DOCSLIB.ORG

GNS Science Report 2013/46

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GNS Science Report 2013/46 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Rose, J., Zemansky, G. 2013. Potential effects of volcanic activity on level and quality of associated groundwater, GNS Science Report 2013/46. 22 p. J. Rose, GNS Science, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352 (current address: 4544 County Road 25 SW, Hoffman, Minnesota, USA 56339). G. Zemansky, GNS Science, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352 (current address: Prime Hydrogeology Ltd., 119 Lakewood Drive, Taupo) © Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, 2013 ISSN 1177-2425 ISBN 978-1-972192-93-1 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................II KEYWORDS .......................................................................................................................... II 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 2 2.1 Groundwater Level Monitoring Around Volcanoes ........................................................ 2 2.2 Groundwater Chemistry Monitoring Around Volcanoes ................................................ 3 3.0 EXISTING MONITORING DATASETS WITHIN NEW ZEALAND ............................... 6 3.1 Ruapehu ........................................................................................................................ 6 3.1.1 Well Information................................................................................................. 6 3.1.2 Water Quality Data ............................................................................................ 8 3.2 Tongariro ....................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Well Information................................................................................................. 9 3.2.2 Water Quality Data .......................................................................................... 10 3.3 Taranaki ....................................................................................................................... 10 3.3.1 Well Information............................................................................................... 10 3.3.2 Water Quality Data .......................................................................................... 11 3.4 White Island ................................................................................................................. 12 3.4.1 Well Information............................................................................................... 12 3.4.2 Water Quality Data .......................................................................................... 12 3.5 Raoul Island ................................................................................................................. 13 3.5.1 Well Information............................................................................................... 13 3.5.2 Water Quality Data .......................................................................................... 13 4.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................... 14 5.0 REFERENCES CITED .............................................................................................. 15 FIGURES Figure 1: Locations of sampling sites, wells, and springs near Ruapehu and Tongariro. ............................ 7 Figure 2: Silica Rapids chemistry plots. Solid bar lines represent eruptions from Ruapehu. ...................... 9 Figure 3: Locations of wells, springs, and a seepage near Taranaki. ........................................................ 11 Figure 4: Water sampling and record locations at White Island. ................................................................ 12 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: GGW WATER QUALITY DATA ELECTRONIC FILES (ENCLOSED ON CD)18 ENCLOSURES CD Containing: A. Chemdata Formatted for NGMP Calc.xls; B. Detailed Chem Data.xlsx; C. GNS GGW Existing Chem Datasets.xls; D. NGMP Stats Calculator Output File.xlsx; E. Silica Rapids Chem Data.xls; F. Soda Springs Chem Data.xlx GNS Science Report 2013/46 i ABSTRACT Groundwater level and quality changes preceding eruptive volcanic activity could potentially have predictive value if closely monitored. Groundwater levels have been reported in the scientific literature to change (both rise and fall) in conjunction with volcanic activity in Japan and in the Philippines. There are also reports of changes in the quality of groundwater in wells, springs, and crater lakes in a number of other places in the world in association with volcanic activity as well as New Zealand. However, there is some inconsistency in the data with changes sometimes being documented while at other times either being in the opposite direction or not seen at 2+ 2+ + all. These include increases in B, Ca , Mg , Na , and SiO2 of springs in advance of 2- eruptive