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Article Title: The White Lead Industry in Omaha, Nebraska

Full Citation: Mark D Budka, "The White Lead Industry in Omaha, Nebraska," Nebraska History 73 (1992): 91-97.

URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1992White_Lead.pdf

Date: 4/3/2013

Article Summary: The Omaha White Lead Company was founded in 1877 to produce paint bases and lead protective coatings to sell in the urban-industrial Northeast. Lead was the standard base in paints and other coatings used to protect structures from wear and weather. The company continued as the Carter White Lead Company and manufactured white lead products until 1936, under the trade name Dutch Boy.

Cataloging Information:

Names: Charles W Mead, Charles B Rustin, Levi Carter, William A Paxton, Nathaniel Shelton, J P Gardner, A W Phelps, Edward J Cornish, David K Tuttle, James A McCreary, Frank Barker, H C Haskins, Selina Carter

Keywords: pig lead; white lead (lead carbonate); red lead (red oxide of lead); litharge (yellowish-red oxide of lead); Omaha white Lead; Carter White Lead Company; Omaha Smelting and Refining Company; Adams White Lead Company; "Dutch Process"; New York-St Louis white lead "trust"; East Omaha Land Company; Omaha Bridge and Terminal; Cut-Off Lake [renamed Carter Lake]; A W Phelps and Sons; National Lead Company of New Jersey; West Pullman; Improvement in the Manufacture of White Lead; Patent 148,862; titanium oxide paints

Photographs / Images: Omaha White Lead Company factory which burned in 1890; Levi Carter; Edward J Cornish; Patent drawings and information on patent of David K Tuttle and James A McReary; Letterhead of Carter White Lead Company THE WHITE LEAD INDUSTRY IN OMAHA, NEBRASKA

By Mark D. Budka

Following the Civil War, the oppor­ smelters and refiners moved into these However, Omaha suffered stiff com­ tunity to make money drew many men cities to exploit the vast agricultural petition from Kansas City, St. Joseph, to the newly established cities of the and mineral wealth of the West. Those Sioux City, and smaller Missouri Trans-Mississippi. Between 1870 and who settled in Omaha hoped to make River communities. l 1900 railroads, meat packers, flour that city the industrial center of the The ready availability of refined pig millers, iron and steel companies, and region. Such companies as the Union lead from the Omaha smelter inspired Pacific Railroad, the Cudahy Packing five of Omaha's entrepreneurs to found Company, Omaha Milling Company, the Omaha White Lead Company in MarkD. Budka, a student at the University of Paxton and Vierling Iron Works, and the 1877. Its purpose was to produce white Nebraska, served as an intern with the Ne­ Omaha Smelting and Refining Company lead (lead carbonate) paint bases and braska State Historical Society. resulted from this period of growth. red lead (red oxide oflead) and litharge

Omaha White Lead Company. This factory burned in 1890. A. T. Andreas, History of Nebraska, 750.

