Topography and the Built Environment Francis Boorman
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VCH Glos. Cirencester 1825-1945 – Topography Draft 1.0 Topography and the Built Environment Francis Boorman COMMUNICATIONS Roads [by David Viner] The Cirencester United Roads Trust was established by a Consolidating Act of 1825 which amalgamated the various Turnpike Trusts into one body to ‘maintain and improve certain roads leading to and from the town’.1 The new trust was responsible for the turnpike roads from Cirencester to the Town Bridge at Cricklade (total length 6¾ miles, starting from the brewery in Cricklade Street); the London Road to St. John’s Bridge at Lechlade (total length 13 miles, starting from the end of Dyer Street); the Gloucester Road to Birdlip (responsible for 9 miles measured from the Salutation tollhouse); the road to Stroud at or near the Anchor Inn (total length 14½ miles); to Charlton Kings and Cheltenham on the newly created route from the Salutation Gate at Stratton (total length 13¾ miles); and on shorter lengths of road from Spittle Gate to Baunton via the Whiteway, to Ready Token (the junction with the Bibury Turnpike Trust at Dancey’s Fancy), and Lewis Lane, Querns Lane, and Sheep Street Lane to the corner of Castle Street in Cirencester.2 In the same year the Cirencester Town Act empowered the town commissioners to look after and repair the parish roads.3 The turnpike to Wootton Bassett via Siddington was excluded from the amalgamation as it was not finished and ended in a field. When complete in 1830 it came under the jurisdiction of the Cirencester and Wootton Bassett Turnpike Trust.4 The turnpike to Bath and the Fosse Way were also excluded. Before 1825, Cirencester was poorly served by direct road links to Cheltenham. The local network of roads and tracks took travellers along Ermin Street to Beech Pike to pick up the easterly route via Cubberley (Coberley); or along Goose Acre Lane or the Whiteway towards Baunton or Perrott’s Brook before turning north to High Cross via Woodmancote and Elkstone. Access to Cheltenham was considerably enhanced by the construction of a new turnpike road along the valley of the River Churn from the Salutation toll gate at Stratton, through Rendcombe and Colesbourne in 1825.5 The new road was opened to vehicular traffic on 19 April 1827.6 The former route along Goose Acre Lane to Baunton was effectively closed to wheeled traffic, when the trustees ordered the construction of a side gate at the entrance to Gooseacre Lane from Gloucester Street to prevent evasion of the toll at the Salutation Gate for travellers hoping to use the old trackway to Baunton past Bowling Green Farm.7 In 1859 the gradient of the road to Stroud at Kill Devil Hill was reduced at the expense of Lord Bathurst to provide relief work during a hard winter.8 1 6 Geo.IV, c. 143. 2 GA, HB7/V/1; D1442/box11105/3; D1442/box2531/3. 3 See Local Government. 4 1-2 Wm IV, c.41; GA, Q/RUm/123. 5 6 Geo.IV, c. 143; VCH Glos VII, 137-8, 150-1, 175; GA, Q/RUm/96, D2637/1. 6 Chelt. Chronicle, 19 Apr. 1827. 7 GA, D10820/C7-1-h. 8 W. Scotford Harmer, ‘Cirencester Present and Past: old streets and houses’ in Baddeley, Cirencester, 324; Page 1 of 13 VCH Glos. Cirencester 1825-1945 – Topography Draft 1.0 An Act to create a further term in the Cirencester District of Turnpike Roads was passed in 18629 and the trusteescontinued to maintain the turnpikes by farming tolls with users contributing to their upkeep.10 The Cirencester Highway Board, established in 1863, was responsible for the repair of the parish (as distinct from turnpike) roads within the tithings of Barton, Chesterton, Oakley, Sperringate and Wiggold, and the surrounding parishes within its area of jurisdiction.11 The board appealed for surveyors in July 1863 to prepare separate maps of the highways in each of the 32 parishes and places comprising the district, a total length of 235 miles, the distance from point to point to be stated on the map at a scale of 8 inches to the mile, with maps to be mounted on canvas to fold uniformly.12 The distinction between turnpike and parish roads with respect to responsibility for funding and repair continued until 1869 when an agreement was reached between the two bodies and the highway board received a contribution per annum from the turnpike trust to maintain the turnpike roads within the town.13 In 1876 the newly instituted Cirencester Local Board took over the repair of all highways in Cirencester.14 In November 1879 the Cirencester District of Turnpikes Roads was wound up.15 The tollgates were removed