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Thrips Tabaci) in Bulb Onion by Use of Vegetable Intercrops

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Thrips Tabaci) in Bulb Onion by Use of Vegetable Intercrops International Journal of AgriScience Vol. 2(5): 393-402, May 2012 www.inacj.com ISSN: 2228-6322© International Academic Journals Management of thrips (Thrips tabaci) in bulb onion by use of vegetable intercrops Gachu S.M.1, Muthomi J.W.2*, Narla R.D.2, Nderitu J.H.2, Olubayo F.M.2,Wagacha J.M.3 1Ministry of Livestock Development, Kenya 2Department of Plant Science and Crop protection, University of Nairobi, Kenya. *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] 3School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi Received February 2012; accepted in revised form April 2012 ABSTRACT Field experiments were conducted between July 2008 and May 2009 to evaluate the effectiveness of intercropping carrot (Daucus carota), spider plant (Cleome gynandra) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) with onion in the management of thrips (Thrips tabaci) in onion. Each of the three onion varieties, Bombay Red, Red Creole and Orient F1 were intercropped with each of the vegetables and insecticide imidacloprid was used as a standard check. Thrips damage incidence and severity were determined every 7 days with damage severity being estimated on a scale of 1-5. Total and marketable bulb yield were determined at physiological maturity. Intercropping onion with spider plant and carrot significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced thrips population by up to 45.2% and 21.6%, respectively but French bean had no significant effect. The three vegetable intercrops significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced thrips damage severity, with spider plant having the greatest reduction of up to 15.7%. Intercropping onion with carrot and spider plant significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced onion bulb yield while the effect of French bean and imidacloprid on yield was not significant (p ≤ 0.05). This study showed that spider plant and carrot can be utilized in the management of onion thrips. However, further investigations should be undertaken on their optimal spatial arrangement in an intercropping system to avoid reduction in bulb yield and, therefore, achieve optimum onion productivity. Keywords: Allium cepa, Daucus carota, Cleome gynandra, intercropping, Phaseolus vulgaris, Thrips tabaci INTRODUCTION Onions are also rich in flavonoids and Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important alkenyl cysteine sulphoxides which play a vegetable (Brewster 1994) produced across part in preventing heart disease and other a wide range of latitudes in Africa, Asia, ailments in humans (Gareth et al. 2002, Europe and North America (Rabinowitch Havey et al. 2004, Javadzedah et al. 2009). and Currah 2002). In Kenya, onions are Major factors limiting onion production are grown in all provinces by both large- and diseases such as downy mildew small-scale farmers, where they have a (Peronospora destructor), purple blotch ready domestic market (HCDA 2008, MOA (Alternaria porri), leaf spots and onion 2006). Consumption of onions has been smudge (Colletotrichum circinans) and increasing significantly in the world partly pests such as thrips (Thrips tabaci) and cut because of the health benefits they possess worms (Agrotis sp.) (Rabinowitch and (Havey et al. 2004, Wang et al. 2006). Currah 2002, Muendo and Tschirley 2004). International Journal of AgriScience Vol. 2(5): 393-402, May 2012 393 Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) which is diseases in many crops worldwide (Trdan considered to be the most economically et al. 2006, Finckh and Karpenstein- important pest of onion worldwide (Trdan Machan 2002). It is traditionally practiced et al. 2005) is responsible for causing by subsistence farmers in developing considerable reduction in yield (Brewster countries as a crop production system 1994, Nawrocka 2003, Trdan et al. 2005). (Sodiya et al. 2010). The system is In Kenya, thrips are present in all onion characterized by minimal use of pesticides growing areas and can cause up to 59% loss and increased land productivity (Ullah et al. in yield (Waiganjo et al. 2008). 2007). However, there are no reports of Currently, growers manage thrips by studies done in Kenya on management of applying insecticides several times in a thrips in bulb onions using intercrops. This growing season. However, most study was therefore undertaken to evaluate insecticides are ineffective because a large effectiveness of vegetable intercrops in the number of thrips are always protected management of thrips in bulb onions. between the inner leaves of the onion plant and the pupal stage is spent in the soil. In MATERIAL AND METHODS addition, Thrips tabaci is a very prolific Experimental design and layout species with many overlapping generations Field experiments were carried out at the (Nault and Shelton 2010, Alimousavi et al. Faculty of Agriculture Kabete field station, 2007, Shelton et al. 2006). Managing thrips University of Nairobi for two growing is further complicated by lack of natural seasons between July 2008 and May 2009. parasites and the