Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware Chapter 4.0 Background Conditions

The designation of a roadway as a State of Delaware Byway or a National Scenic Byway should not impede the intended purpose of that roadway to safely and efficiently move goods and people. Therefore, as part of this Corridor Management Plan (CMP), it is important to evaluate the current/existing and future conditions of the roadway being designated. Displaying, summarizing and analyzing existing data pertaining to roadway physical characteristics, traffic volumes, levels of service, accident locations and other significant data will assist with and provide awareness of the various operational and physical characteristics that should be considered during designation and implementation of the Scenic Byway. This collection of data also familiarizes the reader of this CMP with the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway roadway characteristics. These characteristics should be considered in corridor planning efforts and future decision-making. In addition, the data serves as a baseline for any future analysis on the impacts of Scenic Byway designation and implementation of projects.

4.1 Roadway Characteristics The corridor generally travels northeast from southern Delaware at the Maryland/Delaware border, picking up where the Maryland Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway terminates, through Dover and Wilmington before heading northwest and terminating at the Delaware/Pennsylvania border. The total length of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway is approximately 98 miles. This Corridor Management Plan (CMP) has divided the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway into four (4) segments to assist with the review and graphical representation of the corridor analysis. The corridor segment maps are shown in Figures 2 through 5. The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway traverses two (2) Delaware counties: Kent County and New Castle County. See Figure 1 for a detailed map of the corridor limits.

4.2 General Design Characteristics The general design characteristics of a roadway or corridor are important to understand before assessing a scenic corridor as it provides the baseline of comparison and evaluation. The design characteristics of a roadway include such factors as lane width, number of driving lanes and median types. Table 4-1 below presents the design characteristics of the corridor.

Corridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012 Page 76

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

Table 4-1: General Roadway Design Characteristics Total Roadway Segment Route Width Driving Lanes Median Delaware State None or Border (Sandtown) to raised/grass, 8 Segment 1 Cheswold 21 to 74 feet Varies from 2 to 4 to 25 feet None or raised/grass, 8 Segment 2 Cheswold to Odessa 18 to 50 feet Varies from 2 to 4 to 16 feet None or Odessa to raised/grass, 3 Segment 3 Wilmington 22 to 71 feet Varies from 2 to 4 to16 feet Wilmington to None or Delaware State raised/grass, 2 Segment 4 Border 22 to 68 feet Varies from 2 to 6 to 99 feet

Table 4-1 depicts that the corridor generally ranges from two (2) to six (6) lanes with total roadway widths of 18 to 74 feet and has limited medians throughout the corridor limits. Most of the corridor is rural/suburban in nature with occasional urban sections through communities, such as Dover, New Castle and Wilmington. Figures 11 through 15 highlight the roadway lane totals (# of lanes) along the corridor.

4.3 Speed Limits The speed limits along the corridor are depicted in Figures 16 through 20 and were confirmed using the DelDOT speed limit database, field review and high-definition video review of the corridor. The average speed limit of the entire corridor (when averaged as a whole) is 40 miles per hour (mph). Within town/city limits (transitioning suburban to urban areas) the speed limit generally drops below 40 mph to 35 mph and 25 mph. Speed limits are enforced by the Delaware State Police and the local (city or county) police force.

The Delaware Code, Title 21, Chapter 41 references all speed restrictions along roadways. The following speed limit requirements are currently presented in the Delaware Code: 1) 25 mph in any business district; 2) 25 mph in any residential district; 3) 50 mph on 2-lane roadways; and 4) 55 mph on 4-lane roadways and on divided roadways. Scenic Byway designation (State or National) will have no effect on the speed limits assigned to the roadway.

Corridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012 Page 77

- HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

?¬ Roadway Total Number of Lanes 6 Lanes

N E W C A S T L E 4 Lanes C O U N T Y Delaware City Lums Pond 3 Lanes State Park 2 Lanes

Basemap Layers Chesapeake Port Penn )p Other Scenic Byways Bay ?Î Limited Access Highway ?¬ Highway (U.S. and State) Other Major Road MiddletownOdessa )p Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems

NOTE: Total Lanes for segments along the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway depicted on this map were verified using the most recent Google Earth software and corresponding aerial photography ?¹ at the time of map development. ?©

D M Smyrna Chesapeake Country

Bombay Hook E

Scenic Byway A

National

L R Wildlife Refuge

W L Route 9 Coastal

Delaware

Heritage Scenic Byway

A A Cheswold ?¬

N R

D E ?¹ Bay K E N T C O U N T Y Dover Little Creek Wildlife Area

Harriet Tubman Underground Byway Limit Ted Harvey Railroad Byway (Maryland) Wildlife Area ?± ³ Sandtown 0 3 6 Miles

Figure 11: Total Roadway Lanes (Project Study Area) Smyrna

?©

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4 Lanes A

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T T D R S L R H H IL D U D N L H R S N TA L R /S O I L R IL S M T P K ELS N TTidb uryC O U N T Y D E L T E U M K E N T C O U N T Y SH V U O V A N Inset O D D Creek C T R YP L L E R A G O E

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Southbound One-Way Byway Direction

N R SB

D E D R E D A H S T U Harriet Tubman Underground N L A Railroad Byway (Maryland) W ?± Sandtown )h ³ 0 1 2 Byway Limit Miles

