COMINTERN AND THE IN SPAIN

Svetlana Pozharskaya Institute of Universal History of the Russia Academy of Sciencies

Resumen

El art´ıculo se preocupa por la influencia del Comintern en la denominada Revolucion´ espanola.˜ La autora expone el papel desempenado˜ por la Comintern en la internacionalizacion´ del conflicto espanol.˜ La intervencion´ pol´ıtica de Stalin en Espana˜ no fue solo´ motivada por la ideolog´ıa sino que tambien´ influyo´ el miedo a la amenaza del nazismo en Europa. Por este motivo, como argumenta la autora, la contribucion´ del Comintern en la Guerra Civil espanolanos˜ olo´ fue pol´ıtica sino tambien´ de apoyo militar a la causa republicana mediante voluntarios, armas y municiones.

Palabras clave: Comintern, Stalin, Brigadas Internacionales, Pol´ıtica europea. MAIG 2003 Abstract 47 This article focuses the influence of the Comintern in the so-called Spanish . The author talks about the part payed by the Comintern in order to make Spanish conflict international. The Stalin’s policy in Spain was not only for idealism but for fear of the Nazi regime threat in Europe. For this reason, as the author argues, the participation of the Comintern into Spanish Civil War was not only political but military support to the Republican cause —volunteers, weapons and ammunition. EBRE 38 Keywords: Comintern, Stalin, , European politics.

Ebre 38. -N´um. 1, pp. 47-56 Revista Internacional de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) 48 EBRE 38 MAIG 2003 esto ihHte uighsvstt elnon Berlin to 1936. visit 5, his August con- during the Hitler after with conclusion versation that had to Civil arrived which Spanish He the factor War. to key reaction the Germany’s was defined “Russian Spain” Britain Great in of aspect Affairs Foreign of Min- Deputy ister Constant R.Vansittart, to Berlin According between confrontation Moscow. capi- of and area European be- soon the in would come Peninsula doubt Pyrenean the no that international tals of was terms there the affairs in prob- But though fatal inevitable. be ably to Rome. Paris—, proved in decisions in Mussolini Those and Blum Berlin in —Leon —Hitler Franco Republic government the the Spanish is help: That of external the for asked internationalization. process key conflict the to the way civil the of the re- paved of the opposing trenches of the in days war, country first the cen- threw very consider 20th that In to volt the possible internal. of longer conflict 30s no the the appeared of it atmosphere Spaniards half tury internal second of tense the affair the of internal In an own was themselves. their it country. the then have of But order oppositioning to socio-political the right the of vision the the of in protecting 19th conflicts involved parties in the twice armed only was throughout internal not country Thus, the Spain century to century. 20th familiar the were wars Civil a nrae ayfl ihnteps decade past the within many-fold Party increased Communist had the of numbers the though And ue7 96wihntdta h nuneof naught. influence to the come had that Party noted Communist which Spanish of 1926 (ECCI) Com- 7, International Executive June Communist man the the very to of the letter mitee was the Stepanov prepared years who twentieth Spain. Span- the in supervising since arrived been Party Spain Communist had in ish who and Moreno) I.Stepanov S.Minaev as as on Later Moscow was in August. Singer) (known in and to Pedro sent (pseudonyms Communist Gere Hungarian E. V.Codavilla exclusion. an withdrawn, Com- was revolt were 7th Spain delegations the its the after Congress when intern Spain: of in was Lu´ days Medina) names” “conspirational first (pseudonyms the advisers. In to its by confined transmitted was instruction events Comintern Spanish into terference 1 u tta ieMso in- Moscow time that at But sand ıs 2 hr ol en pns horror”. Spanish no revolt, be the before would tormenting months there six been than more had for whose Spain intrigue that and Russian and Russia, propagation Russia” for by situ- not initiated “if 11, was doubt Spain November no in in is ation Commnons “there that of 1936 House Workers. saying the the exaggerating in of obviously Union was W.Churchill General and weight Con- fideration the Labour National to Anarcho-Syndicalist subdued the of centre weight trade-union the its and the of Party of Working that than Socialist less Spanish essentialy was influence its o.318. L. Col. 616. D. 25. Op. 103-109. F.495. (RTsKhIDNI). Istorii Noveyshey 758-760. pp. 17, Vol. 1979. London. rn.T atcpt ntegvrmn nyas only government the in National participate the To of unity Front. the safeguarding make to will easier this of it for participation government direct the in without Communists do long to “As possible following: it the as do to con- necessary he it purpose sidered this its For in rebels. Front against National struggle the which of measures unity any undermine of could avoiding on insisted trov J.D´ to letter his in n onsgetdta hyb rae army organization”. created military be “state they a as that supposed suggested be soon hardly and could On revolt the G.Dimitrov meeting that held. ECCI warned was next the Spain Secretariate during in 23 re- ECCI July situation the of the later to meeting days devoted the three started, i.e. volt 1936, K. 21, Beria. June Molotov, L. On —to V. on later Affairs Ezhov, Stalin, Internal N. of J. Comissar National to Voroshilov, Dimitrov, addressed G. lot by were signed a Comintern documents and was Comintern term of J.Stalin of another Presidium for 1935 of Commitee 21, Executive member August a on elected as early which As international. factor conflict a Spanish be the to made So- out the turned of policy foreign instrument part viet an The as real. Comintern became by but aspect” payed longer Russian no “the myth a that was began revolt the after .RshDI .45 p 8 .10.L 22-23. L. 1101. D. 18. Op. 495. F. RTsKhIDNI. 316. 4. Vol. Commons. of House Debates. Parliamentary 3. Dokumentov Izuchenija i Khranenija Tsentr Rossiisky 2. ser. 2 1919-1939. Policy. Foreign British on Documents 1. a n us(.oail)Dimi- (V.Codavilla) Luis and ıaz 4 h etday next The 3 twsonly was It oe httedcso ae h ai fthe of basis formation. the brigades layed international of decision process the sup- that army posed Republican the of creators immediate le yncsayam.S. sup- arms. soldiers necessary of by thousand plied five was recruit it first, to At planned volunteers. foreign sev- necessity, of of brigades case eral in ac- or was one, solution create the to cepted meeting so- same Com- one the and At Spanish ECCI cialist. the of of members two leaders Party, two munist to Ca- F.Largo i.e. P.Togliatti, ballero M.Torez, Ibarruri, lores olce yteUS rd nos Those Jos to transferred Unions. be be Trade should to sum were USSR means the the of by of part milliard collected most 1 the of and fund also francs the was establish It to Republic. determined the to assistance undertake initiate re- would to de- fast Profintern that The for taken was probable. hopes cision hardly 26 that were July suppression effect International volt on the Prague Trade-Union to in witnessed hold of Bureau (Profintern) solutions the for necessary The supression”. extremely revolt is the of it purpose if resort, last a 98wsrahda al si uy28, July in as had early con- representatives in diplomatic as the However, broken that reached 1933. relations posi- reminded was diplomatic finished be 1918 restore were should to embassy It sent of level tively. representatives the diplomatic assign- at appropiate about the of governments between ment Spain negotiations and the USSR 1936 the August, screen. latter In reliable the a For become would chan- Embassy service. diplomatic intelligence and through informa- nels both necessary which transmitted the Spain Kremlin tion in the basis give legal was would a it have purpose be to that For to necessary Moscow. had for situation” clear Spanish made “regrettable much the Furthermore in also Union contemplations. sep- Soviet to kilometers the disposed of and thousand Peninsula 3.5 the The arating it. undesir- for interna- being able the complications on those Spain arena, in complications tional War Civil those the the of by opinion aware created well investigators’ was many Kremlin to de- According form. conflict had the international putsh but an war taken the had civil only long-term not a into time veloped that well- by rather be to timed: out turned solution the terwards lae h a of was who Alvarez ´ 5 eD´ ´ a,Do- ıaz, 6 Af- .154. p. o oefrSan i ero h aggressive was he the And of grounded... fear searching quite His was principles regime Spain. Nazi moral for not love idealist nor neither was historian Stalin’s policy os American impetus “the of H.Matthews publicist opinion and the to to According credentials arrived his advis- service Aza handed president Rozenberg military intelligence Embassy of Spain. in agents the and of Together ers Staff Barcelona. the to with consul general was as Antonov-Ovseenko sent and Moscow in of Spain ambassador of became ambassador M.Pascua Spain, in appointed Russia time was That 1936. M.Rozenberg August, till exchanged been not omns at ol ersosbefrde- for responsible be feat. the would or either Party government Communist the ultimatum: Largo enter the would with communists suppresion”. out revolt came the Caballero with of necessary government absolutely purposes Com- is the it the the if enter ordered resort, a to They as agree “only to 1936. Party 24, munist July meet- of Secretary the ing at of leader- expressed class ECCI notions middle were ship’s similar alienate Evidently and country. West the of eyes Repub- in He the compromise lic could administration. it state govern- that in considered the socialists of and leader ment the as Ca- presence Largo opposed ballero’s I.Prieto Socialist orientation centric government. of the social- in stipulated predominance he ists’ declared but Caballero responsibility Largo historical Aza governmen- President out. (Toledo) to Madrid burst Reina to crisis la road tal de the Talavera opened of which situation. fall the the in Moscow part After least by the the from Comintern far Furthermore, played to attained impossible. be importance to out turned ertr bu t h eutwstefollowing: the was result The it. about Secretary oneblneo aiGermany”. Nazi of counterbalance a lobcm uttesc edwhere field such the just became also Komintern rgdsInternacionales Brigadas .MSHRAO,MT (1981): M.T. MESCHERJAKOV, 8. .MTHW,H (1973): H. MATTHEWS, 7. .RshDI .45 P 8 :10.L 25-30. L. 1101. D: 6. 