activity at Popocatepetl volcano in Mexico, an increase in SO4 concentrations for a thermal spring on the flank of Tacana volcano in Mexico prior to an eruption as well as variations in B, total Fe, and Mg2+. In New Zealand, these include increases prior to the 1995 2+ 2+ eruption in levels of Al, Ca , Fe, Mg , Na, SO4, Cl, and conductivity, decreases in SO4 and Cl prior to the September 2007 eruption, and increases in spring-fed Silica Rapids 2+ 2+ + - - 2- concentrations of Ca , Mg , Na , HCO3 , Cl , SO4 , and conductivity and decreases in Al, Fe, and temperature in association with the 1995 and 1996 Ruapehu eruptions and a decrease Al in association with the September 2007 Ruapehu eruption. The GNS Science GGW database contains a number of locations in proximity to volcanoes. These data and a statistical analysis output sheet are provided in an Appendix to this report. Both of the authors of this report have left employment at GNS Science before they could comprehensively evaluate these data. We recommend that such an evaluation occur as the next step in this programme. We also recommend that an effort be made to develop a number of real groundwater monitoring sites, including wells and springs, in relatively close proximity to the most active volcanoes in New Zealand. Mt. Ruapehu, Mt. Tongariro, and White Island are candidates for such monitoring. Monitoring should include continuous water level and conductivity measurements and frequent sampling for major ions and other selected water quality variables (e.g., Al, B, Fe, and SiO2). Continuous water level and conductivity measurements could be telemetered for real-time monitoring to the Wairakei Research Centre. Annual sampling to analyse for major ions and other selected water quality variables is insufficient for the purpose. Quarterly or possibly monthly with an increase in frequency if changes are detected that warrant it are recommended. This list could be fleshed out with reference to known indicators of geothermal geochemistry in New Zealand. There is a rich literature in that regard. KEYWORDS Groundwater, volcanoes, water levels, water quality GNS Science Report 2013/46 ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION In the latest international review of the volcanology programme of the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (GNS Science), it was recommended that the relationship between volcanic activity and groundwater and the potential for groundwater monitoring as an indicator of volcanic activity be assessed. Groundwater level and quality monitoring have been used internationally to monitor volcanic activity elsewhere for some time, but this has not been done in a formalized way in New Zealand. This report documents a literature review of what groundwater level and water quality changes have been attributed to volcanic activity internationally and describes the existing monitoring datasets that are available within New Zealand related to groundwater. Recommendations for a groundwater monitoring program within New Zealand are then presented. GNS Science Report 2013/46 1 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 GROUNDWATER LEVEL MONITORING AROUND VOLCANOES “Rising magma and groundwater invariably interact” (Newhall et al., 2001). Groundwater level changes prior to volcanic eruptions have been studied, but few observations have been recorded over time. Newhall et al. (2001) cited examples of water level changes before eruptions observed at numerous volcanoes dating from the 1500’s to the present. Sparks (2003) noted that groundwater emissions and changes in water tables prior to eruptions are likely caused by rising magma opening up fracture systems and disturbing groundwater systems. Groundwater level and spring discharge changes may occur when pore water pressure is raised by heating from rising magma or raised/lowered by mechanical strain in confined aquifers (Newhall et al., 2001). Groundwater level changes prior to volcanic activity have been observed at Mayon Volcano, Philippines and Miyake-jima, Usu, and Meakan-dake volcanoes, Japan as follows: • Mayon Volcano, Philippines - Residents approximately 8 to 15 km away from the summit of Mayon observed groundwater levels drop (up to 5 m) in wells in a shallow unconfined aquifer prior to the 1993 eruption (Newhall et al., 2001; Albano et al., 2001; and Jentzsch et al., 2001). Modeling of the groundwater system using MODFLOW by Albano et al. (2002) indicated that the water level changes were likely caused by enhanced permeability (opening of fractures) and rainfall pattern changes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biodiversity of the Kermadec Islands and Offshore Waters of the Kermadec Ridge: Report of a Coastal, Marine Mammal and Deep-Sea Survey (TAN1612)