Figure 12: Total Roadway Lanes (Segment 1) Port Penn

R E IN T S )p U G

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I U A I I D R R C D D C ?¡D U M K M G D H S C D T F R K A R M O E L D R L D R L ?¹ C U I I L O I R S E R P RD T N O S K M E IC L R D G N T E D Y W B R T

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E L M LEGEND R V Y R D D R Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway B N L A A K E N T C O U N T Y Bombay Hook

C L

K E NationalWildlife Roadway Total Number of Lanes IS I T P Refuge O Garrisons S N I C 6 Lanes R Lake R D D ?Ç D 4 Lanes G R AÙ DIN ?Ç LAN T S 3 Lanes A F 2 Lanes S E VE Route 9 Coastal Heritage N H Basemap Layers ICK Scenic Byway OR IES Cheswold E RD R ?¬ Other Scenic Byways ILL D SV Limited Access Highway ER L ?¹ ?Ç UD S K Highway (U.S. and State) E N )h T Other Major Road O ?¡ N 0 1.5 3 E RD R RSVILL Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems Miles D SUDLE ³ Dover D

L L I ?¹ V S Figure 13: Total Roadway Lanes (Segment 2) R U ?¹ H T R A Dover W h i t e C l a

C r e e k S t a t e

D V L B !"`$ Z T N I

N D R

E P R P W E N R P LANCAST H ER P D N O IKE S S O T N R R Y S R T L T R E V E A E G R A K V N R M A T IA A O P N AV M G L P E E I - C M IK D R )h E E FAU LKL AN D S 10 T HARRIET TUBMATH N O N Wilmington 4 ST 1 N E TH 2T E R D S H W D NEW R T S E T E L V O A V A D N UNDERGROUND RANILROAD BYWAY A A D L I Y N O R A I N M G R R I Delaware V D

White Clay Creek NStEateW Par kCASTLE INSET )h Wilmington See L !"`$ R L T D O R R T I E B INSET D B T P A A A S S D B C InN set S C N ³ H %&a( HE M ST A I T N I N 9 I U ?¬ L T T NewOG CLastle R T ETO L S MERIT D ?¬ S WN T R S R I D H R S T D D R B 0 H D 1 ³ H C T A C S R H M N H T E D C T O S L S O 8 N T R

A D Y H T N Y C T ?¬ T R S T U T 4 N S O L H T S N T )h E N L A S O H I R D T T R T S New Castle T 9 H D R 3 T T E Y S FR EN G U L S CHTOWN R TN A D S W T N CHE I A

R D M C E N L

I H S A See T A T R S T W HP S T SO 6 E F T E T U O S H S T L !"`$ B T H U T H S T N S E T T S Y 7 S D K W Inset R T T H R H S T Y A I H 5 M K 7T S S E T B A N L r T U D C S P H D e J ES N T 2 LY N A v N U Y T LB i A S B Battery D ?¬ R T S Park B e T N H S r H S )l A T B a Killcohook NationaRl 4 ?¬ Wildlife Refuge M Y w O A R Y E N W C D INSET A V E R a O L W O I Y IV R S N H l B L U C R D R I SD T T T e H R N T S D E O Fort Mott D P D D R White Clay Creek W U R 5 R State Park 4 R B R D D 3

A State ParkR D

R Y DELAWARE CITY INSET

N R E

R O E

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D H R A ING RD Fort Delaware W SL ILLAND W H I L A ATC R State Park A A P D R Y D E PE O E STL L WRANGLE N CA D EW N S HILL RD S A T A T R T E ³ T

R ?¬ D S S A D See M R O G H IN T E T D F N S PORT OF A DelawOare City H L Inset W DELAWARE U T IL T E L INSET C N IA D K M TA S B Y R T D R L R R ID O A 2 ?¬ G R Y N Q E E S D U T M I R S NT A D S O T T T N S S T H R E D D Y N L R T Y O )h R S T E 3 B R I D L S ³ P T T O RT Route 9 Coastal Heritage 4T S PEN H N N R S T O D T S T W M Scenic Byway L T AR N I S KET O M ST T A D Fort Dupont G H R N A State Park I T Y S H S A U T S N B S INSET B A S S O ?¬ E ?¬ T W T S X S IN A S N V D L I E E C L R R K N T E G A S N I N R T F L S O Port Penn A U T E C S V G See N U N A S A E A O T C L T Inset C N 5 T N B I T S I L H A O C S C A ?¬ Y T S D RD S IEW C AYV BE ORN E B LT ER RD V S A )p R T D N ³ E K ?Î See LEGEND Inset B Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway

?¬ E Roadway Total Number of Lanes G ?¬

D I 6 Lanes

I 4 Lanes M 0 1.5 3 M ³ T ³ S U Miles 3 Lanes S H T 6 Odessa 2 Lanes MAIN ST HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTION Basemap Layers )p Other Scenic Byways Two-Way Byway Direction See TRAVEL DIRECTION Limited Access Highway Middletown Inset A NB )h Northbound One-Way Byway Direction Highway (U.S. and State) Other Major Road ?Î Southbound One-Way Byway Direction ?¡ SB Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems

D R

L E V E ?¹L Figure 14: Total Roadway Lanes (Segment 3)