18. OP. 495. F. RTsKhIDNI. 5. LAE,S (1996): S. ALVAREZ, ´ 8 .odvlaimdaeyifre ECCI informed immediately L.Coldavilla ( pi eulcadComintern and Republic Spain d etente ´ ao uut 31. August, on na ˜ ata ewsgigt take to going was he that na ˜ ihBianadFac..as France... and Britain with ard .60. p. Madrid, . itrapol´ Historia afo pi Died Spain of Half sasaarsulk i respublika Ispanskaja tc iia elas de militar y ıtica .Mso,p.16. Moscow, ). 7 u Spain But .NewYork, d etente ´ 49 EBRE 38 MAIG 2003 50 EBRE 38 MAIG 2003 pns oenetmr hnoc u we here”. to deliveries from but such impossible help that are once conclusion the of than to came know: problem have more him the government let discussed Spanish after M.L.Litvinov have even Affairs “We But Foreign of Comissar Russia. People’s Madrid Archive of to arrival the Rozenberg’s Policy of Foreign Spain” in stored on of of documents “Referenture beginning by fund the confirmed the at is It as early August. assistance as military discussed of problem was the that fact the attention to paid once than more have Researchers 4. National September, the in of formed government Front the to included were ain mle yteAgreement”. the obli- by any Agree- from implied im- free the gations itself stopped consider of not will it are violations mediately Non-Interference if on that ment government declare Soviet to the Therefore has Non-Interference screen... on a Agreement to the convert rate declared: any to at agree leave, cannot government holiday Soviet “The hid Ambassador during for of I.M.Maisky substituting Affairs was Spanish who to S.Kagan, Non-Interference Agree- the on of Lon- ment Implementation in on representative Commitee USSR don the 7 tanks. October, 50 time On delivered that vessel “Komsomol” next steamer the transported Feo-Soviet 14 from October It weapon On the dosiya. of consignement Cartagena. first “Com- the in cargoship Spanish arrived 1936 nechin” 4, October organism. On single institutes a USSR as devel- synchronously and events acting the Comintern Further under promptly X”. oped Republic “Operation starting the title for put code to process solution preparatory assistance The the military to 1936. end meet- 29, an its September mili- at accepted on Politbureau render was CP(b) ing to Republic All-Union CC solution the by to the assistance level tary state the the to At help which military factors render Republic. to the efforts of enhanced one Caballero’s became Largo government in participation Communists’ J.Hern and of V.Uribe Politbureau— —members CPS CC representatives Communist two n:“h oitgvrmn..cno consider cannot government... Soviet lord “The to say- ing: Comittee— letter the of the Chairman —the forwarded Plymouth I.M.Maisky 23 ber, 9 10 nOcto- On andez ´ SRFrinPlc) ocw 94 o.1,p 464. p. 19, vol. 1974, Moscow, Policy). Foreign USSR h pns ii a,13-99 nLIZ C. LEITZ, in 1936-1939” War, Civil Spanish the teft ebudb h gemn nNon- on Agree- Agreement this the of ment”. participant by than bound more Interference be to itself faro pnad u omncueo the of cause common mankind”. progressive but entire private Spaniards a of not is affair from Spain oppression of reactionarys’ doing liberation fascist in that duty masses realize their revolutionary They to only Spain. help to fulfil can they Union what Soviet People “Working the said: of It agencies America. news and Europe leading of all the by of J.D´ broadcasted been Secretary Party General Communist to on Spanish sent 1936 telegram 16, Stalin’s of October next the time that By oitr isa ela lgn fteNa- the of slogans as well previous cer- as and pro- a aims culture was To Comintern political predilection their by political parties. grammed their their extent of members tain organs were were leading them who of of many Committee and Military communists Interbrigade chiefs by of executed always not was condition This for- military its powers”. put as and government considered anything not the be wish subordinate do should units not interbrigades “We do one: We but was: conditions. answer any strug- ward the our in participation gle?” your When of conditions the interbrigades. of chief D.Mart´ the became interbri- tary of Andr organizing Party, on Republican gades. comission the the of head leader to the and a Cortes D.Mar´ him- as charged Caballero He Albacete largo self. by of —inter- approved (further was choice Brigades brigade) The International on for Albacete base in 14. arrived October, volunteers clear foreign was First help the enough. of CPS. orientation” CC the “Ideological of secretary government, the being the addressee of its socialist head to the addressed Caballero, not F.Largo was telegram the that nentoa Context. International 11. 