DOCSLIB.ORG

Instrumental Insemination

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Instrumental Insemination Rising Tide Seminar Enhancing Genetic Diversity in the U.S. Honey Bee Gene Pool Susan Cobey Endemic Range Apis mellifera Diversity carnica macedonica Honey bees are (1 (2 (2 6 1 4 Endemic to Europe, da d da ys ay ys Africa & Central Asia ) s) ) 28 recognized subspecies The first honey bees imported to the US were the “dark” bee of Northern Europe, Apis mellifera mellifera Colonies were established in Virginia by 1622. Dispersed and established widely in the countryside ahead of human colonial expansion. Historical Importations of Italian bees 1859 – First importation of A. m. ligustica. Sourced from Johann Dzierzon’s apiary in Germany. 1860 –A. m. ligustica imported directly from Italy to the U.S. Samual Parsons with beekeeping assistance from L. L. Langstroth. A subset of these subspecies were brought to North America And were established to form the basis for current honey bee populations in the United States 1922 Honey Bee Act Restricted further importations in attempt to keep out tracheal mites California Queen & Package Bee Industry Supplier of Queens & Bees to Re-Stock the Industry Nationwide Garvey Also Responsible for … Selection & Maintenance of Genetic Material Increasing Challenges… Loss of Diverse Forage Intensive Agricultural Practices Exposure to Chemical Residues Pests, Parasites & Pathogens Reduced Genetic Diversity Garvey Increasing Challenges… Malnutrition- Lack of Adequate and Diverse Forage Monoculture Crops Habitat Degradation Climate Change Sub-lethal Effects Of Chemical Exposure Queen Effects: Mating, Signaling Egg production/laying Pre-mature supersedure Brood / Nutritional Effects: Inhibits bee bread microorganisms Delayed development Growth abnormalities Reduced longevity Increased morality Neurological Effects: Impaired visual sensory Reduced memory & learning performance Communication difficulties Increasing Challenges… Multiple Resident Pathogens Co-Exist In Colonies More Pathogenic In Association with “Stressors” Varroa, Nosema, Malnutrition, Chemical Residues Varying Tolerance / Susceptibility Among Colonies Changing Combinations of Pathogens & Conditions Crisis Management Production Demands, “Quick Fix” Treatments Changes In Commercial U.S. Honey Bee Stocks High Colony Losses Mid 1980’s - Tracheal Mites 1990’s & Continuing – Varroa Mites 2000’s - CCD, Nosema ceranae, Viruses WSU Survey Of Commercial Queen Producers Schiff & Sheppard , 1995 & 1996. Delaney, Meixner, Schiff & Sheppard, 2009 25% Loss of Alleles in 10 Yrs, 1993-4 to 2004-5 Gain of 10% - Russian, Australian, Africanized USDA- AIA Survey Winter Loss of Managed Colonies 21.7% Winter Loss 2011-2012 30.0% Winter Loss 2010-2011 33.8% Winter Loss 2009-2010 Garvey 28.6 % Winter Loss 2008-2009 35.8 % Winter Loss 2007-2008 31.8 % Winter Loss 2006-2007 26 Old World Honey Bee Subspecies Recognized A small subset introduced to establish Domestic US populations Honey Bee Act of 1922, Banned Importation Garvey Garvey Genetic Bottlenecks of US Honey Bee Populations Founding Population Feral Population Consolidation by Commercial A small subset sampling Eliminated by Queen Production of several subspecies Parasitic mites 400-500 Mothers produce introduced before the 1.5 million queens annually. 1922 Honey Bee Act A Diverse Workforce Increases Colony Fitness Duong & Schneider, 2008 Mattila & Seeley, 2007 Jones, et.al., 2004 Page et al, 1995 Oldroyd, et.al., 1992, A Diverse Workforce Reduces Prevalence, Severity of Disease & Pests Tarpy & Seeley, 2007, Seeley & Tarpy, 2007 Tarpy, 2003, Fuchs & Schade. 