P Townsend

D L i t t l e C r e e

W i l d l i f e A r e

- HARRIET TFFooootbtbrrididggee UB Brraannddyywwininee BP Paarkrk MAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

K WILMINGTON INSET E E P E R N N Byway Limit C S Y L V A Cool Spring Park N Cool Spring Park IA T BBrroowwnn B Buurtrotonn W Winincchheessteterr P Paarkrk S A N I A A V Cool V N Y L E S Spring O T N 10 9 T Park G N T H 23 E H S N T S N I R P T T B S D R E H A T S ?Ê S W T S H Fletcher A A E L 1 1 W Brown Park 1T 2T E !"`$ H H W B D ST ST D 1 E 6T r L H a A 13 S TH 1 T n 1 W S 5T N 0 H d AA T S A B T MHA R S SNS T y T BRD E N 8 A w T V N E W C A S T L E H i S T E T n S

e N 11

T 1

O H 7 C S T C O U N T Y 6 S S

C O U N T Y TH T H R B AÒ T r S

S E 1 T T 8 S T e 6 T F T H S F e H D S 10 G T T E T H S R H IN S k T J S C T K T E 5 7 N 1 T T U H H E 1 4 G N 2 T D ST ST B R TH H I F L S S T N A T T R S 6 B T W ?Ê S H S S T M T 11 N S 9T T A H H O D S S Kirkwood S 5 N T T P A TH O B Park S T T S S 1 M T G S B 1 2 0 T O N TH H H I T S H S T T S 4 T 8 C T T S E T S T RE 3 H S H E R S A T T D T W S D Brandywine Creek E S T S T K S W R T G S Y G A T N E T T R State Park IN N B S A L E S K B M R P K E I O T D O R N D H L I T R S A B P E C M N N K N K O N T L B E B REE E N S C K U 7 T R N T T A E C O H Y V D S S LO A N E F T R T O M S ON E AR W T EM R TI 6T OS Red Clay Valley T N H R D L T U S 8T TH T T H ?Ð S E S Scenic Byway P R T P K 4T 5 S I G H TH B I T N I G N B S K I T S K S B T T T L K S S T V S T H E E T D D 7 T S E S T 8 S H E S B R C H C E L T L A L A W U MP LY L C B R R E A H D L P S L N T U R S R 7 D S H E T T B S H 2 D G ST IRK RD A N C K T S H R D E N S I C T 3 W A RD D N S S N E T M A R T B L AÒ S F

T N E

T F K RO Christina S R NT Park A T N S S T M O T

S T I S AÓ U E r C D N R L e E A MM A v O M i C W R a i n A s t !"`$ S C h r i )h ?¦T ?¬ Brandywine Valley +t Scenic Byway L C AÓ O H BD E R L I L S

D S

T T S T I

R S ?Ê B B N ?É T S T NCA E T S A LA STE N R PI KE R O D A P V M R T E E N Y O N T A F N L S E D A E T S C A S V T C Y D S A R

L O D T B V E O S A N E L W D N T ³ N S L I S N A O A A A V T W E B ?É E T C O H U T N HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTION B W T E G S AR N AS D T )h C O S HE E S %&b( O Two-Way Byway Direction V L )h D N B S W N A TRAVEL DIRECTION T N E S E S O L ?¬ D T T N L T T S NB W A S U See O E W A B T H O C Northbound One-Way Byway Direction D L N L W S E I InseTStB 1A W E Y W N C 1 0 0.05 0.1 O S 2 RK T Southbound One-Way Byway Direction TH Miles A S VE PE SB See T AR L ST Inset LEGEND INSET 1A

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway

)h S E B Roadway Total Number of Lanes IK P T B 6 Lanes R !"`$ S ?¬ O P SB W 4 Lanes E P N ?¬ RAM SB

B 3 Lanes B

N N 2 Lanes %&b(

S SB SB B Basemap Layers Other Scenic Byways E )h V S Limited Access Highway A B

Y E

W L Highway (U.S. and State) H N T EW

T S YO N RK A A Other Major Road O V C ³ E !"`$ P 0 0.5 1 U W ³ D Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems E Miles B OS N T ON D P R L N O T N TA %&a( S N !"`$ W F?¬igure 15: Total Roadway Lanes (Segment 4) TO LE G O

)h - HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

Brandywine Valley Byway Limit Scenic Byway AÒ Red Clay Valley Scenic Byway AÓ ?Ê !"`$ %&b( White Clay Creek P E N N S Y L V A N I A State Park Wilmington !"`$ N E W J E R S E Y M A R Y L A N D %&a(

Lower Susquehanna !"`$ Scenic Byway New Castle ?¬ LEGEND Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway

Posted Speed Limit (MPH) N E W C A S T L E 45 MPH C O U N T Y Delaware City Lums Pond State Park 35 MPH

25 MPH 20 MPH Chesapeake Port Penn )p Basemap Layers Bay ?Î Other Scenic Byways ?¬ Limited Access Highway Highway (U.S. and State) MiddletownOdessa )p Other Major Road

Source: Esri

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D M Smyrna Chesapeake Country