10. 12. .Se OET .(99:“oitFrinPlc and Policy Foreign “Soviet (1999): G. ROBERT, See: 9. ouet nsnipltk SSSR Pravda politiki Ibid vneshnei Documenty 11 .514. p. , nzBri u h usin“htare “What question the put Barrio ınez 96 6October. 16 1936. . at,mme fEC Secre- ECCI of member Marti, e ´ odn .87. p. London, nzBri,Peietof President Barrio, ınez 12 a a already had ıaz ti remarkable is It Dcmnsof (Documents pi in Spain h c ftase oteUS f50tn of tons 510 was of that USSR storage the for to gold transfer of act advisers. of military The payment of for services enough and Comintern arms not by were collected Profintern be unloaded and could and were which 1936 “Y” Means October, 66 between 1939. whole February, ports the Spanish Spanish On in to of goods tons other ports. 500000 and than ammunition named more arms, conditionally delivered were They “Y”. on arrived Ships arms X”. “Operation which of deliveries framework military the of within realization of process Both the involved were the in Army. vessels the freight of Spanish supply and industry Soviet to munitions unable deliveries was the Republic foreign as armament mass of problem. needed the Republic resolve not The did factor compromise. human a Mere of possibility any but con- eliminating War the flict of in- Civil polarization to ideological Spanish only strengthened the not added of ac- This ternationalization also but military. features pure be- ideological quired affaires only not Spain came into interference Comintern 14th, formed. were 13th, 29th— 12th, and —the 15th brigades commissar. more its five appointed Then Niko- was Mario Vittorio) general. (D.Di Interbri- of letti rank 11th the the him of giving gade commander (Man- the Kleber government appointed Stern) War the fred Ca- of of Largo Minister head the 1936 the the and 1, both into November being Repub- joined On ballero the of were Army. stuff they the lican within on been Interbrigade interbri- Later had 11th of battalions date three formed. official formation— —the gades 22 October, By collec- this in included con- tion. documents is the which by frequently firmed over- prescription not could that They come 1935. an- since all forces to tifascist tolerance proclaimed which Front tional ieyadteruee hrce ti important is it character de- uneven arms their with and connected livery difficulties 1936. all Republican November Despite in Moscow of in M.Pascua Ambassador Spain Affairs and Foreign G.Grinko, of N.Krestinsky Finance Commissar People’s of Deputy Commissar People’s by h rdt o rsdeliveries granting arms for warranty for the credits as the Spain of reserve 3 / 3 fteetr gold entire the of 13 a signed was rhv fRsi) ud397 p4 .9.L 215-232. L. D.991. Op.4. 33987. Fund Russia). of Archive al si pi,1937. April, as quality. in so do as arms not to early first Soviet the could of of one countries was M.Tukhachevsky evaluation end many critical its of help after specially experts and War military Civil the During that tendency. fault cer- ideological their a tain acquired was conflict it re- the And of Paris internationalization and them. to London re- deaf Moscow: mained a in found only deliveries sponse Re- for Spanish of government requests publican desperate that mark to ac n h einn fMy 97Moreno 1937 May, of beginning between period the the and within March circulars of series a In r aalr satp fabdtrade-union bad pres- a its of looses government type tige”. The a is bureaucrat... Caballero government... Caballero’s in Mr. cease not dis- do “Internal cords 11, following: the October affirmed A.Marti Ex- on 1936 Comintern Secretariate the of Commitee meeting ecutive the at report his In fortunes. neg- Republic rather for about repercussions brought ative which took hand opinion upper their and the him for was made enmity advisers their government explicit Comintern the But of acceptable. head most a Caballero’s Largo as that months candidature several insisting was during Kremlin Caballero”: the “prob- called largo so of the draw lem can we example, in an As delegated (Ercoli) —P.Togliatti too. one Spain S.Minev, less Marti, a A. to con- E.Gere, it extent V.Codovilla, greater a cerned To allies. partnership all loyal, with to relations calling directives Secretariate struggle official ECCI of joint the of despite Franquists allies against to criticism and in- excessive tolerance showed sometimes Spain represen- in the tatives Comintern uphold Spain. of Moscow Party for Communist weight special had the tions recommenda- and Those advisers Party. Communist Comintern Spanish ideological by accepted as: which were the recommendations such in Comintern Republic of role tendency the fatal of the played fortunes which factors other aae di el para 5 TKIN.F45 p 0D20 .103-105. L. 20.D.270. Op. F.495. RTsKhIDNI. Military 15. (State Rossii arkhiv voennyi Gosudarstvennyi 14. 