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Dissertação-Mestrado YURI-PPG PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA COORDENAÇÃO DE TECNOLOGIA E INOVAÇÃO LABORATÓRIO DE BIOPROSPECÇÃO E BIOTECNOLOGIA ESTUDO FITOQUÍMICO E BIOATIVIDADE DE Eleutherine bulbosa (MILLER) URB. Yuri de Souza Andrade Pastor Almeida Manaus – AM Julho, 2016 Yuri de Souza Andrade Pastor Almeida ESTUDO FITOQUÍMICO E BIOATIVIDADE DE Eleutherine bulbosa (MILLER) URB. Orientador(a): Dra. Cecilia Veronica Nunez Dissertação apresentada à Coordenação do Programa Integrado de Pós-Graduação em Botânica do INPA, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Botânica. Manaus - AM Julho, 2016 ii iii iv v À minha amada família, meus pais Eneida e Lauro, e meu irmão Igor, por serem os eternos pilares da minha vida, e aos verdadeiros e preciosos amigos que fiz nesta longa caminhada chamada vida, dedico esta dissertação. vi AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente à DEUS, pelas inúmeras coisas boas que possuo em minha vida e por sempre contar com sua força na hora dos mais diversos desafios. Agradeço à minha família, em especial aos meus pais e meu irmão. À minha mãe Eneida, eterna companheira e apoiadora, por nunca me deixar faltar nada e sempre me incentivar a crescer na vida, a ela devo uma gratidão eterna. Ao meu pai Lauro, que mesmo longe atualmente, me apoiou e me deu amor, e me ensinou que, na vida, pensamento positivo é tudo, e que no fim tudo dá certo. Ao meu irmão Igor, que sempre me estendeu a mão sem questionar, que sempre esteve lá quando eu mais precisei, um segundo pai, uma pessoa que sei que posso contar pelo resto de minha vida. Aos meus amigos, pelos momentos felizes, aventuras e companheirismo, que me ajudavam a desligar dos problemas, nas horas boas e ruins, em especial à Alan Soares, Alan Almeida, Bruno da Mata Tio, Daniel Martini, Dennis Rafael, Maximiliano Moraes, Marcos Deilson, Rafael Ribeiro e Thales Filizola. Aos meus amigos da faculdade e da Botânica, pela amizade, pelos inúmeros momentos hilários e aventuras que passamos, e pelo grande conhecimento científico que adquiri com os mesmos ao longo deste mestrado, em especial à Alysson, Diana, Gabriel, Jhenny, Lincoln, Marcos Melo, Rodrigo e Wellison. Aos eternos companheiros e amigos de Laboratório, obrigado pela imensa e indispensável ajuda que me deram, tudo foi possível graças a vocês, nos momentos felizes e difíceis dessa jornada, vocês estavam lá. Agradeço à minha querida e amada Fabiele Cruz, sempre prestativa e pronta a ajudar, companheira de fracionamentos nas madrugadas de finais de semana, pelo amor, amizade, conhecimento e pela ajuda nos ensaios biológicos e diversos experimentos. Aos valiosíssimos amigos, pelos inúmeros momentos descontraídos no Laboratório, pelos vários momentos felizes fora do ambiente de trabalho, por serem incrivelmente prestativos e sempre terem tempo para me ajudar, pelas dicas, pelo imenso conhecimento que adquiri com eles e pelo apoio emocional e profissional: Alan, David, Fabiana, Jaci, Juliana, Kissinara (ensaio antioxidante cheio de emoções), Leomara, Luana, Sabrina e Vanessa. vii À Dra. Marne Carvalho de Vasconcellos, da UFAM, pela colaboração e realização do ensaio antitumoral. À minha orientadora Dra. Cecilia Veronica Nunez, por me receber em seu laboratório e me conceder a oportunidade de realizar este trabalho, pelos ensinamentos e confiança. Aos professores do PPG de Botânica do INPA, pelos ricos ensinamentos e incentivos à continuar sempre pesquisando as maravilhas da natureza. Ao grupo CALTQPN, pelas análises de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear e Espectrometria de massas. Ao CNPq pela concessão da bolsa e apoio financeiro para o projeto. Ao INPA pela infraestrutura e amparo, e por possibilitar a realização deste sonho. À todos os colegas de Laboratório que contribuíram direta e indiretamente para este trabalho, meu imenso obrigado! viii “A sorte favorece os audazes” VIRGÍLIO – A Eneida (10, 284) ix RESUMO A espécie Eleutherine bulbosa Miller (Urb.) apresenta uma vasta riqueza de substâncias isoladas, contudo, existem poucos trabalhos de indivíduos do bioma amazônico, podendo apresentar substâncias novas ou potenciais biológicos diferenciados. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a análise fitoquímica de E. bulbosa coletada na região de Altamira-PA, no bioma amazônico, e avaliar o potencial biológico de seus extratos. As folhas, flores e bulbos foram secos e posteriormente moídos. O material vegetal foi então submetido a extração com hexano ou diclorometano (DCM), metanol (MeOH) e H 2O, e seus extratos analisados por cromatografia em camada delgada comparativa (CCDC). O extrato hexânico apresentou precipitação de cristais após a concentração, sendo estes separados por lavagem com solvente e analisado por CCDC. O extrato selecionado para ser fracionado foi o metanólico do bulbo, revelando indícios da presença de classes de substâncias fenólicas, diferentes classes de terpenos, além de derivados antraquinônicos, sendo o mesmo posteriormente submetido à partição líquido-líquido e sua fase DCM fracionada. Foi possível isolar oito substâncias: sete do fracionamento da fase DCM, e uma do extrato hexânico. Por meio da análise de RMN, ao todo foi possível caracterizar 5 substâncias, eleuterina, eleuterol, eleuterinol-8-O-β-glicosídeo, isoeleuterina e eleuterinol. Os extratos e eleuterina apresentaram uma alta toxidade no teste com Artemia salina , onde o metanólico do bulbo e eleuterina apresentaram a maior toxidade, nas concentrações de 1000 µg/mL e 500 µg/mL. Para o ensaio antitumoral, nenhum dos extratos e nem eleuterina apresentaram uma citotoxidade significativa frente às linhagens tumorais MCF-7, MRC-5, HCT116 e Sk-Mel-28, com exceção do extrato hexânico do bulbo que causou morte celular de 50-60% contra as linhagens MCF-7, MRC-5 e Sk-Mel-28. No ensaio antimicrobiano, o extrato metanólico e a fase DCM apresentaram uma concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 1000 µg/mL e 500 µg/mL, respectivamente, e as substâncias Fr 61+62 (FD), eleuterol e isoeleuterina apresentaram CIM de 500 µg/mL frente à Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas fluorescens. No geral, todos os extratos analisados não apresentaram atividade antioxidante significativa frente ao radical DPPH, nem ao Fe 3+ /fenantrolina. Eleuterina, eleuterinol e isoeleuterina se mostraram importantes marcadores químicos desta espécie, por sua predominância na planta, e esta é a segunda vez que é relatado a presença do eleuterinol glicosilado nesta espécie. Estudos mais profundos com as substâncias isoladas, bem como a caracterização das principais responsáveis pelo potencial antimicrobiano, são necessários. Ainda, os resultados obtidos podem ser utilizados em futuros estudos comparativos da espécie e gêneros da tribo, aliados à dados morfológicos e filogenia, para a solução de problemas taxonômicos. Palavras – chave: Eleutherine bulbosa , ensaio antimicrobiano, ensaio antitumoral, Artemia salina , quinonas. x ABSTRACT Eleutherine bulbosa Miller (Urb.) species presents a vast wealth of isolated substances, however, there are few studies of individuals from the Amazon biome, that may present new substances or different biological potentials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform the phytochemical analysis of E. bulbosa collected in Altamira- PA, region from the Amazon biome, and evaluation of the biological potential of its extracts. The leaves, flowers and bulbs were dried and then grounded. Subsequently, the plant material was subjected to extraction with hexane or dichloromethane (DCM), methanol (MeOH) and H 2O, and their extracts analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The hexane extract showed precipitation of crystals after concentration, which were separated by washing with solvent and analyzed by TLC. The extract selected for fractionation was the bulb's methanolic extract, which revealed evidence of the presence of phenolic substance classes, different classes of terpenes, and anthraquinone derivatives, the same being further subjected to liquid-liquid partition and it's DCM phase fractionated. It was possible to isolate eight substances: seven from the DCM phase fractionation, and one from the hexane extract. By NMR analysis, it was possible to characterize 5 substances: eleutherin, eleutherol, eleutherinol-8-O-β-glucoside, isoeleutherin and eleutherinol. The extracts and eleutherin showed high toxicity in Artemia salina assay, where the bulb's methanolic extract and eleutherin showed the highest toxicity at 1000 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL concentrations. For antitumor assay, none of the extracts or eleuterine showed significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7, MRC- 5, HCT116 and Sk-Mel-28 tumor cell lines, except the bulb’s hexanic extract, which caused 50-60% cell death against MCF-7, MRC-5 and Sk-Mel-28 cell lines. In the antimicrobial assay, the methanolic extract and the DCM phase showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1000 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL, respectively, and also the substances Fr 61+62 (FD), eleutherol and isoeleutherin showed a MIC of 500 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Overall, all extracts analyzed showed no significant antioxidant activity against the DPPH radical, or the Fe 3+ /phenanthroline. Eleutherin, eleutherol and isoeleutherin showed to be very important chemical markers of this species since its predominance in the plant, and this is the second time it is reported the presence of glycosylated eleutherinol in this species. Further studies with the isolated substances, as well the characterization of the main ones responsible for the antimicrobial potential, are necessary.
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