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Talk S and Though T S Celebr a T Ing D Iversit Y in N Ew Zeal And's U N T TALKS AND THOUGHTS CELEBRATING DIVERSITY IN NEW ZEALand’s UNTOUCHED KERMADECS From the earliest Polynesian voyagers, to whalers and pioneers, sailors and conservationists, the Kermadec region has attracted those who are keen to push the boundaries, to see what lies beyond the horizon. INTO THE UNKNOWN. A 0 kilometres 400 0 nautical miles 200 FRONTIER WILDERNESS DEEP – these are words that excite our imagination and inspire scientific endeavour. Straddling the known and unknown of our The papers presented at DEEP, and now knowledge and understanding, frontiers published here, represent the work and have always inspired enthusiasm for scientific knowledge of today’s Kermadec explorers. exploration and discovery. Frontiers are They range across the disciplines of geology, where the unknown draws attention and biology, history and anthropology. Each paper propels curious explorers off on new and is a detailed profiling of specific places, species DEEP Talks and Thoughts Celebrating inspiring journeys. and patterns of life across the Kermadec region. Diversity in New Zealand’s Read as a collection, they provide us with our Untouched Kermadecs. New Zealand’s Kermadec region is such a first opportunity to understand how the features frontier – a place that has drawn explorers HOSTED BY of this region come together and interact in one from all corners of the globe for generations. Pew Environment Group of the world’s great ocean wilderness areas. and Te Papa Tongarewa From the earliest Polynesian voyagers AUGUST 2010 to whalers and pioneers, sailors and Discovery, connection, collaboration – more conservationists, the Kermadec region has words to excite and inspire. attracted those who are keen to push the DEEP provided a unique opportunity to explore boundaries, to see what lies beyond the a remarkable place. In doing so, it facilitated horizon. Today that horizon runs not only today’s explorers to uncover unexpected across the 630,000 square kilometres of the connections and identify opportunities for Kermadec seas, but also down to its furthest future collaboration. depths – 10,000 metres deep. The Pew Environment Group is honoured to For two days in August 2010, the Pew Environment sponsor publication of this unique compilation Group, in partnership with Te Papa Tongarewa, of science and discovery. We look forward co-hosted the symposium DEEP – Talks and to a future full of scientific exploration and Thoughts Celebrating Diversity in New Zealand’s collaboration across the Kermadec region. Untouched Kermadecs. In celebration of the United Nations International Year of Biodiversity, the symposium brought together over 140 scientists, researchers, policymakers and interested parties to connect existing knowledge, understanding, inquiry and Jay Nelson imaginings about the Kermadec region. DIRECTOR – GlObaL OCEAN LegaCY, PEW ENVIRONMENT GROUP 1 The Kermadec region is a place of remarkable character and diversity: dark, cold depths of the Kermadec Tonga Trench; super-heated vents of the Kermadec arc; a vast expanse through which iconic ocean travellers move; an ocean Bronwen Golder teaming with both tropical and temperate DIRECTOR, KERMADEC InitiatiVE, GLObaL OCEAN LegaCY, flora and fauna. PEW ENVIRONMENT GROUP CONTENTS ORIGINS & INFLUENCES The Kermadec volcanic region: An overview of geological discoveries from the last decade 5 IAN WRIGHT Submarine massive sulfide mineralization and hydrothermal activity along the Kermadec arc, the world’s most hydrothermally active 10 MattHEW I. LEYBOURNE AND CORNEL E.J. DE RONDE Some aspects of volcanic and seismic activity in the Kermadecs 15 Brad SCOTT New insights into explosive volcanic eruption processes and products in the Kermadec volcanic arc COLIN J. N. WILSON, SIMON J. BARKER, MELissa D. ROTELLA, RICHARD J. WysOCZANSKI, 18 IAN C. WRIGHT, JOEL A. BAKER AND MARC-ALban MILLET Geophysical characterisation of the Kermadec arc-backarc system: New data from the May 2010 KARMA voyage 21 GEOFFROY LaMARCHE AND RICHARD WysOCZANSKI IN THE MIDST OF AN OCEAN Motion in the ocean: Biological oceanography of the Kermadec region – migration and connectivity of marine flora and fauna 27 TOM TRNSKI, MALCOLM FranCIS, CLINTON DUFFY, STEVE CHisweLL AND Wendy NELSON Impacts on the vegetation of Raoul Island 31 CAROL West, BILL SYKES AND DAVID HAVELL Birds of the forest, lakes and shores 35 DICK VEITCH Diversity, biogeography and abundance of Kermadec Islands coastal fishes 37 MALCOLM P. FranCIS AND RusseLL G. COLE 2 Subtidal biodiversity and community composition of the Kermadec Islands 42 JOnatHAN GARDNER Seabirds of the Kermadec Islands 46 GraeME TayLOR, ALAN TennysON, STEFFI ISMAR, CHRIS Gaskin AND KAREN BAIRD FOOTPRINTS The Kermadec Islands and ancient