1994 Insemination Quality Affects Queen Performance MDI vs SDI Queen More Attractive Larger Retinue Response Mating Quality Changes: Queen Physiology, Pheromone Profiles, Social Interactions Richard, Tarpy, Grozinger, 2007 Mating Behavior Encourages Intra-Colony Genetic Diversity Greater Microbial Communities Reduce Pathogen Loads Bacteria transform collected pollen into Bee Bread Garvey High intra-colony genetic diversity : Greater microbial diversity, Reduced pathogen loads. Increased abundance helpful bacteria Mattila et al 2012 Garvey Genetic Diversity & Behavioral Mechanisms Compensate for Genome Deficiencies Few Genes for Immunity Increased Risk to Pests and Pathogens Few Genes for Detoxification Vulnerable to Pesticides Mechanisms of Resistance Ability to Detect and Remove Disease & Pests Propolis -Collection of plant resins with antimicrobial activity UCD & WSU Collaborative Project Genetic Enhancement of Commercial Stocks Importation of Germplasm Transport of Honey Bee Semen Insemination to Domestic Queens Goals for Germplasm Importation •Enhance the genetic diversity of US honey bee populations • Provide new “raw material” for selection and breeding efforts •Reintroduce a previously available strain - the Caucasian honey bee APHIS Importation Permit- Honey Bee Semen USDA-APHIS Quarantine Established WSU Ecological Preserve Smoot Hill Prairie 3 Year Permit 2008-2010 2011-2013 A.m.ligustica From Italy A.m.carnica From Germany and Slovenia A.m.caucasica From Rep. of Georgia Instrumental Insemination USDA-APHIS Quarantine Apiary WSU Ecological Preserve Virus screening of semen & daughter workers by Beltsville USDA lab Released on a case by case basis by USDA- APHIS Propagation & Distribution to Cooperating Queen Producers Importations from Italy Bari- 2008, 2009 Bologna -2010 Various Locations - 2012 New World Carniolan 1981-Present Page-Laidlaw Closed Population Breeding Program Selection for General Performance Productivity Brood Viability Over-Wintering Temperament Selection for Specific Traits of Resistance Hygienic Behavior Assay Select Multiple Traits 4. Following Spring Final Selection: Spring Buildup Production 1. Spring Varroa Growth Queen Rearing Brood Diseases &Insemination 2. Fall Pre-selection: Brood Viability Temperament Pollen/Honey Stores Disease/Parasites Hygienic Behavior 3. Over-wintering Traditional Beekeeping in Slovenia Apis mellifera carnica Apis mellifera carnica Semen Collection Re-Establishing Apis mellifera caucasica from the Republic Of Georgia Propolis - Resin Collection Social Immunity, Behavioral defense Reduces immune response Self medication Simone-Finstrom & Spivak, 2012 Evans & Spivak, 2010 The Road to Mestia The Traffic Roadside Beekeeping Drone Collection Resistance Mechanisms Variable Among Colonies Indicates Potential Highly Complex Partially Understood Constantly Changing Dependent Upon Nutritional Factors Management Practices Auto Alo Variation in Virulence of Varroa Variation in Susceptibility Combination with Associated Pathogens Drawings By O. Environmental Conditions Boecking Cost vs Benefit Selection for Resistance vs Productivity Resistant Strains Less Productive Reduced Brood Production High Swarming Tendency Un-Selected Increased Costs Increased Labor Chemical Residues Mechanisms of Resistance Involve Behavioral, Physiological & Beekeeper Management Olfactory Sensitivity - Detection & Removal Hygienic & Grooming Behavior Development Time Post-capping Stage Duration & Breaks In the Brood Cycle Re-Queening Dividing Colonies Inhibition of Varroa Reproduction Cuticular Hydrocarbons Garvey Partnering With California Queen Producers Collaborative Efforts Between Industry and Research Partnering with the Ca. Tech Transfer Team Tech Transfer Specialized Classes To Promote Stock Improvement Instrumental Insemination Queen Rearing Cryopreservation of Imported Semen Brandon Hopkins, WSU Cryopreservation Techniques Multiple Generations of Queens Produced From Cyropreserved Semen in One Season Hopkins et al, 2012 Instrumental Insemination • Semen Thawed • Straws fit directly into the insemination system • Each queen inseminated with 5 μL semen Benefits of Germplasm Repository • Simplify Stock Maintenance • Conservation of “Top Tier” Stocks and Threatened Subspecies & Ecotypes • Selection Across Time • Rapid Stock Improvements Long Term Goal .. National Honey Bee Germplasm Repository Conservation of Honey Bee Stocks Honey bee spermatozoa Acknowledgements California Almond Board California State Beekeepers Assoc. National Honey Board American Beekeeping Federation Foundation for