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The White Lead Industry in Omaha, Nebraska

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The White Lead Industry in Omaha, Nebraska Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: The White Lead Industry in Omaha, Nebraska Full Citation: Mark D Budka, "The White Lead Industry in Omaha, Nebraska," Nebraska History 73 (1992): 91-97. URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1992White_Lead.pdf Date: 4/3/2013 Article Summary: The Omaha White Lead Company was founded in 1877 to produce paint bases and lead protective coatings to sell in the urban-industrial Northeast. Lead was the standard base in paints and other coatings used to protect structures from wear and weather. The company continued as the Carter White Lead Company and manufactured white lead products until 1936, under the trade name Dutch Boy. Cataloging Information: Names: Charles W Mead, Charles B Rustin, Levi Carter, William A Paxton, Nathaniel Shelton, J P Gardner, A W Phelps, Edward J Cornish, David K Tuttle, James A McCreary, Frank Barker, H C Haskins, Selina Carter Keywords: pig lead; white lead (lead carbonate); red lead (red oxide of lead); litharge (yellowish-red oxide of lead); Omaha white Lead; Carter White Lead Company; Omaha Smelting and Refining Company; Adams White Lead Company; "Dutch Process"; New York-St Louis white lead "trust"; East Omaha Land Company; Omaha Bridge and Terminal; Cut-Off Lake [renamed Carter Lake]; A W Phelps and Sons; National Lead Company of New Jersey; West Pullman; Improvement in the Manufacture of White Lead; Patent 148,862; titanium oxide paints Photographs / Images: Omaha White Lead Company factory which burned in 1890; Levi Carter; Edward J Cornish; Patent drawings and information on patent of David K Tuttle and James A McReary; Letterhead of Carter White Lead Company THE WHITE LEAD INDUSTRY IN OMAHA, NEBRASKA By Mark D. Budka Following the Civil War, the oppor­ smelters and refiners moved into these However, Omaha suffered stiff com­ tunity to make money drew many men cities to exploit the vast agricultural petition from Kansas City, St. Joseph, to the newly established cities of the and mineral wealth of the West. Those Sioux City, and smaller Missouri Trans-Mississippi. Between 1870 and who settled in Omaha hoped to make River communities. l 1900 railroads, meat packers, flour that city the industrial center of the The ready availability of refined pig millers, iron and steel companies, and region. Such companies as the Union lead from the Omaha smelter inspired Pacific Railroad, the Cudahy Packing five of Omaha's entrepreneurs to found Company, Omaha Milling Company, the Omaha White Lead Company in MarkD. Budka, a student at the University of Paxton and Vierling Iron Works, and the 1877. Its purpose was to produce white Nebraska, served as an intern with the Ne­ Omaha Smelting and Refining Company lead (lead carbonate) paint bases and braska State Historical Society. resulted from this period of growth. red lead (red oxide oflead) and litharge Omaha White Lead Company. This factory burned in 1890. A. T. Andreas, History of Nebraska, 750. 91 Nebraska History - Summer 1992 (a yellowish-red oxide of lead) protec­ tries. Strikes at the Omaha smelter tive coatings to sell in the rapidly during 1880 and 1882 threatened the developing urban-industrial North­ local supply of pig lead. The price of east. The early Romans used litharge lead and white lead products dropped as a coating in the channels of their over the nine-year period from 1876 to aqueducts. Lead was the standard base 1885 due to the large supply of pig lead in paints and other coatings used to nationally. In 1884 the continued fall of protect structures from wear and lead prices prompted eastern smelters weather. Omaha White Lead, and its to sell their stockpiles of pig lead, thus successor, the Carter White Lead forcing prices down further.8 Company, manufactured white lead The fall in lead prices and the corre­ products from 1877 to 1936.2 sponding drop in the price of white lead In 1877 a rich vein of silver-lead ore during the late 1870s and early 1880s was found in Colorado's Cripple Creek prompted different responses among basin. This rich strike made the city of white lead manufacturers. The Adams Leadville, Colorado, a legend. The White Lead Company of Baltimore smelting companies in Denver, St. failed. Several New York and St. Louis Louis, and Omaha quickly invested in white lead interests founded a syndi­ these deposits. Profits were immediate cate in 1884, which would eventually and high. The refining of silver bullion become the "White Lead Trust" under and pig lead by these companies the name "National Lead Company." yielded a supply of mintable silver and In Omaha Levi Carter, a member of the industrial lead that encouraged expan­ Levi Carter. Courtesy of Historical Omaha White Lead Company board of sion within the non-ferrous metal­ Society of Douglas County. directors, tried to reorganize the com­ lurgic industry. 