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Behavioral Responses of Thrips Hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Volatile Compounds Identified from Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis (Gentianales: Rubiaceae)

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Behavioral Responses of Thrips Hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Volatile Compounds Identified from Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis (Gentianales: Rubiaceae) insects Article Behavioral Responses of Thrips hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Volatile Compounds Identified from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Gentianales: Rubiaceae) Yu Cao 1 , Jie Wang 1, Giacinto Salvatore Germinara 2, Lijuan Wang 1, Hong Yang 1, Yulin Gao 3,* and Can Li 1,* 1 Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (H.Y.) 2 Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; [email protected] 3 Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.G.); [email protected] (C.L.); Tel.: +86-13552643313 (Y.G.); +86-13511965681 (C.L.); Fax: +86-10-62815930 (Y.G.); +86-851-85405891 (C.L.) Received: 16 May 2020; Accepted: 25 June 2020; Published: 1 July 2020 Abstract: Thrips hawaiiensis is a common thrips pest of various plant flowers with host preference. Plant volatiles provide important information for host-searching in insects. We examined the behavioral responses of T. hawaiiensis adults to the floral volatiles of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Gerbera jamesonii Bolus, Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, and Rosa chinensis Jacq. in a Y-tube olfactometer. T. hawaiiensis adults showed significantly different preferences to these four-flower plants, with the ranking of G. jasminoides > G. jamesonii > P. lactiflora R. chinensis. Further, 29 components were identified ≥ in the volatile profiles of G. jasminoides, and (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate (14.38 %), linalool (27.45 %), and(E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene(24.67%)werethemostabundant. Six-armolfactometer bioassays showed that T. hawaiiensis had significant positive responses to (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate, linalool, and (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene tested at various concentrations, with the most 3 2 attractive ones being 10− µL/µL, 10− µL/µL and 100 µg/µL for each compound, respectively. In pairing of these three compounds at their optimal concentrations, T. hawaiiensis showed the preference ranking of (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate > linalool > (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene. Large numbers of T. hawaiiensis have been observed on G. jasminoides flowers in the field, which might be caused by the high attraction of this pest to G. jasminoides floral volatiles shown in the present study. Our findings shed light on the olfactory cues routing host plant searching behavior in T. hawaiiensis, providing important information on how T. hawaiiensis targets particular host plants. The high attractiveness of the main compounds (e.g., linalool, (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene, particular (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate) identified from volatiles of G. jasminoides flowers may be exploited further to develop novel monitoring and control tools (e.g., lure and kill strategies) against this flower-inhabiting thrips pest. Keywords: olfactory responses; flower host plant; VOC; Y-tube olfactometer; six-arm olfactometer 1. Introduction Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a common flower-dwelling thrips pest of various horticultural plant species [1,2]. Native to the Oriental and Pacific regions, T. hawaiiensis Insects 2020, 11, 408; doi:10.3390/insects11070408 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Insects 2020, 11, 408 2 of 11 is nowadays distributed in Asia, America, Africa, Australia, and Europe due to the expansion of international trade in fresh flowers, fruits, and vegetables [3–6]. In the field, T. hawaiiensis can attack a large number of plant species such as banana, mango, citrus, apple, tobacco, coffee, tea, horticultural plants and vegetables [6–8]. Therefore, it has become an important agricultural pest globally. Chemical insecticides have always been the primary tool for T. hawaiiensis control, especially the high number of specific treatments applied on banana and mango crops [9–11]. T. hawaiiensis showed the potential to rapidly develop resistance to insecticides (e.g., spinetoram) under laboratory selection [9,10]. Early detection of thrips is important for growers to decide when best to apply chemical insecticides or when to alter them, which would help to limit the frequency of insecticide applications, delaying the development of insecticide-resistance. Understanding the host-location behavior in thrips would be helpful for the development of monitoring tools for their early detection. The color, shape and volatiles associated with different plant species were considered to provide vital cues for thrips and help them to search and locate more suitable host plants [12–16]. Many studies have evaluated the olfactory responses of thrips, e.g., the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), indicating that both floral volatiles and non-floral odors were attractive to this pest [14,16–18]. Further, it was reported that rose volatile compounds allowed the design of new control strategies for western flower thrips [19]. So far little information has been mentioned on the behavioral responses of T. hawaiiensis to plant volatiles. As a polyphagous flower-inhabiting thrips in China, T. hawaiiensis is always the dominant thrips pest on many banana and mango orchards during their flowering stages [9–11,20]. In addition, T. hawaiiensis varies in its population size on different flower host plants and vegetable crops at the flowering stage and particularly showed a preference for Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Gentianales: Rubiaceae) flowers [21,22]. These results indicated that host plant flowers had a great attractiveness to T. hawaiiensis. To contribute to the knowledge on the role of volatile compounds in the host-searching behavior of T. hawaiiensis, the olfactory responses of adult insects to the odors of different flower plants including G. jasminoides, Gerbera jamesonii Bolus (Campanulales: Asteraceae), Paeonia lactiflora Pallas (Ranales: Ranunculaceae), and Rosa chinensis Jacq. (Rosales: Rosaceae) and to the main components identified from the preferred flower plant (G. jasminoides) were studied. These results may also help in developing new monitoring tools and other control options, which could be implemented in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies against T. hawaiiensis. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Insects and Plants Mixed populations of T. hawaiiensis collected from various host plant species in the Nanming District, Guiyang area (26◦340 N, 106◦420 E) of Guizhou Province, China were used to establish a laboratory colony [21]. The independent colony was continuously reared for more than three generations on bean pods, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabales: Leguminosae) in plastic containers [21,23]. The containers were kept in a climate-controlled room at 26 1 C, 65 5% RH and a 14:10 h ± ◦ ± light:dark photoperiod. G. jasminoides, G. jamesonii, P. lactiflora, and R. chinensis were grown in greenhouses in the nursery of Guiyang University, Guizhou Province, China. The greenhouses were maintained pest free by covering vent openings with insect-proof nettings. No pesticides were used in the whole plant growing season. Flowers at anthesis with intact petals were collected for olfactory tests and analysis of volatiles. 2.2. Behavioural Responses of T. hawaiiensis to Flower Volatiles The olfactory responses of T. hawaiiensis were tested in a Y-tube olfactometer using the method described in Cao et al. [15,23]. Two types of two-way comparisons were made: (1) each plant flower versus clean air (CA); and (2) all possible flowers pairing. The flow rate was 300 mL/min. All bioassays were conducted between 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. in a room under 26 1 C, 65 5% RH, and 1000 lux ± ◦ ± Insects 2020, 11, 408 3 of 11 illumination conditions. For each comparison, 50 females that were 2–3 days old were tested. Thrips were starved for 4 h before the bioassay and the flower material (15.0 g) was replaced after every 10 tested individuals. 2.3. Collection and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Flower volatiles were collected and analyzed as described in Cao et al. [16]. Flower material (0.3 g) excised from a given host plant was kept in a glass bottle (200 mL) for 2 h prior to capturing the volatiles emitted using a solid-phase microextraction fiber (a ~50/30 µm DVB/CAR/PDMS StableFlex fiber). Volatiles were extracted for 40 min at 80 ◦C then the fiber head was quickly removed. The collected volatiles were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) (HP6890/5975C, Agilent Technologies, CA, USA). The chromatographic column was a ZB-5MSI 5% phenyl-95% dimethylpolysiloxane elastic quartz capillary vessel column (30 m 0.25 mm 0.25 µm). × × The gas chromatograph was operated at an initial temperature of 40 ◦C for 2 min then increased at 5 ◦C/min to 255 ◦C, which was maintained for 2 min. To identify compounds, we compared the mass spectra of compounds with those in databases (Nist 2005 and Wiley 275) and their constituents were confirmed through coinjections with authentic standards. 2.4. Behavioural Responses of T. hawaiiensis to the Main G. jasminoides Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) The VOC mixture from G. jasminoides was the most attractive to T. hawaiiensis as assessed by the Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. Since linalool, (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate and (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11- tetraene were the most abundant compounds identified in the VOC profile of G. jasminoides, the behavioral responses of T. hawaiiensis to these compounds were tested further in six-arm and Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. 2.5. Odour Stimuli Mineral oil (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) solutions of linalool and (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate 5 4 3 2 1 (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany; chemical purity 99%) (i.e., 10− , 10− , 10− , 10− and 10− µL/µL) and (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany; chemical purity 99%) (i.e., 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 200 µg/µL) were prepared.
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