Polynesian long-distance ocean voyaging 49 PETER Adds A brief history and prehistory of Raoul Island 51 Andy DODD BEYOND LIGHT Deep-sea benthic sampling in the Kermadec region: Past, present, future 56 MALCOLM R. CLARK, ASHLEY A. ROWDEN, KAREEN SCHNABEL AND DIANNE M. TraCEY Invertebrate communities associated with seamounts on the Kermadec volcanic arc DIANNE M. TraCEY, MALCOLM R. CLARK, JENNIFER BeauMONT, ASHLEY A. ROWDEN, MIREILLE COnsaLVEY 59 AND KAREEN SCHNABEL Biological communities associated with areas of hydrothermal venting on the Kermadec volcanic arc ASHLEY A. ROWDEN, MALCOLM R. CLARK, DIANNE M. TraCEY, JENNIFER C. BeauMONT, 63 ALISON B. MACDIARMID ET AL. Bryozoan diversity and endemism along the Kermadec arc – a review 66 DENNIS P. GORDON Beyond light – the great unknown 69 ANDREW Stewart AND MALCOLM CLARK OCEAN TRAVELLERS Sea turtles of the Kermadec Islands: More questions than answers 72 DAN GODOY Sharks and rays of the Kermadec Islands and north Kermadec Ridge: Species of interest, conservation and scientific significance 76 CLINTON DUFFY AND MALCOLM FranCIS 3 Migrations and patterns of seabird occurrence in the Kermadec region 81 CHRIS P. Gaskin, ELIZABETH BELL, JOSH AdaMS, CatriONA J. MACLEOD, PHIL O’B. LyVER AND Matt Rayner Towards an estimate of whale stocks in Kermadec waters before sail whaling began 85 RHys RICHards The Kermadec Islands and the endangered humpback whales of Oceania 89 ROCHELLE COnstantine, CLAIRE GARRIGUE AND KAREN BAIRD ORIGINSORIGINS AND & INFLUENCESINFLUENCES 30|31.08.201030|31.08.2010 WELLINGTON WELLINGTON NZ NZ The Kermadec volcanic region: An overview of geological discoveries from the last decade Ian Wright The Kermadec region has been the focus of very A significant facet of Kermadec research has IAN WRIGHT NatiONAL OCEANOgrapHY CENTRE, significant geological discovery over the last been the use of seafloor multibeam mapping UNIVersity OF SOUTHAMptON, UK decade. This presentation highlights important and manned submersible technology. [email protected] facets of this geological research and provides Traditionally advances in marine science have a framework for more detailed presentations occurred with new technology. Seafloor at this symposium of ongoing research in the multibeam mapping has a fan of hundreds of Kermadec region. The presentation discusses downwards looking acoustic echo-sounder (1) the Kermadec volcanic arc setting, (2) new beams (beneath a ship) that now routinely multibeam and submersible technology, (3) survey strips of the seafloor up to 5–10 km in undersea discovery and exploration, (4) width at a vertical resolution of 1–2 m in 3,000 m Kermadec Islands as emergent volcanoes, (5) deep water. Such seafloor mapping technology submarine volcanic processes, (6) volcano and has been the basis for the vast majority of new seafloor longevity, (7) serendipitous science geological discoveries, providing accurate and (8) seamounts and biodiversity. measurements of seafloor morphology but also characterising different types of seafloor The Kermadec region, with its line of volcanoes substrate type (Figure 3). Similarly, collaborative extending between New Zealand and Tonga deep-diving expeditions using German, (Figure 1), owes its existence to being the Japanese and US manned submersibles have boundary where two of the Earth’s larger provided further insight into active seafloor tectonic plates collide. This collision, with the processes. Three such expeditions to the Pacific Plate sliding beneath the Australian Plate, Kermadec region have occurred over the last creates the >10,000 m deep Kermadec Trench, 8 years, focusing on studies of seafloor the linear, north-east trending zone of hydrothermal venting and associated vent biota. earthquakes and active volcanoes (the southern The advantage of submersibles is that they sector of the Pacific Ring of Fire), and a backarc allow detailed sampling, including temperature zone, west of the volcanoes, of active crustal measurement and fluid sampling of rifting and faulting. Where the Kermadec hydrothermal vents, recovery of specific seafloor has been the most comprehensively hydrothermal chimney and vent species, mapped nearest New Zealand (Figure 2), the sampling of specific sulfide chimneys and 5 Kermadec region is one of the most complex video imaging of vent sites and seamounts. areas of global seafloor with an extremely heterogeneous seascape of both isolated and An important part of Kermadec research has chain volcanoes (the active Kermadec volcanic been undersea discovery and exploration – arc), pervasively faulted and deformed volcanic equivalent to the early geological mapping basement and elongate 3,000–4,000 m deep of onshore New Zealand in the mid-1880s. For rift basins that form a contiguous line near the marine scientists, this comes
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