91 Nebraska History - Summer 1992

(a yellowish-red oxide of lead) protec­ tries. Strikes at the Omaha smelter tive coatings to sell in the rapidly during 1880 and 1882 threatened the developing urban-industrial North­ local supply of pig lead. The price of east. The early Romans used litharge lead and white lead products dropped as a coating in the channels of their over the nine-year period from 1876 to aqueducts. Lead was the standard base 1885 due to the large supply of pig lead in paints and other coatings used to nationally. In 1884 the continued fall of protect structures from wear and lead prices prompted eastern smelters weather. Omaha White Lead, and its to sell their stockpiles of pig lead, thus successor, the Carter White Lead forcing prices down further.8 Company, manufactured white lead The fall in lead prices and the corre­ products from 1877 to 1936.2 sponding drop in the price of white lead In 1877 a rich vein of silver-lead ore during the late 1870s and early 1880s was found in Colorado's Cripple Creek prompted different responses among basin. This rich strike made the city of white lead manufacturers. The Adams Leadville, Colorado, a legend. The White Lead Company of Baltimore smelting companies in Denver, St. failed. Several New York and St. Louis Louis, and Omaha quickly invested in white lead interests founded a syndi­ these deposits. Profits were immediate cate in 1884, which would eventually and high. The refining of silver bullion become the "White Lead Trust" under and pig lead by these companies the name "National Lead Company." yielded a supply of mintable silver and In Omaha Levi Carter, a member of the industrial lead that encouraged expan­ Levi Carter. Courtesy of Historical Omaha White Lead Company board of sion within the non-ferrous metal­ Society of Douglas County. directors, tried to reorganize the com­ lurgic industry. 3 pany financially and economize its pro­ On December 29, 1877, Charles W. duction methods.9 Mead and Charles B. Rustin, both In 1878 Omaha White Lead had directors of the Omaha Smelting and purchased from the Adams Company Refining Company, Levi Carter, a for­ user rights to the "Dutch process," mer overland freight shipper and land with adjoining Union Pacific which utilized the heat generated by Union Pacific contractor, and two other Railroad sidings. The main plant was a the interaction of acetic acid and the Omaha businessmen signed the cluster of five buildings, including a fermentation of tan bark to oxidize pig articles of incorporation for a new busi­ two-story brick mill and a large one­ lead into lead carbonate or white ness in the city of Omaha. The supply of story wood frame corroding room lead. pig lead available from the Omaha directly connected to the east side of In 1885, following the closing of the smelter suggested the feasibility of the mill. To the west of the main plant Adams plant, Carter became the owner operating a white lead plant in Omaha. were two frame warehouses and a of the Adams 1874 patent. Unlike the Omaha's position as a smelting and paint cannery.6 "Dutch" process, which corroded large railroad center promised easy access In its first year of operation, the plates of pig lead over a three-month both to the raw materials and to a Omaha White Lead Company pro­ period, this process could corrode market for white lead products. The duced 1,000 tons of dry lead, employing atomized lead pellets in a matter of new company was named the Omaha twenty laborers in the plant, which days [See page 95J . Lead pigs would be White Lead Company and its capital operated twenty-four hours a day, melted in a large furnace, then the stock set at $60,000 with a funded debt seven days a week. Sales for that year molten lead would be granulated by a of $40,000.4 amounted to $150,000. By 1880 sales jetof high pressure steam as it dropped By mid-1878 land had been had reached $250,000 and thirty into a corroding cylinder. Acetic acid purchased in southwest Omaha and a laborers were employed. William A. and carbon dioxide would be added to plant built where Twentieth Street Paxton, a notable Omaha industrialist, the cylinder to oxidize the lead. After crossed the main line of the Union was elected president of Omaha White its corrosion into lead carbonate, the Pacific Railroad.s The South Twen­ Lead during this period and Nathaniel white lead would be washed in water tieth Street plant of the Omaha White Shelton, one of the company's found­ and ground into a fine powder for mix­ Lead Company was in operation by ers, became secretary-treasurer.7 ing with linseed oil as a white paint August of 1878. It consisted of fifteen The 1880s proved troublesome to base. Carter intended to improve this buildings built on a one-acre tract of the nation's and Omaha's lead indus­ corrosion process and incorporate it 92 White Lead Industry

