DOCSLIB.ORG

Study of Unobserved Factors in Fatty Acids with Exploratory Data Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Study of Unobserved Factors in Fatty Acids with Exploratory Data Analysis Title Study of unobserved factors in fatty acids with exploratory data analysis Author(s) 陳, 一凡 Citation 北海道大学. 博士(情報科学) 甲第14176号 Issue Date 2020-06-30 DOI 10.14943/doctoral.k14176 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/79055 Type theses (doctoral) File Information Yifan_Chen.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Study of Unobserved Factors in Fatty Acids with Exploratory Data Analysis Yifan Chen 1 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Background of our study ...................................................................................... 4 1.2 The purpose of our study ..................................................................................... 6 1.3 The structure of this study................................................................................... 8 2. Knowledge of fatty acids ............................................................................................... 9 2.1 Chain length of fatty acids ................................................................................... 9 2.2 Saturation .......................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Triglyceride ....................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Vitamin D .......................................................................................................... 16 2.5 Digestion and nutrition ..................................................................................... 17 2.6 Lipids and health ............................................................................................... 26 3. Knowledge of exploratory data analysis ...................................................................... 33 3.1 Functional data analysis ..................................................................................... 33 3.1.1 Functionalization ..................................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Functional clustering ............................................................................... 41 3.1.3 Time series data analysis ......................................................................... 43 3.2 Dimension reduction methods .......................................................................... 45 3.2.1 Principal component analysis .................................................................. 45 3.2.2 Factor analysis ......................................................................................... 45 3.2.3 Independent component analysis ............................................................ 48 2 3.2.4 Common principal component analysis .................................................. 49 4. Analysis on serum fatty acid dataset ........................................................................... 53 4.1 Serum fatty acid dataset ..................................................................................... 53 4.2 Analysis on free fatty acid and total fatty acid dataset ....................................... 57 4.2.1 Purpose .................................................................................................... 57 4.2.2 Result of analysis ..................................................................................... 57 4.2.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 71 4.3 Analysis on serum cholesteryl ester dataset ....................................................... 73 4.3.1 Purpose .................................................................................................... 73 4.2.2 Results of analysis .................................................................................... 74 4.3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 81 4.4 Analysis on common component analysis ......................................................... 82 4.4.1 Purpose .................................................................................................... 82 4.4.2 Result of analysis ..................................................................................... 82 4.4.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 84 5. Analysis on milk fatty acid dataset .............................................................................. 85 5.1 Milk fatty acid dataset ........................................................................................ 85 5.2 Method of analysis ............................................................................................. 87 5.3 Result of analysis ............................................................................................... 92 5.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 94 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 104 3 1. Introduction 1.1 Background of our study Fatty acid plays an important role in human health and fat-related diseases. Fatty acids can be obtained from various foods or biosynthesized in the body (Fig. 1.1). Food lipids are digested and absorbed at intestine, and transferred via circulation to various organs. Cells contain various lipid pools in organelle. Lipids are exchanged between organelle via intracellular lipid traffics and metabolism. Organs contain unique lipid constituents, and exchange them with plasma lipoproteins across cell membranes. Lipoproteins consist of various lipoprotein particles having unique lipid compositions, such as chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Lipids are exchanged among lipoprotein particles and free fatty acids associated with albumin in circulation. Thus, plasma lipids reflect complex lipid pools and metabolism in the body. Fig. 1.1 Various lipid pools and their relationship 4 Currently, fatty acids are regarded as one of the most important molecules in various pathological conditions, they can provide us energy, cholesterol or other lipids, and they also have signaling function, and help cells interface. Therefore, fatty acids have an essential relationship with our body and health condition. By studying on fatty acids, we can have a good understanding on our health condition. Adjusting fatty acids intake in a scientific way is an economic and significant way to control our health condition (prevent and manage diseases), especially in remote and not well-developed areas. Fatty acids are classified into free fatty acids and