the Preservation of Honey Bees California Bee Breeders Association Garvey Cooperating Researchers Acknowledgements Steve Sheppard, WSU Brandon Hopkins, WSU Cooperating Queen Producers Judy Chen, USDA Beltsville, Md. Valerie Severson Michelle Flenniken, U of MT Pat Heitkem Marla Spivak, U of MN Jackie Burris-Park The CA. Tech Transfer Team Rick Schubert Glenda & Shannon Wooten Pat & Bonnie Stayer Frank & Sheri Pendel Tom & Suki Glenn Koehnen & Sons, Inc. Leonard Pankrast Buzz Landon Special Thanks to Elizabeth Frost Brian Fishback Tylan Selby Visiting Scholars Dr. Roger Beleen, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil Dr. Jakub Gabka, Warsaw University , Poland Dr. John Pollard Dr. Claire Plante, GeneSafe Technologies, Canada Kathy Garvey, Photography Questions ? .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 132Nd Annual Academy Meeting Abstracts March 25, 2017
    132nd Annual Academy Meeting Abstracts March 25, 2017 Page # Anthropology 2 Botany 5 Cell Biology 6 Chemistry 20 Earth Science 49 Ecology 28 Engineering 45 Entomology 40 Environmental Science 47 Micro and Molecular Biology 58 Physics and Astronomy 68 Plant Systematics and Biodiversity 71 Psychology 74 Science Education 75 Zoology 77 1 Anthropology Section An Examination of Midwestern American Indian Female Crania in FORDISC 3.0 with Regard to an Isolated Calotte Found in Indiana Susan Spencer Helfrich, University of Southern Indiana, and Della Collins Cook, Indiana University Isolated crania are a common find in the Midwest and are often broken and incomplete. These fragmentary finds are particularly difficult to identify using traditional forensic techniques. We present on a calotte from Greene County, Indiana, submitted to us as a forensic case. It was missing the face and skull base, allowing for only seven measurements to be entered into FORDISC®3.0 (GOL, XCB, WFB, UFBR, ASB, FRC, PAC). Discrepancies in FORDISC®3.0 results for the Greene County calotte prompted an examination of results for ancient American Indian female crania from the Schild site (AD 700-1250) in west-central Illinois. We learned that (1) ancient Midwestern American Indian females tend to be misclassified in FORDISC®3.0; (2) the likelihood of having a result with a posterior probability above 0.800 increased as the number of measurements entered into FORDISC®3.0 increased; (3) an increased number of measurements entered into FORDISC®3.0 do not guarantee a more accurate result. We propose that the application of FORDISC®3.0 in cases such as the Greene County calotte is unreliable, and should not be used to exclude an ancient American Indian identification.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basics of Beekeeping
    The Basics of Beekeeping by M. M. Peterson on behalf of the Dunblane and Stirling Districts Beekeepers' Association 2017 edition Contents 1 Introduction 6 1.1 The beekeeper . 6 1.2 Development of methods of beekeeping . 8 1.3 Significant bee forage plants in our Association area . 10 2 Beekeeping Equipment 11 2.1 Beehives and their accessories . 11 2.1.1 Introduction . 11 2.1.2 The National hive and its accessories . 12 2.2 Protective clothing . 15 2.3 Tools for working with bees . 15 2.4 Harvesting tools . 16 2.5 Miscellaneous and specialist items . 17 2.6 Appendix | other hive designs . 17 2.6.1 Introduction . 17 2.6.2 The (Unmodified) National hive and the Wormit Commercial hive . 17 2.6.3 The Smith hive . 17 2.6.4 The WBC hive . 18 2.6.5 Some more unusual hive designs . 18 3 The basic biology of Apis mellifera, the western honeybee 19 3.1 Introduction . 19 3.2 The place of the honey bee in nature . 19 3.3 Where bees live . 21 3.4 The end of summer . 21 3.5 Stings . 21 3.6 The casting of the drones . 22 3.7 Wintering . 22 3.8 The spring build-up: brood-rearing . 22 3.9 Foraging, colony growth and bee longevity . 23 3.10 Reproduction: Dzierzon's rule, and drones . 23 3.11 Swarming and the rearing of new queens . 24 3.12 Queen production in other circumstances . 25 3.13 Autumn returns . 25 4 Handling: Spring and Summer Management 28 4.1 Beekeeping | basic handling skills .
