E qual Sus t ainable Dev elopmen t R esear ch R esults – E du ca tional and Pr actical T ools JRP – India EN- F ANCE ET P AIX – Seneg al AL TERNA TIVE–V - UKRAINE • “There was a time when by the "new economics" was meant the Keynesian economics, which was notable as a response to the depression of the 1930s. The new economics that is struggling to grow, today is something very different. It constitutes our response to a new set of problems which were only dimly perceived earlier, but have been steadily grown in urgency over the last quarter of this century. It attempts to put forward new ideas about how to organise the foundations of a sustainable economy at this juncture in history when there are clear signs that the global economy cannot move much further along the accustomed paths of industrial growth without ending up in total disaster. For the true welfare economist the horizons of enquiry are shifting again in a new direction.... The study of wealth and welfare stands at a new crossroads”. Amlan Datta (1997)1 Introduction and Definitions  A definition that captures much of modern economics is that of Lionel Robbins in a 1932 essay:  "... the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses  Economics aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact. Economic analysis is applied throughout society, in business, finance and government, but also in crime, education, the family, health, Law, politics, regligion, social institutions, war, and science.

• Current economic focuses on: • away from a state-centred or business-centred economic system, • towards a more people-centred system (Gender balance), and • away from money-measured growth as the principal economic • target and measure of success, towards sustainability in terms of • real-life, social and environmental and economic variables • An economic indicator (or business indicator) is a statistic about the economy. Economic indicators allow analysis of economic performance and predictions of future performance. • Economic indicators include various indices, earnings reports, and economic summaries. Examples: unemployment rate, quits rate, housing starts, Consumer Price Index (a measure for inflation), Consumer Leverage Ratio, industrial production, , Gross Domestic Product, broadband internet penetration, retail sales, stock market prices, money supply changes. World Economy by GDP, 2008 Sustainable development

• Sustainable development has been defined as - "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". • Conventional economic progress fails to meet the needs of many millions of people today and compromises the ability of future generations to meet theirs. The new economics (Sustainable) reflects the growing worldwide demand for new ways of economic life and thought that will conserve the Earth and its resources, and empower both woman and man to meet their own needs and the needs of others. New Economic Approaches

• systematic empowerment of people (as opposed to making and • keeping them dependent), as the basis for people-centred • development; • · systematic conservation of resources and environment, as the • basis for environmentally sustainable development; • · evolution from a “wealth of nations” model of economic life to a • one-world model, and from today's inter-national economy to an • ecologically sustainable, decentralising, multi-level one-world • economic system; • · restoration of political and ethical factors to a central place in • economic life and thought; • · respect for qualitative values, not just quantitative values; • · respect for feminine values, not just masculine ones Informal Economy and Gender • Although some transformations have taken place, the gender division of work keeps appointing women exclusively to house chores, reproductive activities and home and family care tasks. Besides, social and demographic changes are taking place, such as migration, the increase of divorce rates, and women who are head of families, etc. The effects of this division are expressed through an overload of work without social acknowledgment, lack of time for training and entertainment and a deficient access to information systems which reduces the opportunities to enter the labour world, the possibilities of participating in social life and politics and decision-making chances. These, among others, are some of the causes why women usually represent the majority in the performance of informal activities. • Women's economic participation in developed and developing countries includes issues such as the invisibility of women's economic activities and their concentration mainly in low-wage and menial jobs in farming activities due to the lack of equal education and training, as well as limited access to productive assets, land and property, and . • Official statisticsWomen's for the region Economic indicate that Status women's empowerment policies have effectively targeted female education and health services, which have improved significantly over the last few decades. These improvements are essentially due to increased public spending on education and health care and the spread of mass media. In the year 2000, average spending on education reached 5.3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) - the highest in the world - and 2.9 percent on health care. As a result, the welfare of women has improved significantly. Female life expectancy has increased by ten years since 1980 and the female literacy rate increased from less than 17 percent in 1970 to more than 52 percent in 2000. • Yet, as the UN's Human Development Report for 2003 has noted, the region has the lowest gender empowerment ratings, which reflects the participation of women in economic, professional, and political activities using indicators of per capita income, women's percentage share for professional and technical positions, and women's percentage share of parliamentary seats. More specifically, Israel is rated highest at 61.2 percent, followed by the United Arab Emirates (31.5%), Turkey (29%), and Egypt (25.3%). Yemen is the lowest on the list, with a rate of 12.7 percent. By contrast, the measure for countries in Latin America exceeded 50 percent and 75 percent of rates for specific European and North American countries. No data was available for SubSaharan Africa and other Middle Eastern and North African countries. Game!! Tools for Equal Sustainable Development “Let’s maximize the role of women in SD”