    Biodiversity of the Kermadec Islands and offshore waters of the Kermadec Ridge: report of a coastal, marine mammal and deep-sea survey (TAN1612) New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 179 Clark, M.R.; Trnski, T.; Constantine, R.; Aguirre, J.D.; Barker, J.; Betty, E.; Bowden, D.A.; Connell, A.; Duffy, C.; George, S.; Hannam, S.; Liggins, L..; Middleton, C.; Mills, S.; Pallentin, A.; Riekkola, L.; Sampey, A.; Sewell, M.; Spong, K.; Stewart, A.; Stewart, R.; Struthers, C.; van Oosterom, L. ISSN 1179-6480 (online) ISSN 1176-9440 (print) ISBN 978-1-77665-481-9 (online) ISBN 978-1-77665-482-6 (print) January 2017 Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries websites at: http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-resources/publications.aspx http://fs.fish.govt.nz go to Document library/Research reports © Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Objectives: 3 1.2 Objective 1: Benthic offshore biodiversity 3 1.3 Objective 2: Marine mammal research 4 1.4 Objective 3: Coastal biodiversity and connectivity 5 2. METHODS 5 2.1 Survey area 5 2.2 Survey design 6 Offshore Biodiversity 6 Marine mammal sampling 8 Coastal survey 8 Station recording 8 2.3 Sampling operations 8 Multibeam mapping 8 Photographic transect survey 9 Fish and Invertebrate sampling 9 Plankton sampling 11 Catch processing 11 Environmental sampling 12 Marine mammal sampling 12 Dive sampling operations 12 Outreach 13 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Weed Control Programme on Raoul Island, Kermadec Group
    4000 in extent (Devine 1975).At Low Flat shore hibiscus is extensive in the south-western corner of the flat. In 1993 one small plant was found growing above the strand line at Coral Bay and the same plant was first seen in 1991 (Clapham 1991b). This plant may have established from seed as shore hibiscus is a common strand plant in the Pacific (Merrill 1940). What is uncertain, though, is where the seed originated from. Seedlings have only occasionally been recorded under the large stands on Raoul Island (Clapham 1991b), and seed set has not been observed. It is possible that the Coral Bay plant germinated from seed dispersed from elsewhere in the Pacific. Alternatively, the plant at Coral Bay could have established from a stem fragment washed around the coast from Denham Bay or Low Flat. However, given that all known stands are some distance from the sea, this explanation is less likely. At the start of the weed eradication programme, shore hibiscus was listed as a category A plant (Devine 1977). In 1980, Sykes noted that the plants at Low Flat and Denham Bay had not increased much and because they were only slightly increasing through vegetative layering should be accorded low priority in the eradication programme. 7.3.2 Ecology Shore hibiscus is a sprawling shrub up to 4 m tall belonging to the mallow family (Malvaceae). Leaves are densely hairy below and velvety to touch, almost circular and c. 10-30 cm diam. Yellow flowers with dark purple centres are c. 30-70 mm long.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Prehistoric Human Mobility in Polynesia Indicated by Mtdna from the Pacific Rat (Rattus Exulans͞population Mobility)
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 15145–15150, December 1998 Anthropology Patterns of prehistoric human mobility in Polynesia indicated by mtDNA from the Pacific rat (Rattus exulansypopulation mobility) E. MATISOO-SMITH*†,R.M.ROBERTS‡,G.J.IRWIN*, J. S. ALLEN*, D. PENNY§, AND D. M. LAMBERT¶ *Department of Anthropology and ‡School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, P. B. 92019 Auckland, New Zealand; and §Molecular Genetics Unit and ¶Department of Ecology, Massey University, P. B. 11222 Palmerston North, New Zealand Communicated by R. C. Green, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, October 14, 1998 (received for review July 20, 1998) ABSTRACT Human settlement of Polynesia was a major Recent genetic research focusing on Polynesian populations event in world prehistory. Despite the vastness of the distances has contributed significantly to our understanding of the covered, research suggests that prehistoric Polynesian popu- ultimate origins of this last major human migration. Studies of lations maintained spheres of continuing interaction for at globin gene variation (2) and mtDNA lineages of modern least some period of time in some regions. A low level of genetic Polynesians (3, 4) and studies of ancient DNA from Lapita- variation in ancestral Polynesian populations, genetic admix- associated skeletons (5) may indicate that some degree of ture (both prehistoric and post-European contact), and severe admixture with populations in Near Oceania occurred as more population crashes resulting from introduction of European remote biological ancestors left Southeast Asia and passed diseases make it difficult to trace prehistoric human mobility through Near Oceania. An alternative hypothesis is that the in the region by using only human genetic and morphological biological ancestors of these groups were one of a number of markers.