Bombay Hook E

Scenic Byway A

National

L R Wildlife Refuge

W L Route 9 Coastal

Delaware

Heritage Scenic Byway

A A Cheswold ?¬

N R

D E ?¹ Bay K E N T C O U N T Y Dover Little Creek Wildlife Area

Harriet Tubman Underground Byway Limit Ted Harvey Railroad Byway (Maryland) Wildlife Area ?± ³ Sandtown 0 2.5 5 Miles

Figure 16: Posted Speed Limit (Project Study Area) Smyrna

?©

- HARRIET TUBMAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware Garrisons R D ?Ç E R V Lake LEGEND INSEAÙT B O IC ?Ç D S IP E Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway )h L Route 9 Coastal Heritage

Posted Speed Limit (MPH) Scenic Byway

45 MPH S

T A

35 MPH T Cheswold

E ?¬

S 25 MPH Dover ?¹T ?Ç 20 MPH Silver Basemap Layers Lake )h Other Scenic Byways ?¡ Limited Access Highway Highway (U.S. and State) RD Other Major Road KER WAL Source: Esri ³

Y ?¹ O T O M L I N L G R O M See A I CAMDEN INSET L ?¹ D L S R Inset B D T

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D HARTLY RD S A T R L B ?« BS EB A Dover E W Y L

D R T L D S

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U U R FORREST AVE H B A W L S ?« T O E C R

T T R S H

H D U D N L S N L R O I R S

T P K E N TTidb uryC O U N T Y D E T M K E N T C O U N T Y U V U A N Inset O D D Creek C T R YP L L E R A G O E

R O R V D S D O S V Camden H RD O L S E MIL H LL )h E L See LS LL RD M AR HI I LL ST Inset A WAY H T A E M D H C R L O ³ D G

D R M N I )h E K

E R A ?± HA E S P HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTION T

L U P R N U L

Two-Way Byway Direction A A W Y TRAVEL DIRECTION

RD W NB LL L GI Northbound One-Way Byway Direction OW

Y R A A N HE

Southbound One-Way Byway Direction

N R SB

D E D R E D A H S T U Harriet Tubman Underground N L A Railroad Byway (Maryland) W ?± Sandtown )h ³ 0 1 2 Byway Limit Miles

Figure 17: Posted Speed Limit (Segment 1) Port Penn

R E IN T S )p U G

A RNER RD CO 425 T S N CAYOT I A S

?Î - B L

K Y HARRIET TUB BMAN I

K R

D P

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UNDERGROUND RAILS ROAD BYWAY P P

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R ?¹ Delaware D WN ETO DL M ID D A M A R T OMdessa SS S DE S A S Middletown O IN E H Y C S T S B T H I 5 U L D R R e l a w V a C r e O E H D )p A R R R E K D X R i v D I e C T r I L 11 W 9 AR S A A W T K T N D E A R V Y A N R W W ND L O Y O M D )h O T K N E A T O D G R S X L R B R O OO E S E N H L S SC E E ILL A N SMYRNA INSET L H S Y K C A P B O R C D K IN S B GR H B D ?Î L R U

I U A I I D R R C D D C ?¡D U M K M G D H S C D T F R K A R M O E L D R L D R L ?¹ C U I I L O I R S E R P RD T N O S K M E IC L R D G N T E D Y W B R T

R E K R E A R E P C W V D L R A E

N L I L R O E D N D A T A K IL L G S C Y W E E P C T A E R R N O Y ?¡ D I D I P R N N E G E ?¹ R R T D D T )h O S Y IN W G L A K L M CLAYTON DELANEY RD F P T E L K O W D E E D R E W L R M R A E I C N C N D KN R C R R O U G

D C L D

L See

I L M

K Y HO E N Inset A LL E ETTS C N OR T L D B D NER RD D L

R I R A L R N E IV ST NE E N G A T R ELLA LA MAI C X E R Smyrna K E N D B D R )h I R O ?© D D C GTON R ST MILLIN LO A NG T D M R IDG ION E R RD D D R

C R E E L O A T D N A R G R E E N R E X V L E D A A O E T L L R E N N E L R N D G E

R Y S Y R R ?¹ I P K D C

A R O E D G R Y IN E N R G E D R

R R

W D D L G VA RE N D EN Y

S K A P E A RI NG

N R ?¡ INSET A

D E )h N E W C A S T L E T S S M D E U C A )h P C O U N T Y R IN

D E O M S

R T N

M O T L C B L

I ?© W L V M D Y ?© E See Smyrna

L HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTION L

E L M

R V

Y R D LEGEND D R B N

L A A K E N T C O U N T Y Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway C L

K E

IS I T P Posted Speed Limit (MPH) S O Garrisons N I C

R Lake R 45 MPH D D ?Ç D G R AÙ DIN 35 MPH ?Ç LAN T S A 25 MPH F S E 20 MPH VE Route 9 Coastal Heritage N H ICK Scenic Byway OR Basemap Layers IES Cheswold E RD R ?¬ ILL D Other Scenic Byways V RS Limited Access Highway LE ?¹ ?Ç UD S K Highway (U.S. and State) E N )h T Other Major Road O ?¡ N 0 1.5 3 E RD R RSVILL Source: Esri Miles D SUDLE ³ Dover D

L L I ?¹ V S Figure 18: Posted Speed Limit (Segment 2) R U ?¹ H T R A Dover W h i t e C l a