into his newly reorganized business, tantly, he could make more money in the Carter White Lead Company.1O the long term by rebuilding than by Omaha White Lead was bought by selling out.14 Levi Carter in 1885. The plant was In 1890 the East Omaha Land Com­ closed and renovations were begun. pany and its railroad subsidiary, the The original corroding room was Omaha Bridge and Terminal, began enlarged, and corroding cylinders selling industrial tracts northeast of replaced the stacks of corroding pots downtown Omaha. East Omaha, used in the "Dutch" process. A located on a bend in the Missouri River, machine shop, a room for the granulat­ was separated from Omaha proper by ing ovens, and several warehouses were Cut-Off Lake, later to be named after added to the original plant. Thirty Levi Carter. This oxbow had been laborers were laid off during the created by a shift in the river channel, renovation. When the plant reopened leaving a portion of Iowa on the Ne­ in August of 1886, twenty new jobs were braska side. East Omaha occupies the added to the original thirty. I I Prices land between the eastern edge of Cut­ in the lead and white lead markets Off Lake and the Missouri River. Itwas leveled out during the late 1880s, and here that Levi Carter relocated the the demand for white lead products Carter White Lead plant in 1890.15 remained stable. By 1889 Carter White Plans for the new plant were drawn Lead was producing 9,000 tons ofwhite up by J. P. Gardner ofOmaha. The con­ lead annually. Payrolls amounted to tractor was A. W. Phelps and Sons, also $58,000 a year. 12 of Omaha. The new plant was located By 1890 Levi Carter had expanded between northeast Twenty-first Street his sales to cover the entire nation. Car­ and Omaha Bridge and Terminal siding ter White Lead was by then the largest Number Five at their intersection with independent producer of white lead Locust Street. Twenty-one buildings products. This frustrated the members were called for, mainly of fireproof of the New York-St. Louis white lead brick construction. The two-story "trust." The syndicate, a conglomera­ office building stood on the north end tion of lead interests that owned lead Edward J. Cornish. (NSHS-P853) of the plant. The plant itself consisted mines, smelters, and white lead plants, of eight interconnected buildings faced strong competition from the dominated by the four-story mill and Omaha company. Carter, having drying building located at the altered the Adams process into a two­ northwest corner of the complex. To step procedure that took eight to Street plant. Within a few hours, the the south was the immense three-story twelve days, could produce white lead entire one-acre plant was destroyed. corroding house. This building covered products in one-tenth the time Upon touring the site, Carter announced an area of 15,000 square feet and required by the "Dutch" process used he would immediately rebuild the housed 139 corroding cylinders on two by the syndicate. The syndicate wished plant and continue to operate. Hoping levels. Each of these cylinders were to purchase the rights to what was then to take advantage of this misfortune, three feet in diameter, six feet long, and labeled the "Carter" process, but Car­ the syndicate sent a representative to made of white pine. The plant's ter would not sell. Carter was success­ Carter, offering him $500,000 for his capacity was set at 10,000 tons of white ful because his process was faster. It process, less the $80,000 he could lead yearly. Total cost of construction was possible to buy pig lead from the receive from the insurance policies was $200,000.16 Omaha smelter at the beginning of one covering the plant. A stipulation of the Sales yielded a profit of$52,587.09 in week and by the end ofthe second have offer was that Carter retire from the 1891, the first full year of production at a finished product on retailers' shelves. business and dissolve Carter White the new plant. Fifty men were The "Dutch" process did not offer this Lead. Carter refused. His decision to employed by the company around the turnover rate, as it could be four rebuild was three-fold: strong anti­ clock on two shifts, seven days a week. months before the purchased pig lead trust factions within the Omaha busi­ The following year, Carter's profits was made into paint. 13 ness sector supported the cause of free dou bled, nearly covering the cost ofthe On the night of June 14, 1890, a fire enterprise within the city, a ready labor new plant's construction. The 1890s broke out in the South Twentieth force was available, and most impor­ appeared to promise good business for 93 Nebraska History - Summer 1992