    [Show full text]
  • Obsidian from Macauley Island: a New Zealand Connection
    www.aucklandmuseum.com Obsidian from Macauley Island: a New Zealand connection Louise Furey Auckland War Memorial Museum Callan Ross-Sheppard McGill University, Montreal Kath E. Prickett Auckland War Memorial Museum Abstract An obsidian flake collected from Macauley Island during the Kermadec Expedition has been analysed to determine the source. The result indicates a Mayor Island, New Zealand, origin, supporting previous results on obsidian from Raoul Island that Polynesians travelled back into the Pacific from New Zealand. Keywords obsidian; Pacific colonisation; Pacific voyaging; Macauley Island. INTRODUCTION The steep terrain meant there were only a few suitable habitation places confined to flat areas of limited size on The Kermadec Islands comprise Raoul Island, the largest the south and north coasts. The only landing places were of the group, the nearby Meyer Islands and Herald adjacent to these flats. Botanical surveys have recorded Islets, and 100–155 km to the south are Macauley, the presence of Polynesian tropical cultigens including Curtis and Cheeseman iIslands, and L’Esperence Rock. candlenut (Aleurites monuccana) and ti (Cordyline Raoul is approximately 1000 km to the northeast of fruticosa) (Sykes 1977) which are not endemic to the New Zealand. During the 2011 Kermadec Expedition, island and it is assumed they were transported there by samples of naturally occurring obsidian were obtained Polynesian settlers. Polynesian tuberous vegetables such from Raoul, the Meyer Islands, and from the sea floor off as taro (Colocasia esculenta) and kumara (Ipomoea Curtis Island. These are now in the Auckland Museum batatas) were also recorded but their introduction collection. More importantly however was the single attributed to later 19th century immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring and Management of Kereru (Hemiphaga Novaeseelandiae)
    Monitoring and management of kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION TECHNICAL SERIES No. 15 Christine Mander, Rod Hay & Ralph Powlesland Published by Department of Conservation P.O. Box 10-420 Wellington, New Zealand 1 © October 1998, Department of Conservation ISSN 1172–6873 ISBN 0–478–21751–X Cataloguing-in-Publication data Mander, Christine J. Monitoring and management of kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) / by Christine Mander, Rod Hay & Ralph Powlesland. Wellington, N.Z. : Dept. of Conservation, 1998. 1 v. ; 30 cm. (Department of Conservation technical series, 1172-6873 ; no. 15.) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 047821751X 1. New Zealand pigeon--Research. I. Hay, Rod, 1951- II. Powlesland, Ralph G. (Ralph Graham), 1952- III. Title. IV. Series: Department of Conservation technical series ; no. 15. 598.650993 20 zbn98-076230 2 CONTENTS Abstract 5 1. Introduction 5 2. Kereru 7 2.1 Taxonomy 7 2.2 Appearance 7 2.3 Home range and movements 7 2.4 Diet 8 2.5 Breeding 11 3. History of decline 12 4. Review of population studies 13 5. Perceived threats 14 5.1 Predation 14 5.2 Loss and degradation of lowland forest habitat 14 5.3 Illegal hunting 15 5.4 Collisions with motor vehicles and windows 15 5.5 Harassment 15 5.6 Disturbance 15 6. The National Kereru monitoring programme 16 6.1 Objectives 16 6.2 Duties of the National Co-ordinator 16 6.3 Outputs 16 6.4 Relationships with other programmes 16 7. Key sites for monitoring 17 8. Monitoring methods 18 8.1 General points 18 8.2 Monitoring protocol 19 8.3 Preferred monitoring methods 20 8.3.1 Five-minute counts with distance estimates 20 8.3.2 Display flight monitoring from vantage points 22 8.4 Other monitoring methods 22 8.4.1 Census counts from vantage points 22 8.4.2 Transect counts 24 8.5 Options for monitoring kereru in very small forest patches 25 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenland Ice Core Evidence of the 79 AD Vesuvius Eruption Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access 1,2,* 2,* 3 4 4 1 4 C
    EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Clim. Past, 9, 1221–1232, 2013 Climate www.clim-past.net/9/1221/2013/ Climate doi:10.5194/cp-9-1221-2013 of the Past of the Past © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions Greenland ice core evidence of the 79 AD Vesuvius eruption Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access 1,2,* 2,* 3 4 4 1 4 C. Barbante , N. M. Kehrwald , P. Marianelli , B. M. Vinther , J. P. Steffensen ,Instrumentation G. Cozzi , C. U. Hammer , Instrumentation H. B. Clausen4, and M.-L. Siggaard-Andersen4 Methods and Methods and 1Institute for the Dynamics of the Environmental Processes, CNR, University of Venice, 30123 Venice, Italy 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca’Data Foscari, Systems 30123 Venice, Italy Data Systems 3Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy Discussions Open Access 4 Open Access Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Geoscientific *These authors contributed equally to this work. Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Correspondence to: C. Barbante ([email protected]) Discussions Received: 2 October 2012 – Published in Clim.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal Distribution and Frequency of Explosive Volcanism in the Kermadec Arc, SW Pacific: Insights from Marine Cores
