number of con- going to the sea and the development of for the sustainable development of the ment plan crete proposals were submitted, which mariculture. But over the course of the coastal area, the development of which At the beginning of the project, the previ- have been added to the management twenty-five years, much has changed included the inhabitants of the region and ous initiatives and experiences of coastal plan. and will continue to change. representatives of stakeholders. planning were explored, because there is no single methodology. The existing Key features of the integrated man- Mobility and ports The main challenges of the coastal plans, strategies, management plans, agement of the coast in the case area In the case area, access to the sea and zone and visions were used as input. An ex- Here, it is possible to highlight the main the coastline is good, as a large part of During the preparation of the manage- tensive synthesis of the map material trends of and proposals for activities in the land (about 75% of it covered in for- ment plan, aspects related to the sea- highlighted several patterns and trends in the case area. However, some develop- est) is state-owned. Thus, the freedom sonality and diversity of the coastal zones the case area. However, for more specific ments also include a wider context. to roam along shore paths generally were clearly highlighted. The case area is trends and challenges, expert interviews, works. Some problems do occur with a popular summer resort, but the perma- discussions with the stakeholders (for Governance and interruptions of the ter- roads blocked by coastal landowners and nent population is decreasing and less example, coastal fishermen, managers ritory inconsiderate vacationers who want to and less social services are provided. At of small-craft harbours), and field work The management plan outlined the cur- get as close to the beach as possible by the same time, the Lahemaa region has a meetings and surveys became impor- rent state of management: the planning car. Better cycle and pedestrian tracks positive image of rurality and the coastal tant. The steering group of the manage- of the marine area and the decision-mak- would help to improve the possibilities zone is well-connected on the Tallinn-Nar- ment plan involved regional experts and ing are carried out at the national level. of cycling and safety in the coastal zone. va direction. A lot of attention is paid to allowed to discuss the challenges of the Therefore, local authorities and local peo- In the summer season, several villages natural and cultural heritage in the La- coastal zone and the proposals for action. ple have little motivation to deal with ma- should have a better public transport con- hemaa National Park, but areas and pro- This form of cooperation harmonised the rine areas. Such distribution of land and nection with the surrounding cities, local cesses adjacent to it are acknowledged recent reform of the state (carried out maritime areas in the governance and centres, and Tallinn. Small-craft harbours less. The development of small-craft har- in parallel with the project), which end- inclusion processes inhibits integrated are becoming multifunctional centres, bours, the use of the Defence Forces, ed the county government institution in approaches to coasts and mariculture in offering, in addition to navigation, for ex- Estonia and changed the boundaries of general. The project activities of Sustain- ample, catering, entertainment, caravan

LÄÄNE-VIRU INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 25 parks, and accommodation. The develop- seasonal parking fee during the summer fishermen, and a contribution should be energy, integrated mobility, sustainable ment of small-craft harbours will lead to period in popular coastal areas. Tourists made to the sustainability of fish stocks. tourism, aquaculture) in the context of an increase in people coming to the sea, visiting the coastal area create, in addi- In addition to coastal fishing, the aging the coastal zone and the marine area. which, in turn, creates a need to expand tion to seasonal jobs, significant pressure population creates many opportunities the port or bring new functions to the port on the environment, which also needs for the silver economy, i.e. new services The integrated coastal zone manage- to extend the season. The development to be addressed by the local authority. A are created that are aimed at older peo- ment plan is an indicative document, of ports is still one of the major sources greater contribution of tourism compa- ple or the existing services are custom- which can be implemented in the prepa- of conflict in the community. As the plan- nies, e.g. through a cooperation fund or ised. This trend should also be supported ration of comprehensive plans and re- ning of ports involves a significantly more (targeted) moderate tourism tax, would by a well-considered development of the gional or sectoral development plans or complex space than just building berths, enable to further promote the area. public space and infrastructure. All activi- those of rural municipalities or villages to it will have a significant impact on the ties that support activities on the sea and further develop the activities presented established village structure and commu- Communities and and entrepreneurship towards the sea, such as sailing camps during the preparation of the documents nity. Therefore, when planning a port, it based on the regional specifics and fishing camps, should be a priority. or in the funding applications. Projects must be considered that it takes more To preserve heritage and keep the com- Local people value their gathering plac- like SustainBaltic allow to complete and time than a usual plan – mostly due to munity viable, it is necessary to maintain es, be it small village shops, squares, or test approaches to the integrated man- the need to conduct public discussions. and increase the number of permanent libraries, which is why these should be agement of coastal zones, bring together residents in the coastal zone. To sup- maintained. The development of residen- stakeholders through cooperation, over- Recreation and beaches port this, small business based on the tial building areas in the coastal zone is a come institutional boundaries, and high- In terms of regional values, people most specificities of the region and telework- sensitive topic and it must take into ac- light potential trends in the context of value the sea, sandy beaches, and pine ing opportunities should be encouraged. count the climate change and the differ- sustainable coastal landscapes. forests, and public access to the sea. As The challenge of tourism-related jobs is ent perceptions of people of building her- a positive trend, the state has mapped their seasonality and the diversification itage and practices. Therefore, enough the forests of increased public interest of services. Coastal fishing preserves time should be taken for preparing plans in the coastal zone. People like to swim an important part of the cultural heritage and publicly discussing them. Communi- in private beaches and the beaches near while offering some income. Compared ties could contribute more to the integra- their homes or summer resorts. The situ- to other fishing areas in Estonia, the to- tion of cultural practices with hobby and ation of coastal bathing sites is generally tal catch of Lääne-Viru coastal fishermen tourism activities and be involved in the satisfactory. The main problems related is modest and in recent years, volumes voluntary maritime rescue and landscape to the beaches are the organisation of have further decreased. One of the big- stewardship. The partial aging of the per- waste management and the existence gest challenges of coastal fishing is the manent population, expanding telework- of changing rooms. Additionally, people development of seasonal ancillary activi- ing opportunities and the accompanying expect ice cream and drinking water to ties (e.g. participation in tourism services) addition of young families, and the sea- be sold there. Building suitable children’s during periods when the fishermen can- sonal increase in the number of visitors playgrounds would improve the quality not go on sea or there is not a lot of fish. – these tendencies should be taken into of public space. Parking in some areas of In addition, valuation of fish in the region account in the planning of the social in- the case area may become a problem on should be supported, balance should be frastructure of the coastal area. One chal- perfect beach days and during major cul- struck between the interests of profes- lenge for the future could be focusing on tural events. One solution is to establish a sional coastal fishermen and recreational the blue growth trends (i.e. renewable

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