The research aims to explore the role of women in SD (Sustainable Development) through the analyse of their involvement in one of the Pillars of SD - Economy

Development to be sustainable should be taking into consideration the present and future needs of:

Economy: sensitivity to the limits and potential of economic growth and its impact on society and on the environment in relation to Ukraine Reference documents and Data

"There are no separate women's problems, there are societal problems" (Ukraine's well-known author and community activist Solomiya Pavlychko )

Despite geographic and political differences, women are all concerned about the same issues - the health of our children, the quality and availability of medicine and education, jobs, the environment. These are not the problems only of Ukrainian women or even women in general. They concern each individual and are usually resolved along with the successful economic, political and moral development of the nation and civil society.

The state works to resolve these problems, but without the support of the non- governmental sector and community organizations, without the active involvement of women themselves, we cannot expect quick and effective results. Reference documents and Data

Almost 80% of workers in the healthcare, educational and cultural sectors of Ukraine are women.

Due to them - true professionals, enthusiasts and patriots, Ukraine is successfully renewing itself and developing. I believe that sometimes even a little assistance or motivation is enough to help these women gain confidence, and feel their ability to make changes for the better. Reference documents and Data

Today women account for 46% 54% of the population of 54% Ukraine. Gender equality is officially guaranteed by Ukrainian law.

Unfortunately, however, the reality is not as bright. Women are not adequately represented in the highest levels of government, where important strategic decisions are made. In our parliament, 10% of the deputies are women. In ministries and in regional government the number of women is also small. Reference documents and Data

Furthermore, women in Ukraine earn 68.2%, that is 2/3, of the salaries of men. This problem is magnified when women reach pension age, because the size of pensions depends on past earnings.

A few women are represented in big business and finance, though they make up 30% of small and medium size businesses. But Ukrainian women also have their successes and achievements:

First, there exist numerous women's organizations that impact on government, politics and social thought. As a result, we have adopted significant programs in health, homelessness, protection of mother and child, human trafficking.

Second, there is a growing number of women in local government. Also, in 2005, President Yushchenko appointed Ukraine's first female governors.

Third, more and more women are opening small and medium sized businesses. Fourth, Ukrainian women are highly educated. In 2006, at a conference on literacy and child mortality in Jordan, Queen Rania said "give a women an education, and the whole family will be educated." And an educated family means a prosperous nation. In Ukraine, 5 million women have a higher education. This huge potential of knowledge, ability and intellect can be used for the economic development of our country.

Fifth, the Ukrainian government is implementing policies important to women, including raising salaries, pensions and social payments, increasing government financing for health and education, and creating programs to support children, the disabled and orphans. Finally, Ukraine is committed to European integration, which promises better conditions for gender equality in the future.

Vital Voices, a Leadership Summit for Women from Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Former Soviet Union. Kateryna Yushchenko, Welcoming Address - Press office of President Victor Yushchenko:

“Today I wish to call on governments, NGOs, and the world community to create more economic opportunities for women, provide them with decent jobs, and the ability to combine work and family - and our countries will be more prosperous, have higher standards of living, better healthcare and education, and a safe environment”. Good Practices

For years, many women have worked tirelessly to improve the fate of orphans, sick, homeless and poor, give birth to children, care for their families, create prosperity for the nation, protect their history, help their culture to flourish.

Wonderful examples are following:

Maryna Krysa and her organization "Help Us Help the Children" who over the past 12 years have provided assistance to almost every orphan in Ukraine. Wonderful examples

Olena Franchuk, who is raising the awareness of the scourge of AIDS in Ukraine.

Ruslana Lyzychko, who uses her performing talent to bring attention to human trafficking and other societal problems. Wonderful examples

Marta Kolomayets, who in addition to great programs for women and girls, has actively raised funds for breast cancer.