presence of numerous Weather data for Kabete field station other host plants on which the pest thrives during the experimental period is shown in (Brewster 1994). Development of Table 1. Treatments consisted of three resistance by onion thrips to most onion varieties - Bombay Red, Red Creole commonly used insecticides has been and Orient F1 - and three vegetable reported (Martin et al. 2003). Besides intercrops - carrot (Daucus carota), French increasing the cost of production, the use of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and spider plant pesticides has negative effects on the (Cleome gynandra). Controls consisted of environment and human health which is pure stands of each onion variety. Thrips in attributed to high chemical residues positive control plots were controlled using (Burkett-Cadena et al. 2008). Therefore, the insecticide imidacloprid applied at the there is need to integrate the use of rate of 0.3 mL/m2 at 7 days interval. chemicals with other methods of control Negative controls were not sprayed with such as cultural practices and use of any insecticides. resistant varieties in the management of The experiment was laid out in a thrips and other pests of onion. One randomized complete block design with sustainable method of managing pests is split plot arrangement and replicated four intercropping (Trdan et al. 2006, Finckh times. The main plots were 4.5 x 6m while and Karpenstein-Machan 2002), a system the subplots measured 4.5 x 2m, with 1 m in which a plant species (the intercrop) is and 1.5m paths separating the blocks and grown specifically to reduce pest damage plots, respectively. The vegetable on a main crop. intercrops were assigned to main plots Intercropping is an important cultural while onion varieties were assigned to practice that has been utilized in the subplots. On each plot where intercropping management of weeds, insect pests and was done, one row of intercrop was International Journal of AgriScience Vol. 2(5): 393-402, May 2012 394 alternated with four rows of onion. A graded into non-split or non-double bulbs spacing of 30 x 10cm for onion, 45 x 10cm according to HCDA (1991). The bulb yield for carrot, 45 x 20cm for French bean and for each onion-vegetable intercrop 45 x 15cm for spider plant was maintained treatment was extrapolated into kilograms in both seasons. Two guard rows of onion per hectare. were planted around the experimental area Data analysis two weeks before transplanting onion All data were subjected to analysis of seedlings in the plots. variance (ANOVA) using the PROC ANOVA procedure of Genstat (Lawes Assessment of thrips population and Agricultural Trust Rothamsted damage Assessment of thrips population entailed Experimental Station 2006, version 9). random destructive sampling of 5 plants per Differences among treatment means were separated using the Fisher’s protected LSD plot from the inner rows of each plot. This involved cutting the stem at the crown and test at 5% probability level. putting the whole shoot in 70% ethanol. Coarse vegetation was separated by sieving RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and the suspension allowed to settle. The Effect of vegetable intercrops on thrips suspension was put in a Petri dish and the population number of thrips counted under a dissecting The mean number of thrips per plant was microscope at x12 magnification. Sampling low during the initial weeks of sampling was done at two weeks interval from the but the population progressively increased fourth week after transplanting until towards physiological maturity (Table 2). physiological maturity. Spider plant, carrot and the insecticide Silvery patches characteristically caused by Imidacloprid significantly (p ≤ 0.05) thrips on onion leaves were used to assess reduced thrips population on the three thrips damage on a weekly basis from the onion varieties with the spider plant fourth week after transplanting to resulting in the highest reduction of up to physiological maturity of the crop. 45.2%. However, the effect of French bean Incidence of thrips damage was determined on thrips population was not significant (p by counting the number of damaged plants ≤ 0.05) compared to non treated controls over the total number of plants per plot. (Table 2). Overall, there were no significant Thrips damage severity was determined by (P ≤ 0.05) differences in thrips population randomly sampling ten plants from the among the three onion varieties (Table 3). inner rows of each plot. The percentage of The high thrips population in the three leaf surface showing thrips damage was onion varieties could be attributed to high assessed based on a scale of 1 - 5 (Smith et temperatures during the experimental al. 1994) where 1 = no damage, 2 = up to period which may have increased the rate 25%, 3 = 26-50%, 4 = 51-75% and 5 = of multiplication (Waiganjo et al. 2008; >75% damage. Rhainds et al. 2007). Thrips tabaci is a very Assessment of bulb yield prolific species and can have overlapping Harvesting was done by hand at generations under conducive environmental physiological when 50-80% of the foliage conditions especially at high temperatures had fallen over and the tops and roots were (Alimousavi et al.
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