and tenders were invited for the purchase of the materials of the tollhouses, gates and rails.16 The sum of £216 9s. was achieved, while the total assets amounted to £620 1s. 7d., of which £150 was paid to the Clerk in compensation. The remaining balance was payable to the road authorities in proportion to the mileage of each road within their highway district. Cirencester Highway Board with 2745 chains of road received £255 11s. 9d., and Cirencester Local Board with 417 chains received £38 16s. 10d.17 Under the 1888 Local Government Act the Board decided to retain their powers and duties as regards roads within their district repairable as main roads (Tetbury Road, Stroud Road, Cricklade Road, London Road, Burford Road, Whiteway Road, Querns Lane, Lewis Lane, Sheep Street, and Siddington Road) and those they considered were main roads (Gloucester Street, Thomas Street, Park Street, Dyer Street, Castle Street, Somerford Road, Querns Hill, Dollar Street, Gosditch Street and Cricklade Street).18 In 1889 the County Council paid the Local Board £972 per annum to maintain main roads within the district but declined to adopt the latter group.19 Housing development within the town from the mid-19th century necessitated the creation of roads to serve the new houses built on the former Ashcroft estate (Ashcroft Road, Ashcroft Villas, and St. Peter’s Road).20 Housing expansion at Watermoor, to the south of Lewis Lane and Querns GA, D2525/P164. 9 GA, D10820/C7-1-i., 25 & 26 Vic. c. 13; GA, D1442/box2529/11. Wilts & Glos., 24 May 1862. 10 GA, D1442/box2529/11. 11 GA, HB5; D181/box96592/1-2. 12 Wilts & Glos. 18 July 1863;. GA, D181/box96597/1; D181/box96597/30. 13 GA, D181/box96592/1, 5 July 1869; DA4/100/2, f. 479. 14 See Local Government, Local Board. 15 GA, HB5/V/1. 16 Wilts & Glos 4 Oct. 1879; GA, D1442/box2529/9. 17 GA, HB/V/1. 18 GA, DA4/100/5, f. 9. 19 GA, DA4/100/5, f. 63, 165. 20 GA, DA4/100/5, f. 274. Page 2 of 13 VCH Glos. Cirencester 1825-1945 – Topography Draft 1.0 Lane, led to the adoption of newly-built roads as public highways: The Avenue, between Tower Street and Watermoor Road21; King Street22; City Bank Road23; New Road, later renamed Victoria Road24 with Queen Street providing the link to Watermoor Road, to commemorate Queen Victoria’s Jubilee; and Purley Road.25 In 1910 the Urban District Council failed to persuade the County Council of the merits for constructing a new road from Grove Lane to the end of Gloucester Street to relieve traffic seeking a north-south route through the narrow streets of the town.26 Discussions resumed in 1923 and approval for the scheme received grants from the County Council and Ministry of Transport.27 The route of 507 yards through the Bomford allotments and Shepherd’s Piece was officially opened in August 1925 and named Abbey Way.28 The new concrete bridge over the River Churn was successfully tested with three steam rollers passing over it, while Mr W.C.T. Paternoster was the first to drive a motor-car along the new road.29 Upgrading of Grove Lane was completed in 1928.30 Traffic management included the introduction of one-way systems, and speed limits. In 1933 west- east traffic in the Market Place was confined to the north side, with east-west movement to the south of a double-row of parking bays.31 This layout persisted until 2016 and the reconfiguration of the Market Place by Cirencester Town Council.32 Coaches and Carriers In 1840 Cirencester was served by 18 coaches providing links to Bath, Birmingham, Bristol, Cheltenham, Dursley, London, Oxford, Stroud, Gloucester, Painswick, Edgeworth, Southampton and Wootton-under-Edge.33 Coaches continued to operate later in the century, but the arrival of the railway led to a slow decline in passenger traffic. Robson’s Directory for 1839 lists 63 destinations within a 20-mile radius, with individual carriers operating from 13 hostelries, in addition to the long- distance routes of Budd & Co., and Tanner & Baylis. The Sun (11), Bear (8), Fleece (7) and King’s Head (5) were the more favoured collection points, with other carriers working from the Black Horse (3), Salutation (2), Crown (4), Nag’s Head (1), Three Horse Shoes (4), White Hart (3), Three Cocks (1), Wheatsheaf (3) and Bull (1).34 In 1894 there were 48 destinations served from 20 public houses, with the Bear (15) and Wheatsheaf (11) dominating the trade ahead of the Waggon and Horses (6), Sun (6) and Three Compasses (6).35 The 21 GA, DA4/100/7, f. 125. 22 GA, DA4/100/9, f. 365, GADA4 100/10, f. 431. 23 GA, DA4/100/11, f. 373. 24 GA, DA4/100/4, ff. 268, 333-4. 25 GA, DA4/100/16, f.