    Temporal distribution and frequency of explosive volcanism in the Kermadec Arc, SW Pacific: Insights from marine cores Kirsty Rose Herbert A thesis submitted in fulfilment for the degree of Masters of Science in Geology, Victoria University of Wellington, January 2013 Abstract Studies along the Kermadec arc, SW Pacific, over the past two decades have shown the presence of numerous volcanoes with histories of caldera collapse, and abundant evidence of explosive eruptions involving evolved magmas (dacite to rhyodacite). However, as there are only two substantially emergent volcanoes in the arc, Raoul and Macauley, the history of this explosive volcanism is difficult to constrain from subaerial exposures. In contrast, the marine record offers the opportunity to document activity from these volcanoes over a longer time period. This thesis presents stratigraphic and chemical data from sediment cores collected along offshore transects west and east of Raoul and Macauley islands. Individual grain analysis of glass shards from the tephra layers was conducted using electron microprobe and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to analyse each shard for major and trace element compositions. These geochemical data allowed for discrimination between successive tephra deposits, and identification of 51 tephra layers in the cores, each of which is interpreted to represent a single eruptive event. The data also addressed the diversity or uniformity of individual eruptions and traced changes in the geochemistry of the eruption units through time. Oxygen isotope analyses of foraminifera were used to construct an age model for the cores, allowing model age estimates of individual tephra units and proving the marine core record extends back to ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Kermadec and Subantarctic Islands © Copyright January 2011, New Zealand Department of Conservation
    Proposed Regional Coastal Plan Kermadec and Subantarctic Islands © Copyright January 2011, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISBN 978-0-478-14857-2 (hardcopy) ISBN 978-0-478-14858-9 (web PDF) Published by Publishing Team, Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, The Terrace, Wellington 6143, New Zealand. www.doc.govt.nz/offshoreislandsrcp In the interest of forest conservation, we support paperless electronic publishing. CONTENTS Introduction 3 Purpose of the regional coastal plan 3 Structure of the document 3 Jurisdiction and legal framework 4 Statutory requirement for the plan 4 Jurisdiction 4 Values of the coastal marine areas of the islands 6 Values of the Subantarctic Islands 6 Natural character—geology, ecosystems, flora and fauna 6 Māori values of the Subantarctic Islands 9 Cultural and historic heritage values of the Subantarctic Islands 10 Current use values 11 Conservation management on the Subantarctic Islands 11 Scientific research in the Subantarctic Islands 12 Tourism 12 Fishing 13 Wreck exploration and salvage 13 Values of the Kermadec Islands 14 Seabirds 15 Cetaceans in the Kermadec region 15 Cultural and historic heritage in the Kermadec Islands 16 Current use values 20 Issues, objectives, policies and methods of implementation 22 Issue 1: Natural character 22 Natural character objectives 23 Natural character policies 23 Issue 2: Kaitiakitanga of the coastal marine area 29 Kaitiakitanga of the coastal marine area of the Kermadec Islands 29 Kaitiakitanga of the coastal marine area of the Subantarctic Islands 30 Issue
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the KAHT System
    Overview of the KAHT system Ian E.M. Smith, School of Environment, University of Auckland Tonga-Kermadec-New Zealand Arc •Developed on the Pacific - Australian convergent margin •Mainly intraoceanic except for the southern extremity •The rock association is dominated by basaltic andesite with subordinate basalt minor andesite •However felsic rocks (dacite to rhyolite) are widespread Many new volcanoes discovered in the past 10 years • NZPLUME expeditions (NZ-USA) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 % % of sample population 0 45 50 55 60 65 70 SiO2 wt.% The unexpected feature is the abundance of rocks with SiO2 >65 wt % 25 30 35 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 SiO2 Raoul Island Two calderas 16 eruptions since 3,700 years ago 8 silicic, two andesitic, 6 phreatic Raoul Island Large pumice dominated fall and flow pyroclastic deposits Raoul Macauley Curtis & Russian S Kermadec Arc Brothers •Intermediate compositions are not common •Basalts and basaltic andesites are almost entirely low-K •Felsic rocks show a wide variety of compositions Raoul Island Individual felsic eruptions form discrete trends Not possible to relate these to a common fractionation scheme Best explanation is that they developed as discrete batches 70 60 50 Mg number Mg 40 50 55 60 65 70 75 SiO2 wt.% Smith et al 2009 JVGR 50 20 basalt 40 Dacite andesite Basaltic Andesite 30 10 20 number of samples 50 55 60 65 Total phenocrystsTotal % 10 SiO2 50 55 60 65 70 SiO2 wt.% Raoul Volcano basalt Phenocryst proportions 40 basaltic andesite andesite 30 dacite 20 10 Plagioclase phenocrysts Plagioclase 10 20 30 40
    [Show full text]
  • Level 2 Earth and Space Science (91191) 2014
