Περίληψη : a Teacher in the Patriarchal School of Constantinople and an Orator; He Was Born Around 1245

IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Radic Radivoj Μετάφραση : Νάκας Ιωάννης Για παραπομπή : Radic Radivoj , "Manuel Holobolos", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL:

Περίληψη : A teacher in the Patriarchal School of Constantinople and an orator; he was born around 1245. He fell out of favour twice in his life due to disputes with emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. He was a fervent opponent of the union of the Churches, an author of many interests and a translator. He died between 1310 and 1314. Άλλα Ονόματα Maximos Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης c. 1245 Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου Between 1310 and 1314, Constantinople Κύρια Ιδιότητα Scholar

1. Biography

Manuel Holobolos was born around 1245.1 He is first mentioned in byzantine sources in 1261 as the grammaticos of Michael VIII Palaiologos (1261-1282),2 when he was still young but talented and well-educated. He openly accused Michael VIII when, after his coronation in the recaptured capital, he blinded and dethroned the then co-emperor and legal emperor John IV Laskaris. After his severe punishment which consisted the amputation of his nose and lips, Holobolos retreated to the monastery of St. John Prodromos of Petra in Constantinople, where he became a monk and took the name Maximos.3 During his life as a monk he continued perfecting and widening his education. The fact that he belonged to the small group of Byzantines who knew Latin very well is suggestive.

After spending some years in the convent, Holobolos returned to public life in 1265/1266. During this period he was appointed teacher in the renovated Patriarchal School of Saint Paul, after the intervention of the patriarch of Constantinople Germanos III, who mediated to the emperor Michael VIII.4 Holobolos succeded to this position the prominent Byzantine scholar George Akropolites. He taught grammar, logic and rhetoric in the Patriarchal School and was also nominated orator of the church with the title maistor ton rhetoron. According to a monody dedicated to him by the scholar and relative Georgios Galesiotes, Holobolos continued teaching until the end of his life.5 He died between 1310 and 1314.6

2. Attitude towards the union of the Churches

Holobolos was initially a moderate supporter of the union of the churches. However, when he had to make a public statement, he condemned the pro-union policy. He fell into disgrace in 1273 because of his rigid stance against the emperor. This time he was carried around the streets of Constantinople with a rope around his neck as a punishment. Many years of exile followed. Initially Holobolos entered the monastery of Hyakinthos in Nicaea for a short period of time (summer 1273) and then he moved to the monastery of Megalos Agros on the Sea of Marmara near Kyzicos, where he lived for a whole decade (1273-1283). When Andronikos II Palaiologos ascended to the throne, Holobolos returned to Constantinople and resumed his career. He condemned decisively the supporters of the union in 1283 as well as in the council at Blachernai in 1285. Once again he was appointed maistor ton rhetoron and apparently he was also accorded the title of protosynkellos.7

3. Works

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Holobolos was a many-sided author. He wrote commentaries on texts of ancient poets, such as Theokritos, and on Aristotle and translated Boethius from Latin. He also composed answers to riddles, a very popular activity during that period, as well as funerary epigrams and religious poems. The translation of his sermon for the feast of the Annunciation was particularly influential for Slavic ecclesiastic literature of the Middle Ages.8 He wrote encomiastic sermons addressed to emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, which are an important source for the first years of his reign, although they mostly contain hints for events than actual clues and data. The twenty poems that Holobolos wrote for Michael VIII and Andronikos II on the occasion of the ceremony of the "prokypsis" are closely connected to these homiliae. Holobolos wrote also a catechism on behalf of the patriarch Germanos III. His work is an important chapter in the literature of the Palaiologian era, indicative of the cultural prosperity known by the name "Palaiologan Renaissance".

1. Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, IX (Wien 1989), no. 21047, p. 9, does not give a date of his birth, whereas R.J. Macrides, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, II (New York - Oxford 1991), p. 940, dates it around 1245.

2. Failler, A (ed.), Georges Pachymérès relations historiques, I (Paris 1984), p. 259.

3. Hörandner, W., "Miscellanea epigrammatica", Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 19 (1970), pp. 116-119.

4. Failler, A (ed.), Georges Pachymérès relations historiques, II (Paris 1984), pp. 369-371. Cf. Mergiali, S., L'enseignement et les lettrés pendant l'époque des Paléologues, 1261-1453 (Αθήναι 1996), pp. 26-29.