the white lead industry.17 River Valley caused widespread flood­ solidate its manufacturing at Chicago, In 1893 sixty-seven percent of Carter ing. On April 24 flood waters inundated close the East Omaha plant, and cut its White Lead's products were shipped North and East Omaha. The grade and operating expenses.21 east of the Mississippi River. This tracks of the Omaha Bridge and Ter­ With the suspension of production at record prompted Levi Carter to amend minal Railroad were undermined and East Omaha, the labor force was laid the company's Articles of Incorpora­ washed out at several points, prohibit­ off with the exception of the engineer­ tion in May of that year to include the ing the shipment of pig lead from the ing crew, the warehouse staff, the sales building of another plant in West Pull­ smelter. Locust Street was flooded, staff, and upper management. The man, Illinois, on Chicago's South Side. stopping streetcarand vehicular traffic economy achieved is best illustrated by Despite a major market panic thatyear, to the East Omaha factories. Although contemporary payrolls of the Chicago the business depression that followed, the East Omaha plant itself was not plant. The total payroll, excluding sales falling profits, and the diminishing flooded, the inability of the workers to and management, for August 11, 1900, value of white lead against the price of get to the factory and that of the amounted to $444.10 for fifty blue­ pig lead, plans to build the West Pull­ railroad to supply it prompted manage­ collar employees. As the East Omaha man plant went ahead as scheduled. ment to close the plant until the flood plant also employed fifty laborers, the Although profits remained low over the subsided.20 payroll can be assumed to' be similar. next four years, compared to the 1892 Following the May 1899 resumption By laying off all the laborers in the cor­ high of $117,969.57, land and building of work at the plant, management again roding and grinding departments at materials were purchased in West Pull­ closed it in 1900. The continued East Omaha, it was possible to cut man and Chicago and by 1896, the new devaluation of white lead during the blue-collar wages to approximately plant was completed.ls 1890s prompted management to $47.30 a week. This figure would Throughout the rest ofthe 1890s and economize in production and labor in include the wages of two engineers on into the new century, the total market order to maintain its profit margin. The two shifts daily to maintain the plant value of white lead products would total annual capabilities of both the and one warehouseman keeping increase as would Carter's sales. East Omaha and West Pullman plants records of East Omaha sales and ship­ However, the price of pig lead would were 30,000 tons of white lead, with ments from Chicago.22 sharply increase, preventing a high pro­ East Omaha capable of 10,000 tons per Following Carter's death on Novem­ fit margin. This again prompted the year and West Pullman capable of ber 7, 1903, the Carter White Lead white lead syndicate to offer Carter a 20,000. Actual production during the board of directors elected Edward J. purchase proposal. National Lead period amounted to only one-third of Cornish to the presidency. Cornish had Company ofNew Jersey, the combined this capacity. The West Pullman plant been the Carter family's attorney and conglomerate of formerly independent could easily absorb East Omaha's pro­ close friend. Cornish's reputation as a New York and St. Louis lead interests, portion of manufacturing. And it was former member of the corporate law offered Carter $1,000,000 for the entire now possible for the company to firm of Barker and Cornish left him in capital stock and physical plant of Car­ cheaply ship Chicago-made white lead good standing with the stockholders of ter White Lead. Carter, upon con­ products to the East Omaha plant the company. Cornish set about to sidering the offer, refused to sell for less warehouse for storage and sale. The expand Carter White Lead's produc­ than $1,500,000.00. H. C. Haskins, who location of the West Pullman plant was tion and to ensure his own position represented National Lead, con­ located on the Chicago-Blue Island within the industry. He proceeded to sidered this too high. Despite the branch of the Illinois Central Railroad. reopen the East Omaha plant and gain increase in the price of pig lead in 1902, In December of 1899 the Illinois Cen­ a foothold in the Canadian white lead sales had again put Carter's profit tral completed its Chicago-Council market.23 margin over the $100,000.00 mark dur­ Bluffs, Iowa mainline. In order to cross By January of 1905, the East Omaha ing that year. Although National Lead the Missouri River into Omaha, the plant was again in full operation, and would continue into 1903 to push for a Illinois Central leased the Omaha land had been purchased in Montreal buyout, Levi Carter wished to remain Bridge and Terminal Railway on which to build another 20,000 ton-plant. This independent of the syndicate.19 the East Omaha plant was located. new plant was built to the specifica­ Between 1896, when the West Pull­ This allowed Carter White Lead to ship tior1s of the West Pullman works and man plant was opened, and the death of its Chicago products to Omaha at the was operating at the end of that year. It Levi Carter in November of 1903, the established minimum rate between the was the first and only white lead cor­ operations of the East Omaha plant two cities, eliminating the costly and roder in Canada. Cornish contracted were suspended twice. The first plant time-consuming transfers of other with the Canadian Smelting Works of closing occurred in April of 1899. Heavy Chicago-Omaha carriers. Both of these Trail, British Columbia, and the spring rains throughout the Missouri measures allowed the company to con­ Canadian Pacific Railroad to supply 94 White Lead Industry

.Fl.g. .z.

David K. Tuttle and James A. pipe (D) has a jet striking the falling product is then removed for washing McCreary of Baltimore in 1873 applied lead. and grinding. Drawings for an alternate for a patent for a "New and Improved form of corroding vessel (not shown) process for the Manufacture of White Figures 1 and 2 (right) show a corrod­ were submitted with the patent Lead." It consisted of running melted ing vessel or cylinder to which the metal application. lead through a small aperture, where it was transferred for conversion into was granulated and then blown into a white lead. Figure 2 is a cross section of David K. Tuttle and James A. McCreary, Improvement in the Manufacture of White Lead, collection chamber. Figures 1 and 2 the cylinder seen in figure 1. The letter of patent number 148,862 presented to the (left) in the patent drawings illustrate granulated metal was moved into the United States Patent Office, Washington, D.C., a furnace upon which is placed a melt­ cylinder and kept in slight motion. The March 24, 1874. (NSHS-MS 4098) ing pot or kettle (A), provided with one slow movement of the particles of lead or more nozzles (G) from which a and the injection of corroding gases stream of melted metal was permitted through nozzles were maintained until to flow by raising the valve (F). A steam no metallic particles remained. The

95 Nebraska History - Summer 1992

eARTER WH I=TE: LEAD eO.