    [Show full text]
  • Mendel's Journey to Paris and London
    1 Mendel’s journey to Paris and London: context and significance for the origin of 2 genetics. 3 4 5 Peter J. van Dijk 6 [email protected] 7 Keygene N.V., 8 Agro Business Park 90 9 6708 PW Wageningen, The Netherlands 10 11 12 T. H. Noel Ellis 13 Department of Metabolic Biology, 14 John Innes Centre, 15 Norwich Research Park 16 Norwich, 17 NR4 7UH, United Kingdom 18 19 20 21 1 22 Abstract 23 From a letter Gregor Mendel wrote to his brother-in-law, and a photograph of a large group of people in 24 Paris, it is known that Mendel visited the International Exhibition in London in August 1862. There has 25 been speculation about the status and composition of this travel group; for example, whether it was an 26 official delegation from the city of Brünn. There has also been speculation on whether Mendel visited 27 Charles Darwin on that occasion. We have now found a partial list of participants of the second 1862 28 pleasure train (Vergnügungszug) from Vienna to Paris and London, which includes Mendel’s name. The 29 names of 158 participants make a partial reconstruction of the travel group possible. Digital newspapers 30 were researched to get more insight into the status, residence, and profession of the participants. Most 31 belonged to the upper-class of the Austrian Empire, among them several citizens of Brünn. Such 32 luxurious all-inclusive pleasure trains were a new phenomenon in Vienna at the time and received much 33 attention in the newspapers.
    [Show full text]
  • Ron and Beth Ward Hillside Honey Easton, Kansas
    A Brief History of Beekeeping Ron and Beth Ward Hillside Honey Easton, Kansas “Life is Sweet in Kansas!” Agenda • Beekeeping Overview • The Three General Historical Stages of Beekeeping • BeeHunter/Gatherers • BeeDomesticators • Beekeepers • American Beekeeping * Presentations @ www.NEKBA.org References • The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting, Eva Crane • The ABC and XYZ of Bee Culture, A.I. Root • National Honey Board • Numerous Internet Resources • Boogerhill Bee Company Beekeeping Class • Bee Culture Magazine Why Beekeeping? Honey – Beeswax - Propolis • Food! Sweetener! Mead! • Status Symbol • Bartering/Legal Tender • Religious and Ceremonial • Medicinal • Science • Pollination Historical Timeline • For 150 – 100 Million Years – Flowering plants have existed and produced nectar and pollen • For 50 – 25 Million Years – Solitary bees had existed, also early primates • For 20 to 10 Million Years – Social bees have produced and stored honey • For a few Million Years – Man has existed and has eaten honey • For a few Thousand Years – Records exist of man’s exploitation of honey The Three General Historical Stages of Beekeeping • BeeHunter/Gatherers • BeeDomesticator • BeeKeepers BeeHunter/Gatherers • Survival – Seek out and rob wild bee colonies • No regard for the survival of the bees BeeHunter/Gatherers Early rock paintings on cave walls in Africa and eastern Spain show people gathering honey with beezzz a buzzin’. Man of Bicorp Discovered - early 1900's in Valencia, Spain Estimated - 8,000 years old BeeHunter/Gatherers • All
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives
    Copyright 2002 by the Genetics Society of America Perspectives Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics Edited by James F. Crow and William F. Dove The Emergence of Hymenopteran Genetics Robert E. Page, Jr.,*,1 Ju¨rgen Gadau,† and Martin Beye‡ *Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, †Institut fu¨r Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Universita¨tWu¨rzburg/Biozentrum, 97074 Wu¨rzburg, Germany and ‡Martin-Luther-Universita¨t, Molekulare O¨ kologie/Zoologie, Biozentrum, Weinberg Weg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany YMENOPTERAN geneticists converged on the demonstrating that eggs destined to be drones contained H 42nd Annual Drosophila Research Conference 16 chromosomes, whereas those of workers contained 32. held in Washington, DC, March 21–25, 2001, to partici- Gregor Mendel wanted to be a honeybee geneticist, pate in a workshop on the genetics of non-drosophilid but failed because he could not control the matings of insects and for a special satellite symposium on Hyme- queens and drones (Iltis 1924; Orel 1996). Mendel noptera. These were a result of a growing interest in wanted to breed bees belonging to different races and the genetics of Hymenoptera, recognition of the need take advantage of the effects of hybrid vigor for produc- to integrate with Drosophila geneticists, and the desire ing a better honey producer, a common theme through- to share information and methodology. It was clear from out the history of bee breeding. Apparently he also both meetings that the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and wanted to use Dzierzon’s discovery of haplodiploidy and the parasitic wasp (Nasonia vitripennis) and its closely look for segregation of color variants in the drones of related congeners are emerging as important experi- hybrid queens derived from crosses of different races.