3 ACA .(1970): M. PASCUA, 13. 15 alogo ´ VI-VII. , r espa Oro 14 u hr eesome were there But o nMosc´ en nol ˜ u.Cuadernos 51 EBRE 38 MAIG 2003 52 EBRE 38 MAIG 2003 n ofr e n ntebs fthe Aza vigorously. of combinations that base Workers republicans. and the excluding of Labour communists on of Union Confederation one National General and new block, a syndicalist form to and h iitro a.(e nte esnb ap- be person of another post commander-in-chief). (Let pointed the War. from of necessary Minister refusal is the Caballero’s It figure on suitable government. insist the more to of not head is the there as Ca- Now overthrow to necessary ballero. not is ex- it was that opinion pressed The on present. later were and Polit-Kaganovich) Molotov CPSU Voroshilov, and representa- the (Stalin, Ercoli) where and at bureau (Marti Kremlin theme ECCI the of main tives in (as the party problem” was dinner it) Spanish put the shows letter G.Dimitrov on Stepanov’s 1937 “discussion before 14, weeks that two March for dated i.e. judge note the they diary G.Dimitrov’s did out or carry Moscow themselves? representatives of ECCI instructions the almost aware government”. Did the is is of Everybody weakness government unusual of power. “The government exercise the to him: unable to and by personally attitude headed him negative Caballero’s a to Largo such both was caused it that that intentions doubt no is There offcial an Aza made break even to to He offer and Front. February National anarchists the with of off come agreement beginning to an attemp the an to made At in already had existed Caballero opinion, already January. his crises late in that, governmental ECCI latent informed On he 17 government. May, Caballero’s Largo of criticized capability strictly rather pseudonym) (Stepanov’s ihSaihwiesRfe let n Maria and Alberti conversation Rafael Stalin’s writers during Spanish 1937 with residence. 20, summer May Stalin’s On in discussion theme main the the of were interbrigades 17 March 17. On March Stalin on prob- continued Spanish was on drastically. lem discussion situation the hardly that the could suggested change (Togliatti) to Ercoli risk and enough known was well Caballero to because attitude Stalin negative from Marti’s opin- likely from most whose emanated and proposal mark Politbureau the not Probably was. did it Dimitrov ion diary his In at eraietegovernment the reorganize to na ˜ 16 17 arejected na ˜ et ti etrta omn ehne over handed be command person”. that another govern- better the is of It nec- head is ment. as It Caballero keep . to against essary struggle charac- to rigid will his and showed ter “Caballero said: diary Stalin Dimitrov’s of ac- source her note. the was served It that count conversation. was those ECCI interpreting of “prob- member candidate Caballero’s S.Hopner, Largo lem”. upon touched Le themes Teresa ra motnewihwl useteplc of policy the pursue will of which force importance military competent and great economic of an help be will the technics by a with of lead organized Republican Spain type, fascism, “But new Spain, of Republican ashes free the communists, compromise. on a arisen Spain he by complete This, to war desire run”. the the long heel for the the accounted in under supposed Italy Spain and fascist Germany have of “a his was to it in evil greatly great which Caballero to Britain influenced for opinion that admited communists”. impossible Stepanov of is afraid participation victory is active this He an without victory. beacuse a victory of the afraid of is he but want defeat not does a Caballero individualism, ambition... to his personal Largo his foibles, impossible Caballero’s his to by is qualities, happens attitude personal “It that the everything negative: explain for proposal remained As of and point view Stepanov’s advice concept political our field”. Caballero’s of this any in Caballero that take think to illusion would an be needs. would it military “But of charge in establishments were those which all concerned and Defence Stuff, it of General to all Ministry of personnel ways of the in of First the situation reorganization find the organizations”. improve to these “We to home wrote: Caballero Stepanov from convince 28 advised March of are letter his position? how In their And influnece it did Spain? much to in known representatives become opinion Comintern Stalin’s did soon How Day ac 93–6Fbur 99.Sfi,19,p. 1997, Sofia, 1949). February 6 – 125. 1933 March 9 (Diary, 7 iirvG nvi 9mra13 erla1949) fevralia 18. 6 – 1933 marta (9 Dnevnik G. Dimitrov 15-32. 17. L. 74.D.204. Op. F.495. RTsKhIDNI. 