esterified fatty acids. Esterified fatty acids are further divided into cholesterol esters (CE), triglycerides, and phospholipids. According to the carbon chain-length and the number and location of double bond, CEs and triglycerides have also diversity in the structure. Moreover, fatty acids undergo various metabolic processes including dietary intake, enteric absorption, plasma lipoprotein metabolism, enzymatic modification (esterification, cleavage, elongation and desaturation of fatty acyl chain), and secretion as triglyceride in milk. Because of complexity of fatty acid, characteristics features of fatty acids in biological samples naturally generates a high-dimension dataset. Due to the variety and complexity in fatty acid dataset, it is hardly possible to extract unobserved but important factors in dataset. Therefore, it is necessary to use multivariate analysis to extract the unobserved factors from the dataset. Exploratory data analysis is a procedure to interpret and analyze data to give information for further data study and gathering. We can find latent factors in dataset by exploratory data analysis with more ease. In exploratory data analysis, there are many classical methods, such as principal component analysis, factor analysis, and independent component analysis. It is not sufficient to induce unobserved factors only with classical methods, thus advanced methods, such as functional regression analysis and functional clustering, common principal component analysis are conducted. Exploratory data analysis is a large conception consisting of many statistical methods to deal with various dataset and give further information on more accurate data feature interpretation. 5 Therefore, exploratory data analysis has become important in analytical and clinical chemistry, especially for analyses of large and complicated biological or medical datasets generated from comprehensive mass spectrometry. Previous epidemiological studies on fatty acid metabolism have not utilized exploratory data analysis, but have carried out only simple statistic approaches. For instance, fatty acid composition of CEs has been studied with special interests to 1) its correlation with other lipids or other sample characteristics such as gender effect and ageing (Chen, Z., et al., 2019), and 2) estimation of the risk for myocardial infarction (Öhrvall, M., et al., 1996) and diabetes (Vessby, B., et al., 1994), 3) search for new biomarkers of cancer (Zhang, Y., et al., 2016) and inflammation (Khorsan, R., et al., 2014), and 4) simple discriminant analysis of two or more groups of dataset (Jung, Y., et al., 2018). However, previous studies including the above literatures
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemical Synthesis of a Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid, Hexacosanoic Acid (C26:0), and the Ceramide Containing Hexacosanoic Acid
    J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 61, 222–227, 2015 Chemical Synthesis of a Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid, Hexacosanoic Acid (C26:0), and the Ceramide Containing Hexacosanoic Acid Yoshinori YAMAMOTO, Toshimasa ITOH and Keiko YAMAMOTO* Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3–3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194–8543, Japan (Received December 24, 2014) Summary Hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) (1), a very long-chain fatty acid, is related to vari- ous diseases such as adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and atherosclerosis. As the level of 1 higher than the normal is related to diseases above, hexa- cosanoic acid (1) and the ceramide 2, which contains 1, are thought to play an important role in various tissues. Hexacosanoic acid (1) is known to be a waxy solid and to be hard to dissolve in water as well as organic solvents. Due to this physical property, it is not easy to handle hexacosanoic acid (1) in a laboratory. Therefore, efficient chemical synthesis of the compounds 1 and 2 has not been reported. Here, we report a versatile synthetic method for hexacosanoic acid (1) and the ceramide 2 containing the fatty acid 1. Synthesis of hexa- cosanoic acid (1) was achieved by applying the coupling of two alkyl units as a key step. Ceramide 2 was efficiently synthesized by applying the reported procedure together with hexacosanoic acid (1) synthesized here. This synthetic strategy has an advantage of getting various carbon chain length fatty acids and their ceramides by using a variety of carbon chain units. This method is also applicable for large-scale synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • • Waxes Are Simple Lipids Containing Fatty Acid Joined to Long Chin Alcohol
    Waxes • Waxes are simple lipids containing fatty acid joined to long chin alcohol • They are esters of saturated long chain FA and long chain alcohol • In plants they are coatings that prevent water loss by leaves. • They are water insoluble soft solids with low melting point. • The can be obtained from – Insects – Minerals • Paraffin • Beeswax – Plants – Animal • Carnuba • Cocoa butter • Spermaceti 6/28/2020 1 Beeswax • Beeswax is the purified wax obtained from honeycomb of hive bee, Apis mellifera Linn and other species. • White beeswax is obtained by treating yellow beeswax chemically with potassium permanganate, chromic acid or chlorine or charcoal • When cold, yellow wax is brittle and when broken, shows presence of a dull, granular, non-crystalline fracture. • Yellow wax is insoluble in water and sparingly soluble in cold alcohol. • It is completely soluble in chloroform, ether, and fixed or volatile oils, partly soluble in cold benzene or in carbon disulphide. 6/28/2020 2 Beeswax… • Beeswax contains – myricin, which is melissyl palmitate; melting point 64°C, – Free cerotic acid (C26H52O2), – Myricyl alcohol (C30H61OH) – Melissic acid, some unsaturated acids of the oleic series, ceryl alcohol, and 12 to 13% higher hydrocarbons are present. • Beeswax is used in the preparation of ointments, plaster, and polishes. 6/28/2020 3 Cocoa butter • Synonyms: theobroma oil, cocao beans, semina theobromatis. • obtained from roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao Linn. • Cocoa seeds contain nearly 50% of cocoa butter. preparation Separation of seed from pod Fermentation at 30-40°C for 3-6 days Roasting at 100-140°C Cooling & nibbling Hot rolling to get butter Purification 6/28/2020 4 Cocoa butter… • Cocoa butter is yellowish white solid and brittle below 25°C.