    [Show full text]
  • Ochrona Owadów Zapylających W Ekosystemach Leśnych W Ekosystemach Zapylających Ochrona Owadów Dr Inż
    Monografia jest efektem realizacji projektu „Pszczoły wracają do lasu” finansowanego przez Dyrekcję Generalną Lasów Państwowych w Warsza- W ramach projektu „Pszczoły wracają do lasu” „[…] Największą wartością opracowania jest idea, by Lasy Państwowe, poza swoimi podstawowymi Ochrona owadów zapylających wie. Badania prowadzono pod merytoryczną opieką Centrum Informacyjne LP przygotowało pakiet edu- obowiązkami, z których najważniejszym jest prowadzenie gospodarki leśnej, wzięły na siebie jeszcze Zespołu Ekspertów, w skład którego wchodzili pra- kacyjny. Materiały opracowane z myślą o eduka- jeden istotny obowiązek włączenia się do czynnej ochrony pszczół. I nie chodzi tu tylko o pszczołę w ekosystemach leśnych cownicy uczelni wyższych, instytutów naukowych, torach leśnych poświęcono czterem zagadnieniom: miodną czy trzmiele, które tworzą skomplikowane układy społeczne, ale też o setki innych gatunków, Biura Urządzania Lasu oraz jednostek organizacyj- biologii owadów zapylających, ich roli w przyrodzie których zdecydowana większość to pszczoły samotne. To, co łączy te gatunki, to pokarm ich potom- nych LP. i gospodarce człowieka, zagrożeniom antropogenicz- stwa, jakim jest pyłek kwiatów. Zbierające go pszczoły w sposób zasadniczy wpływają na zwięk- Monografia pod redakcją naukową nym, na jakie są narażone, oraz sposobom ochrony szenie plonów m.in. tak ważnych dla nas roślin uprawnych. Co równie ważne, dzięki krzyżowemu dzikich zapylaczy, jak i powszechnie użytkowanej zapylaniu to pszczoły bardziej niż inne grupy owadów przyczyniają się do utrzymania różnorodno- Krystyny Czekońskiej i Kazimierza Szabli przez pszczelarzy pszczoły miodnej. ści gatunkowej roślin w większości ekosystemów lądowych, a przez to do globalnej bioróżnorodno- W opracowaniu przedstawiono scenariusze zajęć ści, tak mocno ostatnio zagrożonej. Zaangażowanie się tak potężnej instytucji jak Lasy Państwowe dla dzieci, młodzieży i osób dorosłych, które mogą w ochronę pszczół daje nadzieję, że ochrona tych owadów będzie skuteczna […]”.
    [Show full text]
  • ジョン・ハミルトン（John Hamilton）教授
    ジョン・ハミルトン（John Hamilton） 教授 ◆経 歴 1961–65 Eton College, Windsor (Angus Macindoe 先生’s father was the Provost then. He taught me Latin (Horace’s Odes)) 1966–69 University College, Oxford (My family college .....I studied Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE). It was really just the beginning of a lifetime study. My politics tutor was Maurice Shock, who published very little. But he was the tutor of Bill Clinton, later President of the United States. Univ was the college of Herbert Hart, Oxford Professor of Jurisprudence. I remember pushing his car in Logic Lane.) 1970–73 Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation in London, Paris, and Hong Kong 1975–79 Doshisha University, Kyoto (as a part timer) 1981–2017 Aichi University ENGLISH TEACHING *1986 The Vicinity of Chichester *1987 How should a native speaker teach English to university students in Japan *1989 Describing a first attempt to teach about Human Rights. *1993 Premier Zhou Enlai’s ideas on English teaching and their practical application in English Classes CHINA EXPLORATIONS Visits to Nankai University (Pang Songfeng 逄通丰 and Imaizumi 先生 welcomed me. I always took Pang Songfeng a bottle of whisky when I visited Nankai after that.) (Articles then) * Marco Polo and Japan マルコ・ポーロと日本 *1992 China Notebook 1986–1991 (I particularly enjoyed travelling round China on the trains with another bottle of whisky, talking in Chinese with whoever would talk with me.........This article in Chinese is about that......You can’t do this now because the trains go too fast...) This is the flea that brought the plague from Yunnan to Europe in the 14th century Visits to the Central University of Nationalities 北京中央民族⼤学民族学（张海洋） Visits to Fudan University in Shanghai (Naran Balik ⽼师) Visits to Chongqing Daxue (Dai Qifu) *Sichuan and Chongqing May 2015 (On this visit with the help of Aidai’s Matsuoka Masako 先生 I researched in Chengdu about a Han Dynasty pot now in my study office 1515 at Sasashima.