16. Ibid pp.125-126. , nteSve edraogother among leader Soviet the on ´ 18 aorbefrti purpose... not this are for situation, favourable international moreover and nal I sncsayt eltetuht h whole a the accomplish to to unable truth peo- is the Spanish —nowadays ple tell people the to and 1936: world necessary 23, is July Di- on “It uphold formulated definition Stalin about mitrov’s character speaking revolution while conver- Spanish Alberti his Rafael In with Spain. of sation prognosises future desirable public the their to as in caution Union kept Soviet and leaders advisers Union”. Comintern Soviet general the In to reaction close in i rdcsos anro ok nhslte of letter by his In arrisen work. be of manner could predecessors’ mistrust his the that Spain supposed in adviser Comintern as mentioned. appointed Togliatti be could May Barcelona “1937th in of example, putch” for shape thus, the conflicts, took armed distrust mutual Occasionally communists against socialists”. same and the Trotskyists doing anar- were while and chists communists socialists against struggling where ‘sec- were genuine war the civil into ond’ involved repub- of was rear Spain “the that lican noted they from when far not truth zone. the were nationalist journalist and the researchers from And Spain separat- republican trenches ing of line not the did with “aliens” coincide always and border- folks” own the “their organizations between line and parties different. many were For priorities policy or- foreign socio-political and obvious future der of was vision It their for them. enough supporting Italy Ger- and as well many Spain as nationalists Republican Spanish resisted whithin its who those of zone and preconditioned influence) historically be Penin- to Pyrenean sula Euro- the all considered of which (first one unac- pean world was external both remote close for rather ceptable in though solidarity prospect This of Union”. Soviet “policy with “Republican connection as priority internal as foreign- policy and defined leadership” Communist precise: was under 1937 Spain more priority Stepanov 28, “formula” circle political March narrow that a dated for made intented letter was circular that the In yGDmto)alcptls oesadfascism and win”. powers will capitalist all G.Dimitrov) by lution lie nSani ilconsolidate will it Spain in claimed udrie yGDmto)bcueinter- because G.Dimitrov) by (underlined 20 21 fSvesb pro- be Soviets If rltra revo- (underlined 19 pns omns at nisstainunder situation its guardianship”. L.’s in “I Party left having Communist mistake conclusion: Spanish serious a following made have and we the think more to correct”. become is comes view I of Togliatti point day this after that latter convinced Day more the If return. better would not he L. methods work concerns his change cannot mostly criticism This the than etc. faster under can, and they them better everything of make instead to change pretext acting they lot, stop incapable that they as that Party, Spanish the of themselves view of their consider ‘masters’ be to to cease ‘advisers’ (Gere); Your Codovilla’s Pedro as (Luis well L. as concerns pseudonym) criticism tac- This party im- tics. he comrades’ undermines Spanish into gradually to plusiveness due nervousness which useless policy, the- the introducing incorrect the or improvised to of ories comrades means way mislead wrong not leaders: ‘advisers’ ECCI “Your offered he 1937 13, September faacosniaitleaders” adventurism anarcho-syndicalist with of up joines adven- Trotskyism Spain of turism circumstances tribune. a these received in has Moreover deputy Maurin elected that an fact the being to due of growing danger will is The Trotskyism Trotskyists provocation... for as situation dan- growing the use “The is Di- Trotskyism to emphasized: of report Gere ger the hand by of at signed beginning close mitrov the was when war 1936 civil April the in as early in. the As of failures their was all all Trotskyism and of whom Stalin source is for of surroundings that completely possession his but maniac position approach; shared was his their them there which with predecessors, in coincided ways his aspect some of one by work dissatisfied was of Togliatti if But hbnsrpr oDmto n aulk fAu- of Manuilsky and Dimitrov aspects. to many report in Shubin’s organization this he to though close Party) was Marxist of member Labour formal (United a POUM not was Maurin that Gere ble 3 TKIN.F 9.O.7.D19 6. . L D.199. 74. 96-98. Op. L. 495. F. 209. RTsKhIDNI. D. 23. 74. Op. 495. F. RTsKhIDNI. 22. 1 oiiceSuin 99 N 1959. Studien. Politische 21. 9 TKIN.F45 p 4 .0.L 33-70. G.: DIMITROV, L. D.204. 20. 74. Op. F.495. RTsKhIDNI. 19. Op.cit. 22 .126. p. , o 1,p 827. p. 116, 23 tddnttrou- not did It . 