    [Show full text]
  • Peroxisomal Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation in Relation to the Accumulation Of
    Peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation in relation to the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with Zellweger syndrome and other peroxisomal disorders. R J Wanders, … , A W Schram, J M Tager J Clin Invest. 1987;80(6):1778-1783. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI113271. Research Article The peroxisomal oxidation of the long chain fatty acid palmitate (C16:0) and the very long chain fatty acids lignocerate (C24:0) and cerotate (C26:0) was studied in freshly prepared homogenates of cultured skin fibroblasts from control individuals and patients with peroxisomal disorders. The peroxisomal oxidation of the fatty acids is almost completely dependent on the addition of ATP, coenzyme A (CoA), Mg2+ and NAD+. However, the dependency of the oxidation of palmitate on the concentration of the cofactors differs markedly from that of the oxidation of lignocerate and cerotate. The peroxisomal oxidation of all three fatty acid substrates is markedly deficient in fibroblasts from patients with the Zellweger syndrome, the neonatal form of adrenoleukodystrophy and the infantile form of Refsum disease, in accordance with the deficiency of peroxisomes in these patients. In fibroblasts from patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy the peroxisomal oxidation of lignocerate and cerotate is impaired, but not that of palmitate. Competition experiments indicate that in fibroblasts, as in rat liver, distinct enzyme systems are responsible for the oxidation of palmitate on the one hand and lignocerate and cerotate on the other hand. Fractionation studies indicate that in rat liver activation of cerotate and lignocerate to cerotoyl-CoA and lignoceroyl-CoA, respectively, occurs in two subcellular fractions, the endoplasmic reticulum and the peroxisomes but not in the mitochondria.
    [Show full text]
  • View Data Sheet
    PRODUCT DATA SHEET Hexacosanoic acid Catalog number: 1251 Molecular Weight: 397 Common Name: C26:0 Fatty acid; cerotic acid Storage: room temperature Source: synthetic Purity: TLC: 99%, GC >99% Solubility: chloroform, ethyl ether TLC System: hexane/ethyl ether/acetic acid CAS number: 506-46-7 (85:15:1 by vol.) Molecular Formula: C 26 H52 O2 Appearance: solid HO O Application Notes: This high purity very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) is ideal as a standard and for biological studies. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited disorder of peroxisomal metabolism and is characterized by deficient β- oxidation of saturated very long chain fatty acids such as hexacosanoic acid. Indeed, some studies show hexacosanoic acid as the most prevalent VLCFA in X-ALD, causing oxidative damage of proteins early on in the disease. 1 Hexacosanoic acid has also been found to be closely linked to a high risk of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. 2 In plants, VLCFA are converted to long chain hydrocarbons which are used to make waxes that are essential to their survival. 3 VLCFA acylated to sphingolipids are critical in many biological functions 4 and substantial amounts are found to be amide-linked to the long- chain sphingoid base sphinganine, forming a ceramide, which constitutes the lipid backbone of sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids. VLCFA can often be found in esterified linkages with cholesterol, gangliosides, galactocerebrosides, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylcholine. In myelin, VLCFA are important in increasing the structural stability. Selected References: 1. S. Fourcade et al. “Valproic acid induces antioxidant effects in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy” Human Molecular Genetics , vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatty Acid Mass Spectrometry Protocol Updated 12/2010 by Aaron Armando
    Fatty Acid Mass Spectrometry Protocol Updated 12/2010 By Aaron Armando Synopsis: This protocol describes the standard method for extracting and quantifying free fatty acids and total fatty acids via negative ion chemical ionization GC-MS. Samples can be cells, media, plasma, or tissue. Methanol, HCl and deuterated internal standards are added to cell or media samples that are then extracted with iso-octane and derivatized to pentafluorobenzyl esters for GC analysis. Samples are then analyzed by GC-MS along with a standard curve consisting of unlabeled primary fatty acid standards mixed with the same deuterated internal standards added to the samples. The ratios of unlabeled to labeled standard are measured for the standard curve and used to determine unlabeled analyte levels for samples. All