    [Show full text]
  • First Flights in South Australia's Systematic Beekeeping and Honey Harvesting First Part
    First flights in South Australia's systematic beekeeping and honey harvesting First part Bridget Jolly jitbtnunbrtlnlgp.. T lJtt lJanb. • The first issue for 1881 of Bienen Zeitung. Organ des Vereins der deutschen und österreichischen Bienenwirthe (Nördinglen) signed by beekeeper Rudolph Fiebig. Foreword The early Adelaide clothier's shop, The Bee Hive, on the corner of Rundle and King William Streets, displayed a large gilt-coloured skep beehive sign on its front.1 On the same site, on a later building erected in 1895-1896, is a coiled straw skep simulated in masonry. It is surmounted by a gold and black bee that wakens to the east – as is often customary for hived bees – which is a fitting mascot for one of South Australia's 'arts, manufactures, and productions' encouraged in the 1800s by organisations such as the South Australian Gardeners' Society, the South Australian Chamber of Manufactures (SA Chamber of Manufactures), the Department of Agriculture, the Government Export Produce Department, and beekeeper organisations. In the early 1880s there were 200 or so beekeepers in the Adelaide metropolitan area, probably all employed in other vocations.2 The number in outer rural areas for the same period is unknown; but eventually, these commercial beekeepers came to depend on accessible railway routes and freight reductions to increase their marketing success. In 1884 the first South Australian Beekeepers' Association (SA Beekeepers' Association) was formed. The politics of the uneven sequence to the Second World War from this and other associations of beekeepers to a union, a league, and a co-operative society of honey 1 producers, is not discussed here.3 Important as were the beekeepers' sympathies for forest conservation, and their protests against timber-cutting for the Wallaroo and other mines and land clearance by graziers, neither are these connections discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Time in the Mark
    Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und Klimaschutz des Landes Brandenburg Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Henning-von-Tresckow-Straße 2-13 14 467 Potsdam Telefon: 0331 866-7237 Fax: 0331 866-7018 [email protected] https://mluk.brandenburg.de Flowering time http://agrar-umwelt.brandenburg.de in the Mark Bees and beekeeping in Brandenburg Flowering time in the Mark Bees and beekeeping in Brandenburg time in the Mark Bees and beekeeping Flowering Flowering time in the Mark Bees and beekeeping in Brandenburg Flowering time in the Mark Bees and beekeeping in Brandenburg The Bee Historical 6 Foreword 53 The bells never ring sweeter – 8 The somewhat different pet Honey Church in Neu Hartmannsdorf 8 Way of life and behaviour 56 Beekeeping – Passion with tradition 12 The queen 60 Beekeepers under the hammer, compass, 14 The drone and garland 15 The worker 66 Start into a new era 17 Rhythm of the bee colony 70 Learning from bees – Experience community 21 Wild bees – the big relatives 73 Fascination bee colony 23 Artificial nesting aids for wild bees 25 Cooperation instead of competition The Honey 27 Useful messengers of love 80 From the honeycomb into the glass 30 Using bees as a yield factor 82 Sweet gold 35 Plant and bee protection 83 Treat honey gently 40 Farmer loves bee and bee loves farmer 84 Some knowledge regarding varieties 44 Sowing, harvesting, enjoying 85 Typical variety honeys 46 Bee country Kremmen in Berlin and Brandenburg 46 A rare specialty 87 Solid or liquid honey? 48 Bee protection in the allotment garden 88 Which honey
    [Show full text]
  • Beekeeping Basics Part 2: Introduction to the Bee Hive
    Beekeeping Basics by Jon Zawislak University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service Part 2: Introduction to the Bee Hive Modern techniques of keeping honey bees in tidy, stacked rectangular boxes is relatively new in our long association with the honey bee. There have been many types of bee hives used throughout history, and there are a number of styles still in use today. You may be familiar with images of the straw baskets called skeps that were once widely used. But today most places in the U.S. require beekeepers to employ some type of moveable comb hive. These hives allow us to remove a single comb at a time, so we can inspect it for signs of disease, evaluate the productivity