5. Κουρούσις, Στ. Ι., «Η πρώτη ηλικία και η πρώιμος σταδιοδρομία του πρωτεκδίκου και είτα σακελλίου της Μεγάλης Εκκλησίας Γεωργίου Γαλησιώτου (1278/80-1357)», Αθηνά 75 (1974/75), pp. 335-374.

6. Macrides, R. J, "Manuel Holobolos", The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium II, Kazhdan, A., (ed.) (Oxford - New York 1991), p. 940.

7. Macrides, R. J., "Manuel Holobolos", The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium II, Kazhdan, A., (ed.) (New York - Oxford 1991), p. 940.

8. Hannick, Ch., Maximos Holobolos in der kirchenslavischen homiletischen Literatur. Wiener Byzantinischen Studien XIV (Wien 1981), pp. 43‑ 55.

Βιβλιογραφία : Constantinides C.N., Higher Education in Byzantium in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries (1204-ca. 1310), Nicosia 1982

Γεώργιος Παχυμέρης, Συγγραφικαί Ιστορίαι, Failler, A. (ed.), Georges Pachymérès. Relations historiques 1-2, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 24/1-2, Paris 1984

Failler A., "Chronologie et composition dans l’Histoire de Georges Pachymérès", Revue des études byzantines, 38, 1980, 5-103

Hunger H., Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner, Munich 1978

Hannick Ch., Maximos Holobolos in der kirchenslavischen homiletischen Literatur, Wien 1981, Wiener Byzantinischen Studien XIV

Treu M., "Manuel Holobolos", Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 5, 1896, 538-559

Hörandner W., "Miscellanea epigrammatica", Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik, 19, 1970, 116-

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119

Macrides R., "The New Constantine and the New Constantinople – 1261?", Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 6, 1980, 13-41

Νικήτας Δ., "Παπίας – Ολόβωλος", Βυζαντιακά, 1, 1981, 59-66

Macrides R., "Holobolos, Manuel", Kazhdan A., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2, New York – Oxford 1991, 940

"Ολόβωλος, Μανουήλ λήμμα no. 21047", E. Trapp, Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, IX, Wien 1989, 9-11

Μανουήλ Φιλής, Στίχοι διάφοροι του σοφωτάτου και λογιοτάτου Φιλή, E. Miller (επιμ.), Manuelis Philae Carmina, I-II, Paris Ι: 1855, ΙΙ: 1857

Κουρούσις Στ. Ι., "Η πρώτη ηλικία και η πρώιμος σταδιοδρομία του πρωτεκδίκου και είτα σακελλίου της Μεγάλης Εκκλησίας Γεωργίου Γαλησιώτου (1278/80-1357)", Αθηνά, 75, 1974/75, 335-374

Γρηγόριος Κύπριος, Επιστολαί και μύθοι, Σ. Ευστρατιάδης, Γρηγορίου του Κυπρίου Επιστολαί και μύθοι, Αλεξανδρεια 1910

Γλωσσάριo : grammaticus A teacher of medium and higher education in Byzantium. In the Middle and Late Byzantine periods it also denoted an administrative official, usually a secretary. In the 15th century, according to pseudo-Kodinos, the secretary was synonymous to the notarios. maistor ton rhetoron A teacher of rhetoric in the Patriarchal School of Constantinople; also the chief imperial orator. The maistor of rhetoron was appointed by the emperor himself, and his responsibilities included delivering encomiastic speeches for the emperor on various occasions. monody Literary work of oratorical character which was also a memorial speech. prokypsis <προκύπτω> 1. Elevated wooden platform. 2. A ceremony which dates to the reign of the Komnenoi and the Palaiologoi. According to the ritual the emperor mounted a wooden platform, behind a curtain and when the audition began, the by-standers clerics and men of the court intoned the polychronion. The origin of the ceremony remains unknown, its roots though go back to the idololatrous period. Sources of the 14th c. describe the ceremony as it was performed on Christmas Eve. protosynkellos The protosynkellos was the assistant and often the successor of the Patriarch or the archbishop, as he was a person with great influence. Until the 5th c. the title of the synkellos was used for the same office. In the course of time, the synckllos undertook more responsibilities and this resulted in the creation of the titles of the protosynkellos and the great protosynkellos. The latter in the Paleologean era signified the protosynkellos of the Patriarch. sermon Ecclesiastical literary work. A speech which is delivered during the Mass and discusses a certain theme from the Bible. Through the sermons the orator usually lauded the emperor or the patriarch.

Πηγές Failler, A. (ed.), Georges Pachymérès relations historiques, I‑IΙ (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Series Pariensis 24.1‑2, Paris 1984).