Natalie Jaresko, who not only funds many small and medium sized business projects throughout Ukraine through her investment company, but also supports numerous cultural and medical projects. Women's Economic Empowerment Programme in Ukraine • One of the most effective and prospective initiatives, the Women's Economic Empowerment Project (WEE) of Winrock International addresses the needs of Ukrainian women for business and entrepreneurship skills. Activities include long- and short-term training, access to credit for women-owned businesses, and grants to non-governmental organizations that support women in business. Key partners in this project, which is funded by USAID/Kiev, are the U.S. Peace Corps, ACDI/VOCA and the International Renaissance Foundation (IRF). WEE project initiatives  Business training courses for Women  In partnership with six Ukrainian women's NGOs WEE has established Women's Business Support Centers (WBSCs) in Donetsk, Kharkiv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Mykolayiv, Chernihiv and Crimea. The WBSCs offer three-month business-training courses for women. Each WBSC hosts a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer with extensive experience in the business sector, which provides consultations on operations in small and medium business. Already 1,251 women have completed these courses and 391 of them have started or diversified their businesses, creating 1,212 new jobs. Empowerment Training seminars have also reached 1,230 women, of whom 138 have started their own businesses, created 261 new jobs, and launched three new Credit Unions. In addition 37 new business associations have been formed and a quarterly newsletter on civic initiatives is also published and distributed through the programme.  Credit Union Programme  The Credit Union Programme was launched with the aim of improving access to credit for women entrepreneurs by providing through credit unions in the same oblasts as the WBSCs. The programme began as a fund earmarked for WBSC graduates with viable plans for starting a business or expanding an existing one. Working through local credit unions this programme assists women entrepreneurs who may not otherwise qualify for bank loans or credit from donor programmes to obtain start-up capital for business development, thus providing access to capital to a neglected business niche. The programme is also designed to support the viability of the six currently participating credit unions. The philosophy of the programme is to instill in participants the importance of responsible borrowing and credit management. Successful participants build a credit history that can make them more attractive clients to credit unions as well as banks. A first time borrower is eligible for a loan of up to $750; after successful repayment, that amount may be increased to $1,500. After two successful  repayments, it can be increased again to $2,000. The programme has been expanded, accepting applicants not only from WBSC's graduates but also from graduates of WBSC short- term training and WEE empowerment training. Approximately $325,870 in 354 loans have been made to women entrepreneurs through this programme to date. This year WEE Grants Programme awarded $75,000 to eight NGOs to support women's economic development. • The UNDP’sSustaining project on Sustaining Women Women Farmers Farmers in Ukraine demonstrates in Ukraine a good practice in establishing a social partnership among the governments, civil society and the private sector in better access to information and women’s empowerment in agriculture. The information technology (IT) component forms an important aspect of this project which is supported by the Government of Japan through Japan Women in Development Fund. • In collaboration with an NGO, the Council of Women Farmers, and the State Committee of Ukraine for Entrepreneurship Development, UNDP has started a telecentre project in Ukraine. This project applies information and communications technologies (ICTs) to agriculture and farm management in support of women farmers who identified lack of information and networking tools as the major obstacle in becoming successful entrepreneurs in a new market economy. In this project, women farmers are provided with computers and Internet access in 8 tele centres managed by the Council and will be trained in computer usage, which will help them to build capacity for the achievement of their business goals. • The trained women farmers will be able to access, via the Internet, information such as commodity prices, laws and regulations related to agriculture and best practices in farm management. Utilizing the computers also promote communications, networking and collaboration among women farmers and with other interested organizations such as state entities, the private sector, NGOs, and mass media. Access to information and networking will facilitate participation of women farmers in decision-making processes in the dynamic transition to a market economy in Ukraine. Through a series of IT training, women farmers also acquire skills to capture local knowledge, create and publish online content in their own language. This will enable them to capture, create, manage and share local knowledge and prepare the women farmers for developing new agricultural products and services in a green tourism, horticulture and handicrafts and conducting e-commerce. Methodology and funding Overall strategy for women’s economic empowerment

• Develop tools that would facilitate gender-sensitive policy formulation, planning, implementation and monitoring. These include: gender disaggregated-data in all spheres; gender research and analysis; guidelines for integration of gender into the policy formulation process. Such analytical techniques as Gender Proofing, Gender Impact Assessment, Emancipation Effect Reporting, Gender Indicators, and Checklists of Actions for Gender Mainstreaming (UNDP) should be applied in processing gender disaggregated data at the national level. To close the gender pay gap, gender pay indicators have to be included in the list of broad economic indicators

• Engender poverty reduction strategies, including PRSPs and macro-economic policy frameworks addressing the feminization of poverty and the socio- economic impact of globalization on women. It is necessary to use vulnerability and opportunity assessment as a tool to measure the feminization of poverty; women’s access to markets, employment, public goods and social services. Overall strategy for women’s economic empowerment

• Provide women’s economic empowerment. National governments, international institutions, business and civil society groups should further support female entrepreneurs by special business training programmes, facilitate women’s access to loans and develop more favorable tax policy.