of the queen, and assess the space in the hive for brood and honey storage. And we can do all of this without destroying the nest structure and the hard work of the honey bees. We can rearrange a bee hive to expand its capacity, or to consolidate it to a smaller volume, or encourage the bees to focus their work in different areas of the hive. We can also open the hive to inspect the bees and their home with a minimum of disturbance that was not always possible when using bee gums or skeps. No matter where honey bees make their homes, they always do so by building vertical beeswax honey combs, which hang down from the roof of a cavity or sheltered location, and they expand their nest by building additional combs parallel to each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Origins and Development of the Food of Early German Immigrants to the Barossa Region, South Australia (1839 - 1939)
    A Food Culture TransPlanted origins and Development of the Food of Early German Immigrants to the Barossa Region, South Australia (1839 - 1939) Angela Heuzenroeder the Thesis presented as requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in School of Humanities, University of Adelaide 2006 Contents Declaration lv Abstract Acknowledgements vi Terminology vii Maps and Illustrations Maps of Europe and the route of the ships' voyages; map of the Barossa 22,23 Alexander Schramm, A Scene in South Australia, circalS1o 39 113 Minge family S chw eine s chlachten, l9l3 Cow horns and metal horns for cleaning sausage skins, Luhrs Cottage 124 Fermentation bowls of red gum and European timber in the Tanunda museum 124 Ceiling of a Schwarzeküche: Corrugated iron smokehouse 136 B ackofen exterior; B ackofen hearth t62 '"THE BAROSSA" improved oven 302 Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Focus and Methods 2 German Primary and Secondary Sources of Information 8 Australian Primary and Secondary Sources of Information 11 Sources Relating to Broader Themes t3 Origins of the Emigrants and Their Reasons for Leaving Europe 15 The Situation in the Barossa 20 Hypothesis 2t Chapter 2: Culture to Culture' Part One; Aboriginal Food 24 Introduction 24 Elkin's Stages of Encounter: Indigenous Inhabitants and European Invaders 25 Predisposition for Accepting a New Food 29 Adopted Ingredients 30 Shared Meals 37 Adopted Recipes or Cooking Methods 4t Spiritual and Cultural Values 50 Conclusion 53 Chapter 3: Culture to Culture, Part Two; People with Power 56 Introduction 56 Acculturation
    [Show full text]
  • The Basic Biology of Apis Mellifera, the Western Honeybee
    Chapter 3 The basic biology of Apis mellifera, the western honeybee 3.1 Introduction Honeybees and silk-worms are the only two insect species directly exploited by man. Of the two species, the honeybee has by far the more elaborately organised life. Moreover this organisation has been surprisingly little altered by the \domestication" of the bees. For once the Law is right in classifying bees as animals ferae naturae | of a wild nature. A great deal is now known about how a honeybee colony functions, and to keep bees successfully and pleasurably it is essential to know as much about this as possible. What follows is an outline of the principal facts. If you become a bee-keeper, then it will be your pleasure to amplify this knowledge, by wider reading, by listening to your fellow bee-keepers, and by direct observation. Although the bees have not read any of the books, it is likely that they will in the end prove to be your most valuable teachers. 3.2 The place of the honey bee in nature The scientific classification of living creatures initiated in the eighteenth century by Linnaeus places honey bees in the scheme (which is now tied to Darwin's theory of evolution) like this:| All KINGDOMS Animal Plant ::: Animal PHYLA Arthropoda Mollusca Chordata ::: Arthropod CLASSES Insecta Crustacea ::: Insect ORDERS Hymenoptera Diptera Coleoptera ::: Hym. SUPERFAMILIES Bees (Apoidea) Ants Wasps ::: Bee FAMILIES True bees Leaf-cutters Miners Plasterers (Apidae)(Megachilidae) (4 families) (Colletidae) True bee GENERA Honeybees Bumblebees ::: Honeybee SPECIES Western honeybee Eastern honeybee Giant honeybee Little honeybee Apis mellifera Apis cerana Apis dorsata Apis florea In the fossil record the hymenoptera first appear about 150 million years ago in the Jurassic period, or, as some others claim, 225 million years ago in the Mesozoic period.
    [Show full text]