Miller, E. (ed.), Manuelis Philae Carmina II (Paris 1857).

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Ευστρατιάδης, Σ., Γρηγορίου του Κυπρίου Επιστολαί και μύθοι (Αλεξανδρεια 1910).

Παραθέματα Patriarch Germanos intercedes with the emperor in favour of Holobolos. Manuel Holobolos replaces George Akropolites as teacher in the patriarchical school.

ιδ΄. Ὅπως τὸν Ὁλόβωλον μεταγαγὼν ὁ πατριαρχεύων εἰς τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκκλησίαν ὀφφικίῳ ῥήτορος ἐτίμα καὶ διδάσκαλον καθίστα. Τὸ δὲ μεῖζον ὅτι καὶ φιλόλογος ὢν ἐς τὰ μάλιστα, τῷ Ὁλοβώλῳ, εὐφυεῖ γε ὄντι καὶ πλήρει λόγων, καὶ προσετετήκει, ὥστʹ ἀποχρῶν κατὰ τὸ παρεστὸς ἡγούμενος, τοῦτο μὲν εἰς τὴν ἐκείνου παραμυθίαν, παθόντος οἷα πεπόνθει, τοῦτο δὲ καὶ εἰς τῶν ἐκκλησιαστικῶν ἀγωγὴν εἰς παίδευσιν λογικὴν, τὸ ἐκείνον ἐκ τῆς τοῦ Προδρόμου μονῆς ἐξελθεῖν καὶ προσοκεῖλαι τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ, ἔργον πάσης ἀσχολίας ἐπέκεινα τίθεται τὸ ὑπὲρ τούτου πρεσβεῦσαι τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ τὸ τῆς πρεσβείας ἐπαγωγὸν προβάλεσθαι, ὡς «Ἤδη μὲν ὁ Ἀκροπολίτης καὶ μέγας λογοθέτης Γεώργιος, ἐφʹ ἱκανὸν ἐκ προστάξεως σῆς, βασιλεῦ, ἐνιδρώσας παραδιδοὺς τὰ μαθήματα, ἤδη καὶ ἀποκεκαμήκει, καὶ χρεία ἐστὶν ἄλλους ἀνάγεσθαι... Κατάνευε τοίνυν ἡμῖν ἀξιοῦσιν, ὡς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐκκλησίας πρεσβεύουσι, καὶ ἐξευμενίζου τῷ Ὁλοβώλῳ, καὶ δέχομαι τοῦτον καὶ κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς τιμῆσαι καὶ εἰς διδάσκαλον καταστῆσαι τοῖς προσφοιτῶσι τῆς λογικῆς παιδεύσεως». Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν τὸν πατριάρχην ἐκεῖνον εἰπεῖν, καὶ εἰπόντος εὐθὺς κατανεῦσαι τὸν βασιλέα καὶ τῇ ἀξιώσει καθυποκλῖναι.

A. Failler (ed.), Georges Pachymérès relations historiques IΙ (Paris 1984), p. 369.5‑23.

Χρονολόγιο c. 1245: Birth of Manuel Holobolos

1261/2: Secretary of Michael VIII

1265/6-1273: Teacher at the Patriarchal School

1273: Exile at the monastery of Megalos Argos

1283: Return to Constantinople

1285: Participation at the council of Blachernai

Between 1310 and 1314: Death of Manuel Holobolos

Βοηθ. Κατάλογοι Oeuvre - Editions

M. Treu (ed.), Manuelis Holoboli Orationes, I‑II (Programm des königlichen Victoria‑Gimnasiums zu Postdam, Postdam 1906).

Boissonade, A., Anecdota graeca, V (Paris 1833, repr.: Hildesheim 1962), pp. 159‑182.

Treu, M., “Manuel Holobolos”, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 5 (1896), pp. 538‑559.

Σιδερίδης, Ξ., “Μανουὴλ Ὁλοβώλου Ἐγκώμιον εἰς τὸν αὐτοκράτορα Μιχαὴλ Η΄ τὸν Παλαιολόγον”, Επετηρίς Εταιρείας Βυζαντινών Σπουδών 3 (1926), pp. 168‑191.

Previale, L, “Un panegirico inedito per Michele VIII Paleologo”, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 42 (1943‑1949), pp. 1‑49.

Sbordone, F., Il commentario di Manuele Olobolo ai Carmina Figurata Graecorum [Miscellanea G. Galbiati III = Fontes Ambrosiani 27 (1951)],

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pp. 169‑177.

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