NEW VORl{ PHllAO£.l. PH IA, BUFFA LO, CI..E:.VE.I.ANO OE- iROIT PITTSaURG. $'" PAUL , ST LO U IS, N CW ORLCANS &AN FRA.NCI$CO, FRANK BARKER LOCAL MANAGER K ....NSAS CITv 8AI..T1MOR£. . CI N CINNATI. ME.MPI'iIS. OMAHA NEB S~VA N NA A.TLA N TAO~l{ ' W4j~UTH M INNr..... POUS DATED AT Clll CAf~O OMAHA. NEB .. W EST Pvu..M"N P O .

Letterhead of Carter White Lead Co mpany. The Omaha plant is shown at top right. (NSHS-MS4098) him with pig lead. Canadian Smelting exchange for Carter White Lead's Carter White Lead board of directors was apparently the only smelter in entire capital stock and the rights to the was called for February 24, 1926, for Canada and was then under govern­ "Carter" process. Cornish became a this purpose. The plant was sold for ment control. With three plants operat­ member of the National Lead board $7,000 to the Platte Valley Cement Tile ing by 1906, Carter White Lead could and played a significant role in its Manufacturing Company the following meet nearly one-half of North development as its president from 1916 month. The buildings were gradually America's demand for white lead until his death in May of 1938. 26 torn down during the 1930s and products.24 With the merger . of Carter White 1940s.28 It is interesting to note that during Lead and the National Lead Company, In its twenty-nine years as an the two-year period E. J. Cornish pre­ Omaha's days as a white lead manufac­ independent, Carter White Lead sided over the CarterWhite Lead Com­ turer were numbered. Throughout strongly controlled a national industry. pany, he invested heavily in the 1906 and into 1907, the Carter White Omaha's central location nationally, its National Lead Company with money Lead board kept the East Omaha plant significance as a major transportation he received from Carter White Lead in operation. However in 1907, the com­ hub, and the proximity of its connect­ and Levi Carter's widow, Selina Carter. panies representing the paint interests ing railroad lines to lead resources and According to the financial records of of National Lead decided to to white lead markets lent to the com­ Carter White Lead, E . J . Cornish amalgamate their products under one pany's success. In holding the patents purchased no less than $41,050.00 in name: Dutch Boy. From 1907 on, Car­ to an innovative and expedient method National Lead stock. Numerous letters ter White Lead produced Carter Lead of lead corrosion, coupled with Levi between Cornish and the New York Based Paints only out of their Chicago Carter's conservative business prac­ offices of National Lead suggest that plant and sold them through Dutch Boy tices, Carter White Lead was allowed relations between the two companies distributors. The Carter White Lead to hold its independent status against were cordial. National Lead, having for board continued to meet in Omaha the National Lead monopoly and name years tried to eliminate Carter White every year as required by Nebraska its own price for consolidation. Lead, probably welcomed Cornish's law, but its significance as a Nebraska The dissolution of the Carter White interest and encouraged his invest­ company died with the closing of the Lead Company as an Omaha industry ments.2S East Omaha plant in 1907,27 in 1907 lay not in the financial hard In February of 1906 Edward J. Cor­ In 1910 National Lead appraised the time's of the 1890s or the Panic of 1907 nish reached an agreement with the value of the East Omaha plant at but in the shrewd ambitions of Levi National Lead board of directors. Car­ $203,592 for insurance purposes. Carter's business lawyer and executor, ter White Lead was brought under the Apparently the buildings were kept up E. J. Cornish. The powers Carter White control of National Lead as a sub­ between 1910 and 1920. In 1926 Carter Lead held over the syndicate bought sidiary, while the officers of the Carter White Lead sold off its East Omaha Cornish his long-standing place as Company maintained their offices in properties. A special meeting of the president of National Lead after Car­ 96 White Lead Industry