53 EBRE 38 MAIG 2003 54 EBRE 38 MAIG 2003 ec evc n rnhsce police”. Intelli- secret French of and agents Service agents numerous gence Mussolini includes also and which Gestapo of “a Headquarter, General organization called of month stuff was “A Franco’s of entitled POUM branch 1937 Government” 18, Negrin’s June of of to letter going the In POUM”. not against “was measures vigorous himself take POUMists” Caballero protect Largo to but trying sophistry “anar- and only mental tricks undertakes not effort, every that author made distressed press The chist was letter the murderers”. provokers, of and fascists, gangsters was of POUM spies, organization Catalonia in “the anal- putsch called the May to the devoted 1937 of 11, ysis May of and letter the USSR, In the Party. “plus Communist Spanish Comintern, countries other against of common Gestapo” Malague socialists dark of “the of fall with company” the associated after was 1937 POUM cri- February, the burst in to which out government devoted Caballero’s letter Largo the of hostile In sis force Republic. a the as to Marx- described of was Unification) Party re- to ist (Labour as leaders POUM CPI considered sum- directives, of be ECCI response and can predicted spring and which verse in 1937, letters Secretariate of information mer ECCI Stepanov’s the of to series the Italy. In and German to of interference attention for- eign of more problem the almost to than Trotskyism paid and around Trotsky setting war international Spanish the the on 1936 7, gust ob acs at.GrlasrdBoka that Broakway assured POUM Giral believe party. fascist not a did be party to his his Gi- that in Affairs declared Broakway Foreign ral of 5 Minister June with On been conversation have Andrade Madrid”. has and to Nin Gorkin moved that He, rumoured shot. is been “It that directive: Commu- conclusion Party the the to nist according to prohibited was came POUM es- he who arrests members POUM caped informa- the from the received to tion through According Moscow channels. to report Comintern forwared The to and 1937. July, received visit Inde- –early was his June by the late after in report of leaders Spain the Party one Labour by and pendent occupied MP destiny is British tragic F.Broakway, amplify place leaders’ special to POUM a of permitting details documents many the Among 24 25 26 ugdb h ainlcutisedo h mili- the be of will instead Nin tribunal”. court and tary national open the be by will judged POUM of case the p.169. fSaihdmcaywstesrgl against struggle the was on defence democracy whom Spanish processes” for of those “Moscow on out opinion, of brings public world 1938 influence 13, fatal March the letter dated R.Rolland’s with J.R.Bloch connected to Spain. republican closely in of were repressions fortunes Union mass that Soviet prominent fact another the is most the Spain, of the in War illustration of Civil the one of researchers Vilar, P. historian nhsreport only not his was In destiny POUM concern. outside the defenders Republic from supported who those for Russian But to spite only in not October? tribute that, payed who drama everything, Spanish of last, sophisticated the that At of of Berlin? murder personage the in in involved presence was about alleged photomontage his composed this skillfully the in Nin? reinforced by legend enigmas Andreu slanderous the many arrested circulated Who great personally a Who 1937. matter: still May, of are decade Nin. first A. There from the leader. path at his arrest POUM trace illegal his to of possible is destiny it details Nevertheless tragic many out the bring of to researchers allow do not documents by Comintern alive. for accessible already Nowadays accused not was the he among time not that was Nin but held poeain fcptls countries” capitalist of “proletarians otercountry”. return their on to disappeared months mysteriously first Antonov-Ovseenko, Kolstov— the —Rozenberg, of friendship “Symbols of rather under that conditions. act blame to hard had to Republic extent the Moscow considerable of historians was a to it was Moreover that the unfair. But was Republic. the reproach to help political insufficient 9 IA,P (1986): P. 101-102. VILAR, D.274.L. 29. 20. Op. F:495. RTsKhIDNI. 107-125. D.211.L. 28. 74. Op. F.495. RTsKhIDNI. 144-145. 27. L. 74.D.204. Op. F.495. 128-132. RTsKhIDNI. L. 26. 204. 74.D. Op. F.495. RTsKhIDNI. L.102-103. D.33. 25. 73. Op. F.495. RTsKhIDNI. 24. fe uihCapitulation Munich after 27 h oiia iuto nSpain in Situation Political The h rcs gis OMwas POUM against process The 29 aGer ii espa Civil Guerra La hsrmr yFrench by remark This olat reprimanded Togliatti nola ˜ 28 Barcelona, . o their for uitadScaitPris o h on defence joint Spain?”