    91191 911910 SUPERVISOR’S2 USE ONLY Level 2 Earth and Space Science, 2014 91191 Demonstrate understanding of the causes of extreme Earth events in New Zealand 9.30 am Monday 1 December 2014 Credits: Four Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Demonstrate understanding of the Demonstrate in-depth understanding of Demonstrate comprehensive causes of extreme Earth events in New the causes of extreme Earth events in understanding of the causes of extreme Zealand. New Zealand. Earth events in New Zealand. Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the top of this page. A regional map showing locations referred to in the questions is on Page 2 of this booklet. You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet. If you need more space for any answer, use the page(s) provided at the back of this booklet and clearly number the question. Check that this booklet has pages 2 –14 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank. YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION. TOTAL ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY © New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2014. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand QualificationsAuthority. 2 Regional Map including Locations Referred to in this Paper. Raoul Island Kermadec Islands Auckland Wellington Seddon Lake Grassmere Chatham Islands Christchurch Dunedin Earth and Space Science 91191, 2014 3 This page has been deliberately left blank. The examination continues on the following page.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions on the Main Climate Variability Modes
    Impact of explosive volcanic eruptions on the main climate variability modes Didier Swingedouw1, Juliette Mignot2, Pablo Ortega3, Myriam Khodri2, Martin Menegoz4, Christophe Cassou5 and Vincent Hanquiez1 1 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC—OASU—Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac 33615, France. 2 Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, Univ. Paris 06)-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, LOCEAN Laboratory, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France. 3 NCAS-Climate, University of Reading, UK 4 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Edifici Nexus II, C/ Jordi Girona, 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. 5 UMR CNRS 5318 CECI – CERFACS, 42 Avenue G. Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France. Abstract Volcanic eruptions eject large amounts of materials into the atmosphere, which can have an impact on climate. In particular, the sulphur dioxide gas released in the stratosphere leads to aerosol formation that reflects part of the incoming solar radiation, thereby affecting the climate energy balance. In this review paper, we analyse the regional climate imprints of large tropical volcanic explosive eruptions. For this purpose, we focus on the impact on three major climatic modes, located in the Atlantic (the North Atlantic Oscillation: NAO and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation: AMO) and Pacific (the El Niño Southern Oscillation, ENSO) sectors. We present an overview of the chain of events that contributes to modifying the temporal variability of these modes. Our literature review is complemented by new analyses based on observations of the instrumental era as well as on available proxy records and climate model simulations that cover the last millennium. We show that the impact of volcanic eruptions of the same magnitude or weaKer than 1991 Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • A LINE in the OCEAN Unmodified One, Straddles Tropical and Temperate Are Increasing After Decades of Lack of a Strategic Approach
    FLAP SMALL FLAP LARGE BACK COVER COVER THE KERMADECS SCIENCE IN THE KERMADECS There are few marine areas on The Kermadec Islands became Scientific interest in the Kermadec earth as complex and intact as the part of New Zealand in 1886 and region has grown in recent decades. ‘the marine environment at the Kermadec region of New Zealand. a permanent field base – initially Scientists from New Zealand The diverse range of undisturbed run by the meteorological service museums, universities and Crown Kermadecs is as close to “pristine” habitats and species make this one of but now by the Department Research Institutes, along with the worlds most remarkable places. of Conservation (DOC) – was international researchers, have as it is possible to find anywhere What makes this place especially established on Raoul Island in 1937. discovered numerous hydrothermal valuable to science is that, as well as While the islands have never been vents and seamounts, along with in the world’ containing healthy ecosystems, it is permanently inhabited, introduced species new to science that live in the – so far – largely unexplored and may species, especially rodents, have shallow waters around the Kermadec Jonathan Gardner, DEEP*, p.42 yet hold many secrets vital to earth’s changed the islands’ flora and Islands as well as deep in the sea ‘You can have a marine life-supporting processes. decimated seabird populations. around the underwater volcanoes. Scientist studying the bird fauna on Scientists sampling in a rock pool on Raoul Banded coral shrimp Raoul Island Island, May 2011 photograph by Roger Grace This research suggests there are photograph by Karen Baird photograph by Tom Trnski, Auckland Museum natural laboratory The remote Kermadec Islands The islands are now a nature reserve, many new species to discover, lie in the heart of one of the world’s and DOC staff and volunteers are geological formations to investigate anywhere, but it’s great ocean wilderness areas.
    [Show full text]