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Alex Ross: the Rest Is Noise: Ruined Choirs: Shostakovich Pagina 1 Van 6 Alex Ross: The Rest Is Noise: Ruined Choirs: Shostakovich pagina 1 van 6 Alex Ross: The Rest Is Noise Articles, a blog, and a book by the music critic of The New Yorker Ruined Choirs: Shostakovich by Alex Ross The New Yorker, March 20, 2000. Addendum 2004: This article contains quotations from Testimony, the purported memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich. In light of Laurel E. Fay's latest researches, published in The Shostakovich Casebook, it is no longer possible to place any faith in Solomon Volkov's book. Writing in 2000, I stated that the composer's signature appeared on the first page of the manuscript. This, it turns out, is not the case. On a January evening in 1936, Joseph Stalin entered a box at the Bolshoi Theatre, in Moscow. His custom was to take a seat in the back, just before the curtain rose. He had become interested that month in new operas by Soviet composers: a week earlier, he had seen Ivan Dzerzhinsky’s “The Quiet Don,” and liked it enough to summon the composer for a conversation. On this night, the Bolshoi was presenting “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk,” a dark, violent, sexually explicit opera by Dmitri Shostakovich. Stalin enjoyed himself less. After the third act—in which tsarist policemen are depicted as buffoons who arrest people on hastily fabricated pretexts—the Leader conspicuously walked out. Shostakovich, who had been expecting the same reception that Stalin gave to Dzerzhinsky, went away feeling, he said, “sick at heart.” Two days later, Pravda published an editorial under the headline “muddle instead of music,” which condemned Shostakovich’s opera outright. “From the first minute,” the anonymous author wrote, “the listener is confused by a deliberately disordered, muddled stream of noise.” The composer was playing a game that “may end very badly.” In 1936, Shostakovich was twenty-nine years old, and he was the brilliant young man of Soviet music. His First Symphony, which he completed at the age of eighteen, had been taken up by orchestras around the world. He had dedicated himself—industriously, if not enthusiastically—to works on Communist themes. His first opera, a setting of Gogol’s “The Nose,” typified the impertinence of art in the early Bolshevik years, and his second, “Lady Macbeth,” was hailed—before Stalin saw it—as the prototypical Soviet music drama. For the benefit of the proletarian establishment, Shostakovich declared of his opera, “I wanted to unmask reality and to arouse a feeling of hatred for the tryannical and humiliating atmosphere in a Russian merchant’s household.” At the same time, his satire of the police must have struck a sympathetic chord with audiences who were living under Stalin. It’s impossible to say whether Stalin himself took offense at the police scene, or the graphic bedroom sequences, or the spasms of dissonance produced by the orchestra. Perhaps he simply felt, with his genius for destruction, that this young man needed a comeuppance. Shostakovich lived the next two years of his life in a state of abject fear. Pravda’s denunciation of “Lady Macbeth” coincided with the beginning of the Great Terror, and Shostakovich was immediately declared “an enemy of the people.” He is said to have slept in the hallway outside his apartment, so that when the N.K.V.D. came to take him away his young family would not have to witness the scene. He finished his Fourth Symphony, a surreal, desolate piece in a Mahlerian vein, and withdrew it when cultural officials warned him that he was still on the wrong path. In April of 1937, he set to work on a new symphony, in a simpler style; two months later, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, a Marshal of the Soviet Union, who had been a supporter and friend of Shostakovich’s for many years, was shot for his part in a nonexistent conspiracy. As the N.K.V.D. rounded up Tukhachevsky’s circle, Shostakovich was called in for questioning. In an impeccably Gogolesque turn of events, the composer found that his appointed interrogator had been arrested, and that no one else was interested in his case. http://www.therestisnoise.com/2004/05/shostakovich.html 18-7-2009 Alex Ross: The Rest Is Noise: Ruined Choirs: Shostakovich pagina 2 van 6 When the Fifth Symphony had its première, in November of 1937, it sent the audience into convulsions. During the third movement, the proudly sorrowing Largo, many broke into tears. During the finale, people around the hall got to their feet, as if royalty had entered the room. The ovation afterward lasted for forty minutes. The game had not ended badly, for the moment: Shostakovich had written a piece that had aroused the love of the masses, and he had done so in a clear style that passed muster with socialist-realist aesthetics. The Fifth went on to achieve