. Com- the of the for Parties, of Socialist cooperation for and munist convicts for the Front, conse- to National deplorable penalty tha death about the of think quences to them press) the for forcing intented to not letter (closed, the authorities Soviet immediately be send would to it that necessary think friends best USSR the Don’t disastrous. and talk France be in will shall especially America, this world, of —we the resonance over here the all However, event details on. later into not it am about go world: I to the greatly. over willing me all tortures and process Europe “Moscow in threat fascist ocw“ugs nune rmso idof mind Spain. in of representatives frames Comintern of influenced atmosphere “purges” poisoned Moscow the enough USSR. Obviously the with connection considered ev- close be in not of could which perception Spanish Party and Communist influenced Comintern with turn, connected erything its dehumanization. essen- of in direction undergone This, the had of in Soviets changes image tial of by the country purges” opinion, the “Stalin’s public F.Claudin of democratic by West perception marked up” fairly “eased factors the the Though fascism”. into and supporters: play reaction will Moscow of USSR hands the of against argument criticism any main face the rotted the in had retreated of kingdom something Stalin’s in that conscience through of thinking voice began their those and to Even sensitive were Republic. rendered who the The that to power assistance only began. military the War was seized Civil Union Hitler Spanish Soviet the increased, power, fascism the of unshakable... ‘Mother- threat remained and itself The Stalin ’ of of on land sent reputation were main scaffold, revolution the October the individ- and the 1936 Moscow of in in authors began “When processes ual Party: Pablo So- Working Spanish Madrid of of cialist archive main director the the in Fund, was Iglesias’s who years Communist) last Spanish former his of (a attention Claudin attracted for socialist fact not That were the of it 1930s. conditions world that if and European note serious specific the more to even necessary been is would have processes” it “Moscow of time consequences the same the At 30 31 ard p.15. Madrid, n te ate fteNtoa rn” nhsre- his In Front”. National port the of parties socialists other with and intercourse of ardour the and damping off National breaking without the “rap- Labour of for from Confederation called anarchists he with Com- anarchists proachement the and between Party polemic” munist the fierce of months electricity last accumulated of “to tension order per- relieve in 1937 this september, escape In not tendency. nicious did Republic, effort the de- of much between fenders made contradictions of had smoothing who toward Togliatti, Even of extend- circle was ing. the activity hand subversive of at accused close those being final tragic The 98 N 1988. fteCnrlFotBreo un n Ortega and Bueno Barcelo, Front Central the chiefs Alonso, of even and air- Camacho accused and commanders Togliatti force Catalonia Party. Communist of the Party into of pene- United Union leaders General NKT Workers. Catalonian to into and Party deeply one trating Republican Socialist the the con- to from Masons’ extended masons. Com- nections also the were of Party majority members munist ap- significant the including state The in servicemen entire entirely of freemasons. almost the of was in police hands and The ac- army paratus. functioned the cells in consequences. tively freemason fatal front” has national so-called opinion, of The his failure “defeatist in for of which, acting organization and moods mason accused called Spain. He of so one troubles held all hoimself whom for criticism Franco responsible all of freemason his first and even of “nationalists” youth orb find even an Socialist could and the in republican into main organizations, pierced anarchist, the opinion, Trotskyists Party, POUM his attaching to in on aspect who, ideological kept in he role though And republi- even (Albornoz). cans and (Asensio) etc.), servicemen Liopis, regular (Araquistain, socialists (Juan etc.), anarchists Liopis, and trucklers the included In he zone. circle republican of organization and party 0 ie by: Cited 30. 1 LUI,F (1985): F. CLAUDIN, 31. Capitulation h oiia iuto nSanatrMunich after Spain in situation Political The o ,p 166. p. 4, olat ujce ociiimevery criticism to subjected Togliatti nsrnaaliteratura Inostrannaia nntroespa notorio Un Frinliterature). (Foreign o nRusia en nol ˜ . 55 EBRE 38 MAIG 2003 56 EBRE 38 MAIG 2003 eiain ewssr htterbehaviour their accomplish that to sure Casado was helped He and passiveness of hesitation. masons— were them of —all A C ilorpia references Bibliographical not did Republic the that recover. After to manage 1939. 5, March ´ LVAREZ LAUDIN Madrid. rgdsInternacionales Brigadas .(1985): F. , .(1996): S. , itrapol´ Historia nntroespa notorio Un Madrid. . tc iia elas de militar y ıtica opd’etat coup o nRusia en nol ˜ on . L V M P M EITZ ILAR ASCUA ESCHERJAKOV ATTHEWS lona. London. Moscow. .(1999): C. , .(1986): P. , o aae di el para nos Komintern i .(1970): M. , .(1973): H. , ..(1981): M.T. , aGer ii espa Civil Guerra La ( alogo pi eulcadComintern and Republic Spain ´ pi nItrainlContext. International in Spain r espa Oro afo pi Died Spain of Half VI-VII. , o nMosc´ en nol ˜ sasaarespublika Ispanskaja nola ˜ .NewYork. .Cuader- u. .Barce- ).