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Lecture 4: Capricious Adiabatic Lapse Rate

(from “The Blue Planet”) Moisture In the (from Understanding & ) Formation Adiabatic lapse rate Cloud Types = 10°C/km or 1°C/100m = air in a rising balloon drops 1°C every 100m. Cloud Role In Climate Change ESS11 ESS11 Prof. Jin-Yi Yu Prof. Jin-Yi Yu

Environmental Lapse Rate In the Air The environmental (or ambient) lapse rate is referred to the vertical change in temperature through still air.

The environmental Saturation lapse rate is not fixed. (from Understanding Weather & Climate) It changes from day to : the process whereby molecules break free day and from place to of the liquid volume. place. : water vapor molecules randomly collide environmental lapse rate =0.5°C/100m with the water surface and bond with adjacent molecules. (from Understanding Weather & Climate) ESS11 ESS11 Prof. Jin-Yi Yu Prof. Jin-Yi Yu

1 Specific .vs. Relative Relative humidity How Much Water Vapor Is saturated 6/10 x 100%=60 % specific humidity Evaporated Into the Atmosphere 10 gm/kg Each Year? specific humidity 6 gm/kg saturated On average, 1 meter of water is evaporated specific humidity from oceans to the atmosphere each year. 20 gm/kg Relative humidity 6/20 x 100%=30 % Specific Humidity: How many grams of water vapor in one kilogram The global averaged is also of air (in unit of gm/kg). about 1 meter per year. Relative Humidity: The percentage of current moisture content to the saturated moisture amount (in unit of %). Clouds form when the relative humidity reaches 100%. ESS11 ESS11 Prof. Jin-Yi Yu Prof. Jin-Yi Yu

How Much Heat Is Brought Upward By “Runway” Water Vapor? If a planet has a very high temperature that the air can ’s surface lost heat to the atmosphere when never reach a saturation point water is evaporated from oceans to the atmosphere. Water vapor can be added into the atmosphere. The evaporation of the 1m of water causes Earth’s More water vapor traps more heat (a greenhouse effect) surface to lost 83 watts per square meter, almost half The planet’s temperature increases furthermore of the sunlight that reaches the surface.  Ever more water evaporated into the atmosphere  More greenhouse effect Without the evaporation process, the global surface  temperature would be 67°C instead of the actual More warming 15°C.  More water vapor  …..

ESS11 ESS11 Prof. Jin-Yi Yu Prof. Jin-Yi Yu

2 How to Saturate the Air? Why Clouds Form?

Clouds form when air rises and becomes saturated in response to adiabatic cooling. (from “IS The Temperature Rising”) Two ways: (1) Increase (inject more) water vapor to the air (A B). (2) Reduce the temperature of the air (A  C).

ESS11 ESS11 Prof. Jin-Yi Yu Prof. Jin-Yi Yu

Four Ways to Lift Air Upward Cloud Type Based On Properties

(1) Density Four basic cloud categories: Lifting  Cirrus --- thin, wispy cloud of ice.  Stratus --- layered cloud cold front  Cumulus --- clouds having vertical development. (2) Convergence (4) Frontal Lifting  Nimbus --- -producing cloud Lifting warm front These basic cloud types can be combined to generate ten different cloud types, such as cirrostratus clouds that have the characteristics of (3) Orographic cirrus clouds and stratus clouds. Lifting

ESS11 ESS11 (from “The Blue Planet”) Prof. Jin-Yi Yu Prof. Jin-Yi Yu

3 Cloud Types Based On Height Cloud Classifications

If based on height, the ten principal cloud types can then grouped into four cloud types: High clouds -- cirrus, cirrostratus, cirroscumulus. Middle clouds – altostratus and altocumulus Low clouds – stratus, stratocumulus, and nimbostartus Clouds with extensive vertical development – cumulus and cumulonimbus. (from “The Blue Planet”) ESS11 (from “The Blue Planet”) ESS11 Prof. Jin-Yi Yu Prof. Jin-Yi Yu

High Clouds 1. Cirrus Clouds 3. Cirrocumulus Clouds Middle Clouds

4. Altostratus Clouds 5. Altocumulus Clouds

(from Australian Weather Service) 2. Cirrostratus Clouds High clouds have low

cloud temperature and (from Australian Weather Service) low water content and consist most of ice Middle clouds are usually composite of liquid droplets. crystal. They block more sunlight to the surface than the high clouds.

ESS11 ESS11 Prof. Jin-Yi Yu Prof. Jin-Yi Yu

4 Low Clouds Clouds With Vertical Development 6. Stratus Clouds 8. Nimbostratus Clouds

9. Cumulus Clouds 10. Cumulonimbus Clouds

(from Australian Weather Service) 7. Stratocumulus Clouds Low, thick, layered clouds with large (from Australian Weather Service) horizontal extends, which can exceed that of They are clouds with substantial vertical several states. development and occur when the air is absolute or conditionally unstable. ESS11 ESS11 Prof. Jin-Yi Yu Prof. Jin-Yi Yu

Polar Stratospheric Clouds Cloud Role In Climate Change (PSCs) (from The Earth System) In winter the polar is so cold (-80°C or below) that certain trace atmospheric constituents can condense. These clouds are called “polar stratospheric clouds” (PSCs). The particles that form typically consist of a mixture of water and nitric acid (HNO3). The PSCs alter the chemistry of the Cloud effects is one of the most uncertain parts of climate prediction. lower stratosphere in two ways: Typically, clouds increase albedo  a cooling effect (1) by coupling between the odd clouds reduce longwave radiation  a heating effect nitrogen and chlorine cycles The net effect of clouds on climate depends cloud types and their optical (Sweden, January 2000; from NASA website) (2) by providing surfaces on which properties, the insolation, and the characteristics of the underlying surface. heterogeneous reactions can occur. In general, high clouds tend to produce a heating (positive) feedback. Low clouds tend to produce a cooling (negative) feedback. ESS11 ESS11 Prof. Jin-Yi Yu Prof. Jin-Yi Yu

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