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(Berberis L.) from the Balkan Peninsula and Sicily

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(Berberis L.) from the Balkan Peninsula and Sicily (2020) 44 (2): 137-148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/BOTSERB2002137K journal homepage: botanicaserbica.bio.bg.ac.rs Original Scientific Paper Morphological variability of leaf and shoot traits of four barberry taxa (Berberis L.) from the Balkan Peninsula and Sicily Dario Kremer1, Renata Jurišić Grubešić1, Faruk Bogunić2, Eleni Elefheriadou3, Dalibor Ballian2, Ivan Kosalec1, Marko Randić4, Jadranka Vuković Rodríguez1 and Ksenija Karlović5✳ 1 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia 2 University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Forestry, Zagrebačka 20, BIH-71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, St. Illia Chatzakou 59, GR-54124 Salonika, Greece 4 Public institution “Priroda”, Grivica 4, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia 5 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia ✳ correspondence: [email protected] Keywords: ABSTRACT: Berberidacae, Berberis aetnensis, Leaf and shoot characteristics of the following four European barberry taxa Berberis cretica, Berberis croatica, from the Balkan Peninsula and Sicily were investigated in the present study: Berberis vulgaris, morphology, Berberis croatica, B. vulgaris, B. aetnensis and B. cretica. Analyses were based on morphometry, multivariate analysis, 10 populations of B. croatica, five ofB . vulgaris and two populations of both B. taxonomy aetnensis and B. cretica. Populations were randomly selected within the natural distribution area of these species. Eight leaf traits, three shoot traits and the blade length/width ratio were analysed. Multivariate analysis (principal component analysis, canonical discriminant analysis and cluster analysis) distinguished B. cretica and B. aetnensis populations and, to a lesser extent, the populations of B. croatica and B. vulgaris. ANOVA showed that the analysed populations of both B. aetnensis and B. cretica were homogeneous within the species. All populations of both B. croatica and B. vulgaris showed different degrees of intraspecies variability. Lack of complete separation, the observed grouping of populations and high intraspecies variability in B. vulgaris and B. croatica may reflect the fact that the sampled B vulgaris and B.croatica populations were located at environmentally variable sites (unlike B. aetnensis and B. cretica), resulting in high phenotypic plasticity in those populations. Even though the observed patterns of morphological variation support the idea of four barberry UDC: 582.675.3(292.464+450.82):581.4 taxa on the Balkan Peninsula and in Sicily, because of suspected adaptive phenotypic plasticity of the analysed Berberis taxa, the true taxonomic status of Received: 21 November 2019 these taxa needs to be additionally confirmed by molecular methods. Revision accepted: 06 March 2020 © 2020 Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden Jevremovac, Belgrade 138 | vol. 44 (2) INtrODUctiON cretica L. were randomly selected on the basis of pub- lished data (Kušan 1969; Phitos & Strid 2002; Kar- The genus Berberis L. includes about 500 species native lović et al. 2009) within the area of natural distribu- to Asia, North Africa, America and Europe (Ahrendt tion of these species (Fig. 1A). Species identification was 1961). Taxonomically, Berberis is considered to be a very based on descriptions and keys provided by Webb (1964), complex genus and has even been called a “taxonomic Kušan (1969), Trinajstić (1973), Pignatti (1982) and black hole” (Landrum 1999), with variable characters Akeroyd & Webb (1993). On the basis of morphologi- in its species (Sodagar et al. 2012). Many authors used cal characters, two of the populations (one from Greece morphological traits to examine inter- and intraspecies and one from Bosnia and Herzegovina) were assigned varibility of Berberis, mostly on species growing in South to different taxa after the identification procedure. The America (Bottini et al. 1998; Landrum 1999; Arena et population from Greece that was reported as B. vulgaris al. 2011; Radice & Arena 2015; Giordani et al. 2017), in the literature was treated as B. croatica (Bc_Gr), and but also in Europe and elsewhere (Rivas-Martínez et the population from Bosnia and Herzegovina that was al. 1985; Karlović et al. 2009; Jannatizadeh & Khad- reported to be B. croatica in the literature was treated as ivi-Khub 2016). As a result of the large size of the genus B. vulgaris (Bv_Os; Table 1). and its ubiquitous distribution, the number of barberry Ten plants were sampled from each population, ex- species in the world and in Europe remains controver- cept for the small populations Bc_Cr and Bc_Sn, which sial. In 1931, Dermen cited Berberis vulgaris L. as the included samples from seven and six plants, respective- only European species, while Rikli (1946) mentioned ly. In total, 183 individuals were surveyed in the study. four subspecies in the European Mediterranean area: B. Voucher specimens of plant material were deposited in vulgaris subsp. hispanica, B. vulgaris subsp. aetnensis, the “Fran