C r e e k S t a t e

D V L B !"`$ Z T N I

N D R

A D Y H T N Y C T ?¬ T R S T U T 4 N S O L H T S N T )h E N L A S O H I R D T T R T S New Castle T 9 H D R 3 T T E Y S FR EN G U L S CHTOWN R TN A D S W T N CHE I A

R D M C E N L

A State ParkR D

R Y DELAWARE CITY INSET

N R E

R O E

G E L V S

L A

U I

E S I A

THOMA T D S

AØ R N

D H R A ING RD Fort Delaware W SL ILLAND W H I L A ATC R State Park A A P D R Y D E PE O E STL L WRANGLE N CA D EW N S HILL RD S A T A T R T E ³ T

?¬ E Posted Speed Limit (MPH) G ?¬

R 45 MPH

T I 35 MPH M 0 1.5 3 M ³ T ³ S U Miles 25 MPH S H T 6 Odessa 20 MPH MAIN ST )p HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTION Basemap Layers See TTRwoA-WVaEy BLy wDayI DRirEecCtioTn ION Other Scenic Byways Limited Access Highway Middletown Inset A NB )h Northbound One-Way Byway Direction Highway (U.S. and State) Other Major Road ?Î Southbound One-Way Byway Direction ?¡ SB Source: Esri

D R

L E V E ?¹L Figure 19: Posted Speed Limit (Segment 3)

P Townsend

D L i t t l e C r e e

W i l d l i f e A r e

- HARRIET TUBMAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

K WILMINGTON INSET E E P E R N N Byway Limit C S Y L V A Cool Spring Park N Cool Spring Park IA T BBrroowwnn B Buurtrotonn W Winincchheessteterr P Paarkrk S N I A A V A Cool V N L E Y O S Spring T N 10 N 9T TH Park G 2 H N 3 T E S ST N I R P T B S D R E H A ?Ê S T S W H Fletcher T A A S E 1 1 W Brown Park L 1T 2T E !"`$ H H W

D ST ST B D 1 E 6T r L H a A 13 S

T n W H 15 T 10 S T N H d AA T S A B T MHA R S SNS T y T BRD E N 8 A w TH V N E W C A S T L E i N E W C A S T L E E S T T n S

e N 11 T 1

O H 7

C T S

C O U N T Y 6T S ST H

H R B AÒ T r S S T E 1 T 8 S T e 6 T F T H S H F G e D S 10 T T E T H S H IN S k T R J C S K T N T E 5T 7T 14 G H H E U 12 T ST ST B R N TH H ID F L S S T N A T T R S 6 B T W ?Ê S H

ST S M T 9 11 N A S T T H H D S O N T ST Kirkwood S A 5 TH O B Park P T ST T S S 1 M G S B 1 2 0 T O N TH H I T H S T S S 4 H T 8 T T T T S E T S 3 H S H R S T D T A W T S D Brandywine Creek E S T S T S W R T G S Y G A N T E T T State Park IN N B S A L E S B M R P K E I K T D O O N H R L I T R S A B P E C M N N K N K O N T L B E B REE E N S C K U 7 T R N T T A E C O H YL V D S S O A N E F T R T O M S ON W T E AR EM R TI 6T OS Red Clay Valley T N H R D LU S 8 T TH T T TH ?Ð S E S Scenic Byway P R P K 4T 5 S T IN G H TH B I T I G IN B S S K T K S B T T T L K S S T V S T H E E T D D 7 T S S T 8 S E H E S B R C C E L H T L A L A W U MP LY L C B A R R E H L P S D L N T U R S E R 7T S D T S H H B 2 D ST IRK RD A N C G K T S H R D E N S I C T 3 W

A R D N D S N E ST M A R T B L AÒ S F

T N E F K RO Christina R N T T Park A S S T M T T AÓ U E S r C N e ER L v MM A i CO W R n a t i A s !"`$ S C h r i )h ?¦T ?¬ Brandywine Valley +t Scenic Byway L C AÓ O H BD E R L I L S

D S

T T S T I

R S ?Ê B B N ?É T S T NCA E T S A LA STE N R PI KE R O D A P V M R T E E N Y O N T A F N L S E D A E S T C A S V T C Y D S A R O L D T B V E O S A N L W E D N T ³ N S L I S A O N A A A T E V W B ?É T C E H O U T N HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTION B W G E A N RA )h SC H ES %&b( Two-Way Byway Direction L )h TRAVEL DIRECTION N SB ?¬ NB See Northbound One-Way Byway Direction N InseSt 1A EW B 1 0 0.05 0.1 YO 2T RK Southbound One-Way Byway Direction H Miles AV P SB S E EA See T R L ST

Inset INSET 1A LEGEND

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway

)h S E B IK Posted Speed Limit (MPH) P T B R !"`$ S ?¬ O 45 MPH P SB W E P N ?¬ RAM 35 MPH SB

B B

N 25 MPH %&b( N 20 MPH S SB SB B Basemap Layers

Other Scenic Byways E )h V A SB

Limited Access Highway Y E

W L H Highway (U.S. and State) T T S

N A Other Major Road O C ³ !"`$ P 0 0.5 1 U W ³ D Source: Esri E Miles B OS N TO N PL %&a( !"`$ ?¬Figure 20: Posted Speed Limit (Segment 4) Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

4.4 Functional Classification Functional Classification is the process by which roadways are grouped into classes according to the character of traffic service that they are intended to provide. There are three (3) main functional classifications that will be used in this analysis: arterial, collector, and local roads. The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway is considered to be arterial for a majority of the corridor, such as US 13, Delaware State Route 9, and Delaware State Route 52. The corridor has some sections classified as collector and local roadways, mainly located around towns and communities. The varying functional classifications along the corridor are depicted in Figure 21.