operating parameters for the instrument are contained in the raw data files, all other conditions are listed here. Storage: All samples and standards are stored under argon at -20°C. Internal Standards The internal standard contains 25 ng (0.25 ng/µl) of each of the following deuterated fatty acids in 100% ethanol: Name Abbrev. Company Amt. (mg) Cat. # Lauric Acid (d3) 12:0 CDN Isotopes 100 D-4027 Myristic Acid (d3) 14:0 Cambridge Isotopes 100 DLM-1039-0.1 Pentadecanoic Acid (d3) 15:0 CDN Isotopes 100 D-5258 Palmitic Acid (d3) 16:0 CDN Isotopes 100 D-1655 Heptadecanoic Acid (d3) 17:0 CDN Isotopes 100 D-5255 Stearic Acid (d3) 18:0 CDN Isotopes 100 D-1825 Oleic Acid (d2) 18:1 Cambridge Isotopes 100 DLM-689-0.1 Arachidic Acid (d3) 20:0 CDN Isotopes 0.1/200uL D-5254 Arachidonic Acid (d8) 20:4 Cayman Chemical 1/100uL 390010 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (d5) 20:5 Cayman Chemical 100 10005056 Behenic Acid (d3) 22:0 CDN Isotopes 0.1/200uL D-5708 Docosahexaenoic Acid (d5) 22:6 Cayman Chemical 100 10005057 Lignoceric Acid (d4) 24:0 CDN Isotopes 100 D-6167 Cerotic Acid (d4) 26:0 CDN Isotopes 100 D-6145 Stocks are maintained at 10X concentration (2.5 ng/ul) in 100% ethanol and diluted to working strength at extraction time.
    [Show full text]
  • 2,406,336 United States Patent Office
    Patented Aug. 27,’ 1946 2,406,336 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE ‘ - V ‘ 12,406,336" ' ' WAXES taszIeA-uer, South Orange, J. No‘ Drawings ‘ ‘Application’ August 21, 1942, Serial No. 455,613 r0" claims. (CL 106-40) - I 2 FIELD or INVENTI‘ON J anon This invention relates to the modi?cation 0f the properties of Waxes. The invention is par a. Main constituents: ticularly concerned with treatment of organic 1’. Palm-itin ester-type waxes or waxlike materials, as dis 2. Palmitic acid tinguished from certain hydrocarbons which are b. Subordinate constituents: L Dibas-ic' acids sometimes termed waxes. For instance; while 2-. Soluble acids paraf?n, montan wax and cere‘sin,ua're= sometimes referred'to as waxes, they are not “true” waxes‘. Bayberry was: In contrast, the invention is concerned with- the 10 treatment of ester-type waxes such, for instance, as listed just below: , Beeswax Although some of the'f'oreg‘oing lis‘t'are o'f ani Inal and some of vegetable origin, I believe them, Carnauba wax 15 Spermaceti wax all to“ be‘ organic~ is'oc‘olloids, i. e., colloidal sub Candelilla wax stances‘ in‘ which; the dispersed phase and the Japan Wax ' dispersion‘ medium‘ are: both of the same chemical Bayberry (Myrtle)v Wax composition; though present in different physical states: ' v i These waxes are esters of long chain aliphatic 20 There‘ are» other wax ,or wax-like materials alcohols with long chain aliphatic fatty acids,‘ as which are‘ organic; isoco'l-loi'ds andwhich may be is indicated in the following listing of some of treated in accordance with the“ invention'jfor the major constituents of various oi the: waxes instance, synthetic wax-11x6- products containing above mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • AROIVES February 2000 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY
    IRLrF;-Y-- i--- r_ ;rr~lslu~ rr~a Hormonal Regulation of Long Chain Fatty Uptake by Adipocytes and Studies of the FATP Gene Family by David J. Hirsch B. A. Biology, Johns Hopkins University 1991 Submitted to the Department of Biology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology AROIVES February 2000 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY © 2000 Massachusetts Institute of Technology APR 0 5 LuuU All rights reserved LIBRARIES Signature of Author. ... .................................................... Department of Biology December 22, 1999 C ertified by . ........ ... ..................................................... Harvey F. Lodish Professor of Biology Thesis Supervisor Accepted by . ....... .. .. .................... ............ ......... 6 o Terry Orr-Weaver Co-Chair, Biology Graduate Committee Hormonal Regulation of Long Chain Fatty Uptake by Adipocytes and Studies of the FATP Gene Family by David J. Hirsch Submitted to the Department of Biology on December 30, 1999 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology ABSTRACT Long chain fatty acids (LCFA) are an important source of energy for most organisms. Serum fatty acid (FA) levels are dynamically regulated by hormones. We show that insulin directly stimulates adipocyte fatty acid influx suggesting that the decrease in serum FA levels seen after meals is partially mediated by an insulin-stimulated increase in FA uptake by adipocytes. We also find that TNF-ax directly inhibits FA uptake by 3T3-L1 adipocytes providing a physiologic link between the increased serum levels of TNF-oa and FA seen in Type II diabetes. Transport of LCFA across the plasma membrane is facilitated by FATP, a plasma membrane protein that increases LCFA uptake when expressed in cultured mammalian cells (Schaffer and Lodish, 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Multidimensional Engineering for the Production of Fatty Acid Derivatives in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