• National governments need to take efforts to introduce gender budgets at the national, regional and local levels that should bridge the gap between the political declarations to empower women and the relevant budgetary assignments. The gender budgeting is a perspective tool to restructure the collection and allocation of public funds towards promoting women’s economic capacities and rights, and engendering governance and leadership.

• Evaluate women’s participation in financing and economic decision-making at the national and local levels. It is necessary to introduce an indicator of gender balance in staff and management of financing and economic institutions. Overall strategy for women’s economic empowerment

• Train national, regional and local officials in order to promote gender sensitive policies and resource allocation and greater participation of women in economic and financial decision- making process.

• Increase women’s potential to access and make use of new information and communication technologies to provide better opportunities in crediting, marketing, management etc.

• Help women’s groups make the connections between macro-economic policies and gender impacts by making the language of macro-economics more accessible and analyzing how the policies affect women in practical terms; capacity building via information exchange, joint efforts to develop simple guidelines or courses on a gendered analysis of macro-economic policy; workshops and joint research on privatization, reforming and restructuring impact on women. The most effective and successful practices to empower women in financing in CIS countries: • Micro- through credit unions for businesswomen (Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan);

• Business incubators provide training for businesswomen on legislative base, business management, financial resources, marketing etc. ;

• As a result of cooperation between NGOs, business incubators and Employment Center, women who finished business courses receive an a year unemployment compensation to start their own business;

• Women’s participation in drafting and realization of municipal programmes of economic and social development to meet gender ;

• Gender audit conducted at the sub-national level for assessing needs and promoting gender sensitive policies and initiative in response to these needs;

• Gender budgeting as a tool for women economic and financial empowerment (Georgia, Russia);

• Civil society initiatives to provide basic social and health services to the most vulnerable groups;

• International support for women farmers to provide their equal access to land property, information and agriculture management. Tools for Equal Sustainable Development “Let’s maximize the role of women in SD”

For the development to be sustainable should be taken into consideration the present and future needs of:

Economy: sensitivity to the limits and potential of economic growth and its impact on society and on the environment in relation to Senegal, Africa at large. I will focus on macro-financing methods organised by small skilled woman. Location and economics figures Reference document and Datas

 In 2004, the G8 confirmed the importance of microfinance as a development tool against poverty, putting it at the forefront of the strategies described in the G8 action plan of June 2004.1 The year 2005 was declared ‘the Year of Microfinance’ by the United Nations. Clearly, microfinance services (that is, savings, credit, insurance and remittances that target those who are excluded from formal financial and banking institutions) are considered a key development tool, particularly for women who are the target of most microfinance programmes (Development and Change, Oxford institute, 2006). Women’s involvement in income-generating activities is not recent.  Women in West Africa, for example, have always devoted themselves to commercial activities (Boserup, 1970). Paid employment in the formal sector in Senegal is stable. However, overall economic activity is on the rise as more and more women enter the informal sector to earn money and gain economic security in light of growing responsibilities. At the time of the field work, official data suggested that a third of informal sector activities were performed by women, most of whom were involved in small business activities (Baumann, 1999). Women economic activities  Around theEconomical world, women are faced with increasingLimits cash requirements of women to meet basic household needs (Pearson, 2001). More and more women are assuming the role of head of household, yet they continue to face difficulties in obtaining paid employment.