4.5 Designated Truck Routes Designated truck routes, depicted on Figure 22, are only located along or intersect with the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway in four (4) areas. A designated truck route is located along a stretch of SR 15 in Dover/Camden and along US 301 in Middletown. Designated truck routes cross the Byway in Odessa and in a number of places around Wilmington. Smyrna also has an ordinance stating that all state roads are designated truck routes in Smyrna. Along the Byway the designated truck routes are located mainly along major highways and should have no impact on the movement and quality of the traveler or commuter along the corridor; however, the HTURB management entity is urged to monitor the traffic volumes and truck traffic along these corridors in an effort to ensure minimal impacts to the HTURB. The corridor’s Scenic Byway designation will have no anticipated impact on the movement of truck traffic. The HTURB Steering Committee and DelDOT will coordinate with the freight and trucking industry consistently to ensure that any planned improvements related to the Scenic Byway do not affect the trucking operations and travel throughout the region.

4.6 Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) and Level of Service (LOS) Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) is the total volume of vehicular traffic on a roadway throughout the entire year divided by 365 days (Annual Volume / 365 = AADT). The AADT of a corridor or roadway provides a snapshot of how many vehicles utilize a roadway on an average daily basis. The AADT for the four (4) segments of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway are displayed on Figures 23 through 27.

As depicted in Figures 23 through 27, traffic volumes along the rural sections of the corridor are lower than the suburban and urban sections of the corridor – a common trend throughout Delaware and nationwide. There is a higher concentration of vehicular traffic just south of New Castle, likely due to the large industrial uses and connections to other highly traveled roadways found along that section of the corridor. Traffic volumes also increase in and within close proximity to the larger communities of Dover, Middletown, and Wilmington. These traffic trends are consistent with national trends.

Corridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012 Page 88

- HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

Brandywine Valley Byway Limit Scenic Byway AÒ Red Clay Valley Scenic Byway AÓ ?Ê !"`$ %&b( White Clay Creek P E N N S Y L V A N I A State Park Wilmington !"`$ N E W J E R S E Y M A R Y L A N D %&a( LEGEND Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Lower Susquehanna !"`$ New Castle Roadway Functional Classification Scenic Byway ?¬ Other Principal Arterial Minor Arterial Major Collector NNEEWW CCAA SSTTLLEE Minor Collector CCOO UUNNTTYY Delaware City Lums Pond Local State Park Basemap Layers Other Scenic Byways Limited Access Highway Chesapeake Port Penn )p Highway (U.S. and State) Bay ?Î Other Major Road ?¬ Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems M)piddletown Odessa

?¹ ?©

D M Smyrna Chesapeake Country

Bombay Hook E

Scenic Byway A

National

L R Wildlife Refuge

W L Route 9 Coastal

Delaware

Heritage Scenic Byway

A A Cheswold ?¬

N R

D E ?¹ Bay KKEENNTT CC OO UUNNTTYY Dover Little Creek Wildlife Area

Harriet Tubman Underground Byway Limit Ted Harvey Railroad Byway (Maryland) Wildlife Area ?± ³ Sandtown 0 2.5 5 Miles

Figure 21: Roadway Functional Classification - HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

Lower Susquehanna !"`$ Scenic Byway New Castle ?¬ LEGEND Designated Truck Routes

N E W C A S T L E Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway C O U N T Y Delaware City Lums Pond Basemap Layers State Park Other Scenic Byways Limited Access Highway Highway (U.S. and State) Chesapeake Port Penn )p Other Major Road Bay ?Î ?¬ Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems M)piddletownOdessa

?¹ ?©

D M Smyrna Chesapeake Country

Bombay Hook E

Scenic Byway A

National

L R Wildlife Refuge

W L Route 9 Coastal

Delaware

Heritage Scenic Byway

A A Cheswold ?¬

N R

D E ?¹ Bay K E N T C O U N T Y Dover Little Creek Wildlife Area

Harriet Tubman Underground Byway Limit Ted Harvey Railroad Byway (Maryland) Wildlife Area ?± ³ Sandtown 0 2.5 5 Miles

Figure 22: Designated Truck Routes - HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

Lower Susquehanna !"`$ New Castle Scenic Byway ?¬ LEGEND Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway

2009 Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) NNEEWW CCAA SSTTLLEE 25,000 - 65,016 CCOO UUNNTTYY Delaware City Lums Pond 10,001 - 25,000 State Park 5,001 - 10,000 533 - 5,000 Basemap Layers Chesapeake Port Penn Other Scenic Byways )p Bay ?Î Limited Access Highway ?¬ Highway (U.S. and State) Other Major Road Middletown Odessa )p Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems

?¹ ?©

D M Smyrna Chesapeake Country

Bombay Hook E

Scenic Byway A

National

L R Wildlife Refuge

W L Route 9 Coastal

Delaware

Heritage Scenic Byway

A A Cheswold ?¬

N R

D E ?¹ Bay KKEENNTT CC OO UUNNTTYY Dover Little Creek Wildlife Area

Harriet Tubman Underground Byway Limit Ted Harvey Railroad Byway (Maryland) Wildlife Area ?± ³ Sandtown 0 2.5 5 Miles

Figure 23: 2009 Roadway AADT (Project Study Area) Smyrna

?©

- HARRIET TUBMAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware Garrisons R D ?Ç E R LEGEND V C Lake INSEAÙT B O I ?Ç D S IP E Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway )h L Route 9 Coastal Heritage

2009 Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) Scenic Byway

25,000 - 65,016

S T

10,001 - 25,000 A

T Cheswold

E ?¬

5,001 - 10,000 S Dover T 533 - 5,000 ?¹ ?Ç Basemap Layers Silver )h Other Scenic Byways Lake ?¡ Limited Access Highway Highway (U.S. and State) RD Other Major Road KER WAL Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems ³

Y ?¹ O T O M L I N L G R O M See A I CAMDEN INSET L ?¹ D L S R Inset B D T

A Dover T E

D HARTLY RD S A T R L B ?« BS EB A Dover E W Y L

D R T L D S

I A O N R IO A O S V N VI D I S O R D )h FORREST AVE T R R K

U U R FORREST AVE H B A W L S ?« T O E C R

T T R S H

H D U D N L S N L R O I R S

T P K E N TTidb uryC O U N T Y D E T M K E N T C O U N T Y U V U A N Inset O D D Creek C T R YP L L E R A G O E

R O R V D S D O S V Camden H RD O L S E MIL H LL )h E L See LS LL RD M AR HI I LL ST Inset A WAY H T A E M D H C R L O ³ D G

D R M N I )h E K

E R A ?± HA E S P HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTION T

L U P R N U L

Two-Way Byway Direction A A W Y TRAVEL DIRECTION

RD W NB LL L GI Northbound One-Way Byway Direction OW

Y R A A N HE

Southbound One-Way Byway Direction

N R SB

D E D R E D A H S T U Harriet Tubman Underground N L A Railroad Byway (Maryland) W ?± Sandtown )h ³ 0 1 2 Byway Limit Miles

Figure 24: 2009 Roadway AADT (Segment 1) Port Penn

R E IN T S )p U G

A RNER RD CO 425 T S N CAYOT I A S

?Î - B L A

K HARRIETY TUB BMAN I K R

D P

G T R ?¬

E N E

N O

UNDERGROUND RAILS ROAD BYWAY P P

R U

N D G

R ?¹ Delaware D WN ETO DL M ID D A M A R T OMdessa SS A S DE S S Middletown O IN E H Y C S S T H B T I 5 U L D e R R l a w V a r C e O H D E )p R R A E R D X K I R i v C D T e r I L 11 W 9 AR S A A T W K T A N D E R V Y N A W W R ND L O Y O M T D )h O K N E A T O G R S X RD B O OL R S N O L E S E CH E E LL S A N SMYRNA INSET L HI S Y AK C P B O R C D K I N H S GR B B D ?Î R U L

I I U A I D R R D C ?¡ D C M K D U M D G H S C D T F R A R K M L O E D R L D R ?¹ C L U

I I L O E I R R P D S T N O R S E K M C L R D G N I T E W D Y B R T

E K R R A R E E P

W D C L A V E R N L I L R N O E D D A T A K L L G S ECI Y W E P C T A E R R N O Y ?¡ I I D D N P R N E G E ?¹ R R T D D T )h O S Y ?© IN W G L A K L M CLAYTON DELANEY RD F P T E L K O W D E D R E E W L R M R A E I C N C N D KN C R R R O U G

D C L D See L

I L M

K Y Inset A HOL E N LETTS C N E ORN T L D D ER R B D D L R I L R R A E IV T N ANE E IN S A T R ELLA L MA G C X E R Smyrna K E N D B D R )h I R O ?© D RD C NGTON ST MILLI LON AT D G M R IDG ION E R RD D D R

C ER

E L O A T D N A R E G ER N X R E V D L A O A L E E T L R E N N L E N D G R E

R R Y S Y

?¹ R P K ID C A R G O E D R Y I E N N R G E D R

R R W D D L G VA RE N D EN Y

S K A P E A RI NG

N R ?¡ INSET A

D E )h NNEE WW CC AASS TTLL EE T S S M D E U C A )h P C O U N T Y R I C O U N T Y E N D O M S

R T N

M O T L C L ?© B I W L

M V D Y ?©

E See Smyrna

L HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTION L A Two-Way Byway Direction Inset SMYRNA TRAVEL DIRECTION CLAYTON BLVD Lake NB Smyrna Como Northbound One-Way Byway Direction Park D ?© R N A Lake O D Southbound One-Way Byway Direction T L G L U SB IN E Como ILL Y P M O C N O R T ³ N B S

E L M

R V

Y R D LEGEND D R B N

L A A KKEENN TT CC OO UU NN TT YY

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway C L

K E

I I S P T 2009 Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) O Garrisons S N I C