ter's death in 1903. The 1907 closing of braska (New York: Sanborn Map Company, 19Financial Statements, 1891-1900; Purchase 1887),34. Option between Carter White Lead Company the East Omaha plant was a result ofits '''White Lead Works Burned"; Sterba, and H . C. Haskins, National Lead Company, obsolescence and small productive Buildings of the 80s in Omaha, 82-83. 1899; H. C. Haskins to Levi Carter, Mar. 7, Mar. capacity. This was in comparison to 'Ronald M. Gephart, "Politicians, Soldiers, 20, 1899; Levi Carter to H. C. Haskins, Mar. 18, and Strikes," Nebraska History 46 (June 1965): 1899; Statement of the Affairs of the Carter Carter's newer plants in Chicago and 94-116; Fell, Ores to Metals, 118-20. White Lead Company Ending with Nov. 30,1902, Montreal and later plants owned by 'Petition to the Senate and House of Rep­ Carter White Lead Collection; Fell, Ores to National Lead itself. resentatives of the United States of America in Metals, 129-30. Congress Assembled, n.d.; Levi Carter to H. C. 211"Levi Carter, Pioneer Capitalist and Carter White Lead Company, found­ Haskins, Feb. 22, 1899, Carter White Lead Philanthropist," Omaha Sunday Bee, July 19, ed under the auspices of Nebraska Collection; Ernst Von Halle, Trusts, or Industrial 1908, pt. 3, 1-2; "Six Hundred are Homeless," Combinations and Coalitions (New York: Mac­ Omaha World-Herald, Apr. 25, 1899, 1. law in 1886, remained a separate sub­ millan and Company, 1895), 329; Fell, Ores to "U.S. Dept. ofCommerce and Labor to Carter sidiary of National Lead until 1936. Its Metals, 129-30. White Lead Company, Oct. 3, 1904; Comparative demise in 1936 was merely a matter of l11Contract between Adams White Lead Com­ Sales for Chicago for the Year 1900-01; Compara­ pany and Omaha White Lead Company, May 18, tive Sales for the Year, Omaha, 1901; Contract corporate consolidation into the parent 1882; Petition to the Senate and House of Rep­ Between Illinois Central Railroad and Carter company. Today, only the name of the resentatives, n.d.; Articles ofIncorporation, Dec. White Lead Company, June 9, 1925, Carter 1874 process improved by Levi Carter 28, 1885; Levi Carter to H. C. Haskins, Feb. 22, White Lead Collection; "Will Use the North 1899, Carter White Lead Collection; David K. Bridge," Omaha Daily News, Jan. 16, 1900, 3; in 1885 remains. Concern over the tox­ Tuttle and James A. McCreary, Improvements in Robert Selph Henry, This Fascinating Railroad icity of white lead resulted in the the Manufacture of White Lead, Letters Patent Business (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Com­ Number 148,862, United States Patent Office, pany, 1943), 335-56. development of titanium dioxide Washington, D.C., Mar. 24, 1874. 22Chicago Payroll, Aug. 11, 1900, Carter White paints following World War I and by "Levi Carter to H. C. Haskins, Feb. 22 , 1899, Lead Collection. 1940, white lead was not in common Carter White Lead Collection; Insurance Maps of 23"Levi Carter, Pioneer Capitalist and Cities and Towns in Douglas Co unty, Nebraska Philanthropist"; Biography of Edward Joel Cor­ use. Lead paints are still used as a pro­ (New York: Sanborn Map Company, 1890), 20; nish in The National Cyclopaedia of American tective coating for ship hulls and other "White Lead Works Burned"; Sterba, Buildings Biography, 1935 edition, 50; Letter and restricted industrial uses. The Carter of the 80s in Omaha, 19. Statements of Chicago Plant Shipments, 1904, " "White Lead Works Burned"; Sterba, Carter White Lead Collection. process used today in manufacturing Buildings of the 80s in Omaha, 19. 