    THESIS FOR DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Multidimensional engineering for the production of fatty acid derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae YATING HU Department of Biology and Biological Engineering CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2019 Multidimensional engineering for the production of fatty acid derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae YATING HU ISBN 978-91-7905-174-7 © YATING HU, 2019. Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola Ny serie nr 4641 ISSN 0346-718X Department of Biology and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: Multidimensional engineering strategies enable yeast as the cell factory for the production of diverse products. Printed by Chalmers Reproservice Gothenburg, Sweden 2019 Multidimensional engineering for the production of fatty acid derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae YATING HU Department of Biology and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as budding yeast, has been important for human society since ancient time due to its use during bread making and beer brewing, but it has also made important contribution to scientific studies as model eukaryote. The ease of genetic modification and the robustness and tolerance towards harsh conditions have established yeast as one of the most popular chassis in industrial-scale production of various compounds. The synthesis of oleochemicals derived from fatty acids (FAs), such as fatty alcohols and alka(e)nes, has been extensively studied in S. cerevisiae, which is due to their key roles as substitutes for fossil fuels as well as their wide applications in other manufacturing processes. Aiming to meet the commercial requirements, efforts in different engineering approaches were made to optimize the TRY (titer, rate and yield) metrics in yeast.
    [Show full text]
  • Mesenteric Fat in Crohn's Disease: a Pathogenetic Hallmark Or an Innocent Bystander? Gut, 56, 577-83
    Mesenteric Fat in Crohn’s Disease Jack Broadhurst A thesis submitted to the University College London for the degree of MD (Research) Division of Medicine Research Department of Internal Medicine Centre for Gastroenterology and Nutrition February 2015 1 DECLARATION I, Jack Frederick Broadhurst confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 ABSTRACT Crohn’s Disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the bowel affecting approximately 1 in 800 people in the UK. The terminal ileum is most commonly affected and the mesentery becomes thickened, a phenomenon known as ‘fat wrapping’. The cause is not understood. Elemental feeding can induce remission in Crohn’s disease and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content may be the cause of a reduction in inflammation. Particular attention has focused on n-3 and n-6 PUFA content of elemental feeds. The aim of this study was to further characterize mesenteric fat in Crohn’s disease and to examine the effects of different PUFA on mesenteric inflammation in vitro. Samples of adipose tissue were collected from patients undergoing intestinal resection for Crohn’s disease and from controls. These were cultured in media and elemental (E028 and Emsogen) feeds containing different concentrations of n-3 and n-6 PUFA. Significant findings were that mesenteric (MF) and omental (OM) adipose tissue released more inflammatory cytokines IL-6, leptin and MCP-1 when cultured in media rich in n-6 PUFA compared to media rich in n-3 PUFAs.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Thesis.Pdf
    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE EFFECTS OF DIETARY LINOLEIC ACID ON CONVERSION OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS TO LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS ELIZABETH ANN FLAHERTY FALL 2018 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in Veterinary and Biomedical Science with honors in Veterinary and Biomedical Science Reviewed and approved* by the following: Dr. Kevin Harvatine Associate Professor of Nutritional Physiology Thesis Supervisor Dr. Robert VanSaun Professor of Veterinary Science Honors Adviser * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. i ABSTRACT With the modern diet that is high in total fats, high in omega-6 fatty acids (FA), and low in omega-3 FA, there is a high prevalence