Kušan” Herbarium, maintained by the Facul- B. vulgaris subsp. cretica and B. vulgaris subsp. cratae- ty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, gina. Later Webb (1964) recognised four European bar- Croatia. berry species: B. vulgaris L., B. aetnensis C. Praesl, B. The following eight leaf traits were measured on dry hispanica Boiss. & Reut. and B. cretica L. Around the and pressed plant material: number of leaves on short same time, some authors suggested that Berberis croat- shoots, blade length and width, number of teeth on the ica Horvat, was a separate species occurring in Croatia left and right sides of the blade, length of the longest (Kušan 1969), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Šilić 1996), teeth, the greatest distance between two teeth and peti- the Republic of North Macedonia (Trinajstić 1973) ole length. Blade length and width were used to calculate and Montenegro (Grlić 1979). Other authors, in con- the blade length/width ratio. A higher ratio indicates a trast, recognised B. croatica as a subspecies of B. vulgaris narrower blade, while a lower ratio indicates a round- (Anić 1946) or B. aetnensis (Anić 1946; Forenbacher er blade. In addition, three shoot traits were measured: 1990). More recently, Akeroyd & Webb (1993) included number of spines on five consecutive nodes starting only B. vulgaris and B. cretica as European barberry spe- from the twig top, spine length and internode length. cies, while considering B. aetnensis and B. hispanica as subspecies of B. vulgaris. Berberis croatica, on the other Data analysis. Descriptive statistics of each morpholog- hand, was not even listed as a European barberry species ical trait were calculated to obtain basic parameters of by Akeroyd & Webb (1993), while a database like IPNI the studied populations/taxa. Morphological variation (2020) does not list it and the Euro+Med (2006) data- of the sampled taxa was evaluated using principal com- base lists it as a synonym for B. vulgaris. ponent analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and canon- In this way, the number and classification of Berberis ical discriminant analysis (CDA). Leaf and shoot traits taxa in Europe remains controversial due to their mor- were averaged for each individual to construct two data phological diversity and extensive distribution. Berberis matrices: (1) the “population matrix” and (2) the “indi- vulgaris seems to be the only European barberry species vidual matrix”. The “population matrix” was based on whose taxonomic status is not in doubt. To clarify un- means of all morphological characters at the popula- certainties in the classification of other barberry species, tion level regardless of their taxonomic affiliation. The the present study analysed leaf and shoot morphological populations were used as units in PCA and CA in or- traits of the barberry taxa from the Balkan Peninsula der to pre-specify their affinities for a taxonomic group. and Sicily, i.e., B. croatica, B. vulgaris, B. aetnensis and On the other hand, the “individual matrix” was based B. cretica. on individual means of morphological characters using individual plants as units in PCA and CDA. PCA per- MatErials AND METHOds formed on the “individual matrix” aimed at revealing the overall pattern of morphological variation and rela- Plant material. Ten populations of Berberis croatica tionships among individuals originating from the speci- Horvat, five populations of B. vulgaris L., two popula- fied groups. CDA based on the “individual matrix” with tions of B. aetnensis C. Presl and two populations of B. four groups was performed to determine morphological D. Kremer et al.: Morphological variability of Berberis taxa | 139 traits discriminating the studied taxa and to classify leaf trait was the blade length/width ratio (ranging from each individual into an a priori specified group (taxon). CV = 15.3% in Bae_Li to CV = 28.2% in Bc_Ca). Prior to running analyses, all data were standardised The PCA performed on the “population matrix” due to different scales of character scoring Quinn( & showed separation of populations mostly corresponding Keough 2009). Spearman and Pearson correlation co- to their taxonomic affiliation (Fig. 1 B). The first three efficients were calculated to find very highly correlat- components accounted for 82.24% of the total variance: ed character pairs since they may distort the results of 49.91% for PC1, 19.74% for PC2 and 13.29% for PC3 (Ta- discriminant analysis (Legendre & Legendre 1998). ble 2). Several traits (none of them being highly correlat- Since the characters blade length and number of teeth ed), viz., blade length, number of teeth on the right side on the left side were highly intercorrelated with blade and blade width, contributed the highest value for PC1. width and number of teeth on the right side, respec- Spine length, number of leaves and distance between tively (r>0.8), the latter ones were excluded from CDA. teeth contributed most to the second PC axis, while the The PCA of populations/individuals was computed on maximum score for PC 3 was obtained for length of the correlation matrix of all scored traits, and the axes teeth and the blade length/width ratio (Table 2).
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