enormous popularity in the West. Shostakovich, in the remaining forty years of his career, proved to be one of the few twentieth-century composers who could hold audiences in thrall, and interest in him has only intensified since his death. This season, in New York, he is everywhere: “Lady Macbeth” is currently playing at the Metropolitan Opera; many of the symphonies have appeared on programs around town; and the Emerson Quartet has just recorded and performed the fifteen string quartets. Back in 1982, when the Fitzwilliam Quartet played the cycle at Alice Tully Hall, there were many empty seats. When the Emerson repeated the feat last month, the hall was full, and people were begging for tickets. But something funny has happened to this composer on his way to immortality. Audiences are listening to him more intently than ever, but they are being urged to listen in a very different way. Shostakovich, once pegged as a propagandist for the Soviet system, is now exalted as its noblest musical victim. He has been canonized as a moral subversive, a conscientious ironist, a “holy fool.” The ending of the Fifth Symphony, which was once described as a paean to Stalin’s Russia, is now described as a sub-rosa denunciation of it. Such a hundred-and- eighty-degree rotation of meaning is curious, to say the least, and the arbitrariness of the change—the music is still said to represent Stalin but, now, critically—suggests that the new interpretation may be no more valid than the old one. The Fifth has become a hall of musical mirrors in which our own unmusical obsessions are reflected. The notes, in any case, remain the same. The symphony still ends fortissimo, in D major, and it still brings audiences to their feet. When I began listening to Shostakovich, in college, I came across a record of a Soviet radio broadcast of one of the composer’s public speeches. I put it on, expecting to meet the masterful personality behind the Fifth Symphony. Instead, I heard a man speaking hurriedly in Russian while an interpreter, sounding like a voice- over man in a driver’s-ed film, intoned such deathless phrases as “We are all a vital part of the times we live in” and “Soviet art rests foursquare on the ideas and principles proclaimed by the great Lenin.” This was an introduction to the enigma of Shostakovich, who made an art of saying nothing memorable in public. After any performance of his music, he would declare, “Brilliantly done.” When he was shown something by another composer, he would say, “A remarkable work.” He mastered Soviet doublespeak, and artfully mocked it in his correspondence: “1944 is around the corner,” he wrote to his friend Isaak Glikman. “A year of happiness, joy, and victory. This year will bring us much joy. The freedom-loving Peoples will at long last throw off the yoke of Hitlerism, and peace will reign throughout the world under the sunny rays of Stalin’s Constitution. I am convinced of this, and therefore experience the greatest joy.” This façade was shattered in 1979, with the publication of “Testimony: The Memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich, as Related to and Edited by Solomon Volkov.” Volkov, a young Leningrad musicologist, had interviewed the composer in the early seventies and smuggled his manuscript out of the Soviet Union. In “Testimony,” Shostakovich rages against Stalin and offers provocative reinterpretations of several of his most familiar works. The book introduced many readers to Shostakovich’s biting wit, and they began to hear the same tone in his music. A revisionist school of interpretation developed, as critics went hunting for subversive messages in Shostakovich’s ostensibly socialist-realist symphonies. The quartets were likewise glossed as “private diaries” of the composer’s anguish under Soviet domination. It was in this light that the Emerson played the cycle; the program notes quoted from such great dissident figures as Osip Mandelstam, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, and Joseph Brodsky, implying that Shostakovich belonged in their company. The Emerson also participated in “The Noise of Time,” a production by the Théâtre de Complicité, in which Shostakovich’s music under-scored a multimedia collage of his tormented life. http://www.therestisnoise.com/2004/05/shostakovich.html 18-7-2009 Alex Ross: The Rest Is Noise: Ruined Choirs: Shostakovich pagina 3 van 6 Not everyone has bought into this outspoken posthumous dissidence. A year after “Testimony” appeared, an American scholar, Laurel Fay, wrote an article questioning the book’s authenticity. A second camp was formed—one that declared that Shostakovich had never strayed too far from the Party line, and that to call him a “dissident” made a mockery of the term. The musicologist Richard Taruskin declared that several of Shostakovich’s major works conformed all too well with Soviet ideology.
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