3 pany financially and economize its pro­ On December 29, 1877, Charles W. duction methods.9 Mead and Charles B. Rustin, both In 1878 Omaha White Lead had directors of the Omaha Smelting and purchased from the Adams Company Refining Company, Levi Carter, a for­ user rights to the "Dutch process," mer overland freight shipper and land with adjoining Union Pacific which utilized the heat generated by Union Pacific contractor, and two other Railroad sidings. The main plant was a the interaction of acetic acid and the Omaha businessmen signed the cluster of five buildings, including a fermentation of tan bark to oxidize pig articles of incorporation for a new busi­ two-story brick mill and a large one­ lead into lead carbonate or white ness in the city of Omaha. The supply of story wood frame corroding room lead. pig lead available from the Omaha directly connected to the east side of In 1885, following the closing of the smelter suggested the feasibility of the mill. To the west of the main plant Adams plant, Carter became the owner operating a white lead plant in Omaha. were two frame warehouses and a of the Adams 1874 patent. Unlike the Omaha's position as a smelting and paint cannery.6 "Dutch" process, which corroded large railroad center promised easy access In its first year of operation, the plates of pig lead over a three-month both to the raw materials and to a Omaha White Lead Company pro­ period, this process could corrode market for white lead products. The duced 1,000 tons of dry lead, employing atomized lead pellets in a matter of new company was named the Omaha twenty laborers in the plant, which days [See page 95J . Lead pigs would be White Lead Company and its capital operated twenty-four hours a day, melted in a large furnace, then the stock set at $60,000 with a funded debt seven days a week. Sales for that year molten lead would be granulated by a of $40,000.4 amounted to $150,000. By 1880 sales jetof high pressure steam as it dropped By mid-1878 land had been had reached $250,000 and thirty into a corroding cylinder. Acetic acid purchased in southwest Omaha and a laborers were employed. William A. and carbon dioxide would be added to plant built where Twentieth Street Paxton, a notable Omaha industrialist, the cylinder to oxidize the lead. After crossed the main line of the Union was elected president of Omaha White its corrosion into lead carbonate, the Pacific Railroad.s The South Twen­ Lead during this period and Nathaniel white lead would be washed in water tieth Street plant of the Omaha White Shelton, one of the company's found­ and ground into a fine powder for mix­ Lead Company was in operation by ers, became secretary-treasurer.7 ing with linseed oil as a white paint August of 1878. It consisted of fifteen The 1880s proved troublesome to base. Carter intended to improve this buildings built on a one-acre tract of the nation's and Omaha's lead indus­ corrosion process and incorporate it 92 White Lead Industry into his newly reorganized business, tantly, he could make more money in the Carter White Lead Company.1O the long term by rebuilding than by Omaha White Lead was bought by selling out.14 Levi Carter in 1885. The plant was In 1890 the East Omaha Land Com­ closed and renovations were begun. pany and its railroad subsidiary, the The original corroding room was Omaha Bridge and Terminal, began enlarged, and corroding cylinders selling industrial tracts northeast of replaced the stacks of corroding pots downtown Omaha. East Omaha, used in the "Dutch" process. A located on a bend in the Missouri River, machine shop, a room for the granulat­ was separated from Omaha proper by ing ovens, and several warehouses were Cut-Off Lake, later to be named after added to the original plant. Thirty Levi Carter. This oxbow had been laborers were laid off during the created by a shift in the river channel, renovation. When the plant reopened leaving a portion of Iowa on the Ne­ in August of 1886, twenty new jobs were braska side.
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