 The only option — self-employment — is equally challenging because women’s access to property, land and credit remains limited. Moreover, restricted ownership of property and land impedes women from obtaining guarantees which, together with low incomes, insufficient savings and low literacy rates, form the most pronounced obstacles for women in securing access to credit (ILO, 1998).  The need to implement action on this pillars stems from two economic obligation or concerns of women which are driven by two distinct temporal demands — the pressure to meet daily survival needs, and longer term community obligations.3 The uncertainty of day-to-day survival is linked to the unpredictability of daily business. The women explained that selling well means selling fast. Even if the revenue from sales is minimal, the commonly held view is that inventory turnaround is critical. Nothing is worse for a vendor than to return from the market without having sold everything. An economist would say that these women have a strong preference for immediate consumption; a more accurate assessment would be that they have immediate needs that cannot be ignored.  The second demand confronting these women relates to longer term community obligations. Everyone — but perhaps particularly those in countries in the South — is embedded in a web of community and family duties from which it is difficult to extricate oneself (Sen, 1985). Fulfilment of these duties serves to secure one’s basic survival rights such as protection, land claims and inheritances. Some explicitly defined obligations take the form of regular donations comparable to a community tax; others are more implicit, such as the expectation to support relatives and fulfil their requests. Examples include making donations to the imam, housing nephews and nieces, participating in ceremonies related to life events such as births, baptisms, marriages and funerals. Good Practices

 Most observations support the perception that most women often want to transform what originally began as a short-term, one-shot activity into a more permanent business. Some of the women complain of the ‘waste’ involved in ceremonial expenses and want to make more ‘productive’ use of their incomes.11 Their statements reflect in part the desire expressed by government agents and NGOs to (in the words of the field staff) ‘professionalize’ the population, especially the women, and to teach them ‘rational’ methods of management  In Senegal and most part of Africa the two form of economic growth in regards to women lies in what is called “traditional tontine and the permanent saving-credits tontine. The difference between these two are that, traditional tontine is the regularity of the cash instalment. Another is the different objective: unlike the traditional tontine which focuses on financing a specific event or object such as a ceremony or a household appliance, the permanent savings-credit tontine aims to stabilize income-generating activities through regular cash injections. The two forms of tontines13 are not incompatible, and women frequently belong to both simultaneously.  This clearly illustrates how the women create discipline around their financial practices: they seek out situations that will require them to save and use them as an incentive to earn income Methodology

• In addition to building up convertible assets, a highly valued and widespread form of saving is practised through tontines, or ROSCAs. In the tontine model most commonly used among Senegalese women, members contribute a fixed amount of cash to a common fund at regular intervals (usually weekly or monthly). The ‘pot’ is allotted to each of the members in turn; the recipient is selected according to criteria decided previously by the members themselves, such as lottery, fixed order, or discussion based on the needs of each member. There are as many turns as members. Once the cycle is completed, the members either decide to stop or to start a new cycle. • Why would anyone join a tontine instead of saving alone? Tontines are multi-functional institutions that offer the benefit of security or insurance, economic support in the form of a safekeeping facility, loans, collective investments, and community development works, and social interaction. Many theories attempt to explain the primary function of a ROSCA. Some suggest that individuals join ROSCAs to finance the purchase of an expensive durable good. Others describe ROSCAs as a solution to intra-household conflict over savings as an insurance mechanism or as a way to enforce compulsory savings. Previous research on Senegalese tontines found their primary function to be the latter (Kane, 2001). Our own field work also concluded that the mobilization of significant savings through small 556 Isabelle Gue´rin periodic contributions is the main attraction of a tontine. • As noted above, saving is difficult in a context where the financial demands of community and family obligations are high. Tontines provide members with an opportunity to keep their funds safe, from both themselves and the demands of others.. Benefits of this economic activity

• Tontines help women to save money on a regular basis. In our case studies, women were quick to point out that the contribution requirements of a tontine can serve as a socially acceptable excuse to refuse the financial requests of a demanding relative. Tontines are also an effective means of prioritizing spending. The women interviewed report that they occasionally ‘guzzle money’, but that the savings requirements of atontine make it easier to forgo spending surplus cash on their personal desires. Aware of their preference for immediate gratification, which they themselves judge to be excessive at times, the women are nevertheless able to impose constraints on themselves to, in the words of Jon Elster, ‘remedy the weakness of their will’. Members sometimes prefer to be last in the tontine rotation to buy themselves time to decide on a ‘reasonable’ use of the funds. Those in the first rotation fear they will make thoughtless purchases which they will later regret. In other words, tontines provide a ‘collective mechanism for individual self-control’. • Purpose-specific tontines are a particularly effective means of directing savings towards a designated purpose. The term natt refers to all tontines.8 The term mbotay refers to tontines designated for family ceremonies. Tontines for the mothers of children ‘who still suck at their mother’s breast’ are intended for the purchase of clothes for the infants. Religious tontines9 are to support religious obligations such as hadiya (donations to the local religious leader) and asaka (donations to the poor). ‘In kind’ tontines enable the women to equip their kitchens. In such tontines, shares, and sometimes the contributions, are in kind (bottles of milk, cooking pots, cloth, and sometimes even refrigerators). Conclusions