24Memorandum of Agreement between the lead paint, although technologically lJSterba, Buildings of the 80s in Omaha, 19; Canadian Smelting Works and Edward J . Cor­ "Levi Carter's Temptation, " Omaha World­ nish, n.d.; Specifications of Chicago Plant, n.d., improved, still bears the name of the Herald, June 17, 1890, 1; Fell, Ores to Metals, 129­ MS3295, Barker Family Company Business man who owned its original patent for 30; Alexander Stewart, "White Lead," in Rogers ' Records, State Archives, Nebraska State His­ nearly a quarter of a century, Levi Car­ Manual ofIndustrial CheTJ1,istry, ed. by C. C. Fur­ torical Society, Lincoln (hereafter cited as 29 nas, Sixth Ed., vol. 2 (New York: D. Van Nostrand Barker Family Collection); Letter and Statement ter of Omaha, Nebraska. Company, 1943), 1021; H. C. Haskins to Levi Car­ of Chicago Plant Shipments, 1904; P. M. Carter ter, Feb. 27 , 1899; Levi Carter to H. C. Haskins, to E. J. Cornish, Mar. 27,1906, Carter White Lead Mar. 4, 1899, Carter White Lead Collection. Collection. 14"White Lead Works Burned"; "Levi 15E. J. Cornish to L. A. Cole, Aug. 25,1906, Car­ Carter's Temptation." ter White Lead Collection. NOTES 15"The New Bridge Project," Omaha Daily '6Letter to the Stockholders of Carter White 1Lawrence H. Larsen and Barbara J. Cottrell, Bee, Jan. 19, 1891 , 8; Elmo Bryant Phillips, "A Lead Company, Feb. 27, 1906, Barker Family Th e Gate City (Boulder, Colorado: Pruett History of Street Railways in Nebraska" (Mas­ Collection; Cornish Biography. Publishing Company, 1982), 61-88; Edward ter's Thesis, University of Nebraska, 1944),407­ " E. J . Cornish to Charles W. Ferguson, Jan. 17, Sterba, Buildings of the 80s in Omaha (Omaha, 13; East Omaha Land Company, East Omaha, 1907, Carter White Lead Collection; P. J. Van Nebraska: Standard Blue, 1976), 80-81, 92-93. The Manufacturing Center of Omaha, Nebraska, Buren, regional manager, Dutch Boy Paints, Mid­ ' Articles of Incorporation of the Carter White 1890, map collection, Nebraska State Historical dleburg Heights, Ohio, to author, Nov. 1, 1989; Lead Company, Feb. 26, 1878; Levi Carter to H. Society; Specifications for East Omaha Plant, Arthur C. Wakeley, ed., Omaha: The Gate City, C. Haskins, Feb. 22, 1899, MS4098, Records of 1890, Carter White Lead Collection. vol. 1 (Chicago: S. J . Clarke Publishing Company, the CarterWhite Lead Company, State Archives, I·Specifications for East Omaha Plant, 1890; 1917), 226-27. Nebraska State Historical Society, Lincoln contract between Carter White Lead Company 'SPlant Appraisal, May 7, 1910; J. J . Morseman (hereafter cited as Carter White Lead Collec­ and A. W. Phelps and Sons, July 17, 1890; Coats to J. A. Boand, Feb. 24, 1926, Carter White Lead tion). M. R. Moore, B. C. Campbell and A. and Burchard Company Appraisal of East Collection; Register of East Omaha Land Com­ Goldberg, "Lead," chap. in The Chemical Omaha Plant, May 7, 1910, Carter White Lead pany Subdivision Addition to Omaha City, Deed Environment, vor6 ofThe Environmentand Man Collection; Omaha Bridge and Terminal Railway Book, vol. 22, Register of Deeds, Douglas County Series, ed. John Lenihan and William W. Company, Parts of Omaha and East Omaha, Courthouse, Omaha, 106-07. Fletcher (New York: Academic Press, 1977), 67 . 1911, map collection, Nebraska State Historical 29Articles ofIncorporation, Dec. 29, 1885; M. D. JJames E . Fell, Jr., Ores to Metals (Lincoln: Society. Cole to J . J. Morseman, Jan. 7, 1937, Carter University of Nebraska Press, 1979) , 83-94. "Coats and Burchard Company Appraisal of White Lead Collection; W. M. Morgans, Outlines "Ibid., 73; Articles of Incorporation, Feb. 26, East Omaha Plant, May 7, 1910; Financial ofPaint Technology (London: Charles Griffin and 1878, Carter White Lead Collection; "White Statements, Dec. 31, 1891 , Nov. 31,1892; Chicago Company), 29; Moore, Campbell, and Goldberg, Lead Works Burned," Omaha Daily Bee, June 15, Plant payrolls, 1897-1901, Carter White Lead "Lead," 67-68; Edward J . Dunn, Jr., "Lead 1890,2. Collection. Pigments," chap. in Pigments, ed. Raymond R. ' Mortgage, Jan. 17, 1883, Carter White Lead 18Increase in Sales Record, 1902; Amended Myers and J. S. Long, vol. 3 in the Treaties on Collection. Articles ofIncorporation, May 19, 1893; Financial Coatings Series (New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., "Ibid.; "White Lead Works Burned"; Insurance Statement, Nov. 31, 1892, Carter White Lead 1975),333-417. Maps of Cities and Towns in Douglas County, Ne­ Collection.

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