of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Certain dietary acids are beneficial, while others may contribute to these disease processes. Eggs are an important part of the human diet as they are protein and nutrient dense and are a good source of vitamins and minerals. It is possible to manipulate the nutrients and composition of FA in the eggs by modifying the balance of the hens diets. This makes them a good target for experiments with fatty acids (FA). A diet high in omega-3 (n-3) FA has many beneficial effects including plasma lipid reduction, reduction in some types of cancer mortality, anti-inflammatory effects, antiarrhythmic effects, antithrombotic effects, antiatheromatous effects, and less severe manifestations of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. Due to the benefits of n-3 FA, it is important to understand the effects of oleic acid and linoleic acid (LA; C18:2n-6) on the deposition of n-3 FA in egg yolks.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0247001 A1 Lötzsch Et Al
    US 20150247001A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0247001 A1 Lötzsch et al. (43) Pub. Date: Sep. 3, 2015 (54) THERMOCHROMIC MATERIAL MOLDED (30) Foreign Application Priority Data ARTICLE COMPRISING SAD MATERAL AND USE THEREOF Sep. 24, 2012 (DE) ...................... 10 2012 O18813.7 (71) Applicant: FRAUHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT Publication Classification ZUR FORDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG (51) Int. Cl. E.V., Munich (DE) C08G 63/9. (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (72) Inventors: Detlef Lötzsch, Berlin (DE); Ralf CPC .................................... C08G 63/912 (2013.01) Ruhmann, Berlin (DE); Arno Seeboth, Berlin (DE) (57) ABSTRACT (73) Assignee: FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT The invention relates to a thermochromic material compris ZUR FORDERUNG DER ing at least one biopolymer, at least one natural dye and at ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG least one reaction medium, selected from the group of fatty E.V., München (DE) acids and derivatives thereof, gallic acid and derivatives thereOThereof and mim1Xtures thereOT.hereof. TheThe ththermochrom1C hromi materiaial (21) Appl. No.: 14/430,419 according to the invention is completely based on non-toxic, 1-1. natural products. Processing into materials or molded articles (22) PCT Filed: Aug. 8, 2013 can occur, according to the invention, by means of conven tional extrusion technology in the form offlat film, blown film (86). PCT No.: PCT/EP2013/066604 or sheets or multi-wall sheets. The thermochromic material S371 (c)(1), can be used in particular in the food industry and medical (2) Date: Mar. 23, 2015 technology. OH iC O N CH 21 OH C HO O HO Patent Application Publication Sep.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatty Acids in Human Metabolism - E
    PHYSIOLOGY AND MAINTENANCE – Vol. II – Fatty Acids in Human Metabolism - E. Tvrzická, A. Žák, M. Vecka, B. Staňková FATTY ACIDS IN HUMAN METABOLISM E. Tvrzická, A. Žák, M. Vecka, B. Staňková 4th Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Keywords: polyunsaturated fatty acids n-6 and n-3 family, phospholipids, sphingomyeline, brain, blood, milk lipids, insulin, eicosanoids, plant oils, genomic control, atherosclerosis, tissue development. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Physico-Chemical Properties of Fatty Acids 3. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids 4. Classification and Biological Function of Fatty Acids 5. Fatty Acids as Constitutional Components of Lipids 6. Physiological Roles of Fatty Acids 7. Milk Lipids and Developing Brain 8. Pathophysiology of Fatty Acids 9. Therapeutic Use of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Fatty acids are substantial components of lipids, which represent one of the three major components of biological matter (along with proteins and carbohydrates). Chemically lipids are esters of fatty acids and organic alcohols—cholesterol, glycerol and sphingosine. Pathophysiological roles of fatty acids are derived from those of individual lipids. Fatty acids are synthesized ad hoc in cytoplasm from two-carbon precursors, with the aid of acyl carrier protein, NADPH and acetyl-CoA-carboxylase. Their degradation by β-oxidationUNESCO in mitochondria is accompanied – byEOLSS energy-release. Fatty acids in theSAMPLE mammalian organism reach CHAPTERSchain-length 12-24 carbon atoms, with 0- 6 double bonds. Their composition is species- as well as tissue-specific. Endogenous acids can be desaturated up to Δ9 position, desaturation to another position is possible only from exogenous (essential) acids [linoleic (n-6 series) and α-linolenic (n-3 series)].
    [Show full text]