• The traders’ tontines, which take place at the market, help generate the seed capital needed to start a small business or to revive an old one. Some tontines such as the yendu are comprised specifically of women of the same age group. Other tontines include wives of the same marital status (first spouse, second spouse, etc.10), and some, such as the sanni diamra, encourage diversity and operate under the philosophy of ‘each according to her needs’. Each woman contributes according to her own financial capacity and receives a share which reflects her contributions Tools for Equal Sustainable Development “Let’s maximize the role of women in SD”

For the development to be sustainable should be taken into consideration the present and future needs of:

Economy: sensitivity to the limits and potential of economic growth and its impact on society and on the environment in relation to India • Economy the most important need for the society that helps in the smooth running of human existence. • Economy in context to the world-- the world economy is a basic concern in 3 major sectors. • Agricultural sector • Industrial sector • Educational sector • World economy in context to agriculture- at the beginning of the 19 century people believed that agriculture is the most necessary sustainability factor. Gradually in the mid of the 19th century the economy from agriculture slowly started changing its face due to 3 major factors- • The.2nd word war • Revolution of technology • Lesser importance to women world • Agricultural sector gradually has become a challenging chapter to deal with in the 20th century though new modes of technology have developed and are implemented. This led to lesser economy turnout. This economic impact was basically seen in developing countries and in underdeveloped countries. • Revolution of technology in context to the world economy-- In the 20th century people over the world adore the modern implemented technology and have become dependant on it for every single factor. The economy from the growing technology has left other major economic sectors to think about. Basically European, American and central Asian countries are developed with the growing technology. The lapse in technological advancement effects people to sustaining their lively hood. Technological revolution doesn’t assure permanent job when the economy of this sector goes down. • Due to disturbances in employment sectors and economic sectors from technological fields, people find it difficult to change their lifestyle and livelihood. Thus Human crimes like attempt to suicide and theft are registered in more numbers. • For sure the involvement of women plays a great role in structuring the backbone of economy. The need of women power is necessary in almost all the fields of economical advancement. Major areas like Agriculture, food processing, educational upliftment, to other major areas of small scale and large scale industries needs economic advancement. These sectors have seen lot of ups and downs since past three decades. • The impact of economy in context to India-- As considered, the Indian subcontinent is famous for agriculture and production of raw materials, like jute, cotton, tea, wool, wood, silk etc. Due to improper standard of regulating the business market in India, these sectors are facing huge challenges since years. • The areas where Indian economy depends on—As on today the Indian economy depends on basic sectors of agriculture, mining, education, tourism, technology. • Steps taken by Indian Social service organizations to enhance the economy of underprivileged and poor classes in its society— • Providing free education to children below 15 (both girl and boy child). • They educate underprivileged society in implementing honey bee keeping, Cotton production, jute production, carpentry, poultrering, cattle farming, crab cultivation, and micro credit. • The Social service organizations in India help the underprivileged society to conduct exhibitions, and fair market trade to enhance their economic backbone. • The children in these societies are educated in manufacturing candles, pencils, postcards which help them sustain their livelihood and support their own education. • The women of this society are educated to take care of their health and take care of their family and community so that they spend less on medicines and other treatment factors. • These organizations conduct cultural programmes and practices that are sold in foreign markets to raise funds. The fund generated is used on the community development and construction of proper ways of sanitation, irrigation and acquiring cattle. • These organizations basically train societies to utilize their generated economy. • New training modules are developed by reputed organizations like the Times of India group to help teach people to lead the society at crisis. • New ways of economic stabilization are introduced for these societies by the central government and the state government to help them sustain their livelihood. DRAWBACKS OF INDIAN ECONOMY- Finally the changing technology and varying politics has brought down the standard of economic growth of poor and underprivileged sectors in India, where these societies share 70% of population. The agriculture and small scale products manufactured by these societies are not properly collected by the government and are not properly utilized. This impact in economic disturbances of them as well as it has an impact of price rise and lack of food resources in the whole World. These societies never get scope to be at par with the modernized society because of prevailing illiteracy and lack of reach of financial funding and improper political exposure. Some activities photos Some great farming initiatives Budget for project This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.

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