R Lake R 25,000 - 65,016 D D ?Ç D G R AÙ DIN 10,001 - 25,000 ?Ç LAN T S A 5,001 - 10,000 F

SE 533 - 5,000 VE Route 9 Coastal Heritage N H ICK Scenic Byway Basemap Layers OR IES Cheswold R R ?¬ Other Scenic Byways ILLE D D SV R Limited Access Highway LE ?¹ ?Ç UD S K Highway (U.S. and State) E N )h T Other Major Road O ?¡ N 0 1.5 3 E RD R RSVILL Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems Miles D SUDLE ³ Dover D

L L ?¹ I V S Figure 25: 2009 Roadway AADT (Segment 2) R U ?¹ H T R A Dover W h i t e C l a

C r e e k S t a t e

D V L B !"`$ Z T N I

N D R E P R P W E L N R P ANCASTE N H O R PIK D E S S O R T N R Y S R T L T R E V E A E G R A K V N R M A T IA A O P N AV M G L P E E

I - C I M K D )h E E FAU LKLAN RD S 10 T HARRIET TUBMATH N O S N Wilmington 4 T 1 N E TH 2T E R D S H W D NEW R T S E T E L V V O A A D N UNDERGROUND RAN ILROAD BYWAY A A D YL I O R N A I N M G R R I Delaware V D

White Clay Creek NStEateW Par kCASTLE INSET )h Wilmington See !"`$ RL L T D O R R

IT E B INSET D B T P A S S A A D B C InN set S ³ C N H %&a( HE M ST A I T N I N 9 I U ?¬ OG L T T New CLaETsOtle L S R MERIT D T ?¬ S WN T D R S I R R S H D R B T D

0 H D 1 ³ H C T A C S R H M N H T E D C T O S S O

L 8 N T R

A D Y H T N Y C T ?¬ T R S U T 4 T N S O L H T S N T )h E S A N L D O H I R T T T S R New Castle T H D R 9 T T Y 3 E S FR EN G U L S CHTOWN R TN A D S T N CHE W I A R D M C E N L

I H S See A T A T R S T W HP S T SO 6 E F T E U O S H T T L !"`$ B S H U T T H S T N S E T T S K Y 7 S D Inset R W T T H R H S T Y A I H 5 M K 7T S S E T B A N L r T U D C S P H D e J ES N T 2 LY N A v N U Y T LB i A S B Battery D ?¬ R T S Park B e T N H S r H S )l A T B a Killcohook NationaRl 4 ?¬ Wildlife Refuge M Y w O A R Y W C E D N INSET A V R a E O L W O I Y IV R S N H l B L U C R D R I SD T T T H R N e T S D E O Fort Mott D

P D D R W U White Clay Creek R 5 R State Park 4

R B D RA D 3

D Y DStEateL PaArkRWARE CITY INSET R

N R E

E O G E L

V S

LN V

L A

U I A

E HOMAS I T D S T

AØ R H D N

D R W A I DING R Fort Delaware ISL LLALN W CH A PAT R State Park A EA D R Y D E P O E STL L WRANGLE N CA D W NE S HILL RD S A T A T R T E ³ T

R ?¬ S D S A D See M R O G H IN T E T D F N S PORT OF A DelawOare City H L Inset W U T I T DELAWARE LL INSET C N E I A K M T D B A S D Y R T R L R R I 2 D O ?¬ A G R Y N Q E E S D UI T M S N A R T D T S T O T H N S S T R E D D Y N L R T O Y )h R S T E 3 B R I D L S ³ PO T T 4 RT Route 9 Coastal Heritage T S PEN H N N R S T O D T S T T W M Scenic Byway L ARK N I S ET O M D Fort Dupont ST T A R G H N A State Park I T Y S H S A U S B T N S A S INSET B S ?¬ O E ?¬ T W T X S S IN A S N V D L I E E C L R R K N T E G S N A I N R L ST F O Port Penn A U T E C S V G See N A U N S A A O E T C L T Inset C T IN 5 S N B T I L H A O C S C A Y ?¬ T D S D W R S C VIE B OR E BAY EL NER V TS RD A )p R T D N ³ E K ?Î See LEGEND Inset B Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway D

E 2009 Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) ?¬ G ?¬

R 25,000 - 65,016

T I 10,001 - 25,000

M ³ T 0 1.5 ³ 3 S U Miles 5,001 - 10,000 S H T 6 Odessa 533 - 5,000 MAIN ST HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTION Basemap Layers )p Other Scenic Byways Two-Way Byway Direction See TRAVEL DIRECTION Limited Access Highway Middletown Inset A NB Highway (U.S. and State) )h Northbound One-Way Byway Direction Other Major Road Southbound One-Way Byway Direction ?Î ?¡ SB Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems

D R

L E V E ?¹L Figure 26: 2009 Roadway AADT (Segment 3)

P Townsend

D L i t t l e C r e e

W i l d l i f e A r e

- HARRIET TFFooootbtbrirdidggee UB Brarannddyywwininee BP Paarkrk MAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

R K WILMINGTON INSET E E P E R N N Byway Limit C S Y L V A Cool Spring Park N Cool Spring Park I T BBrorowwnn B Buurtrotonn W Winincchheessteter rP Paarkrk A S A N I A A L V Cool V N Y E O S Spring T N 10 N 9T TH Park G 2 H N T 3 E S ST N I R P T B S D R E H A T ?Ê S S W H Fletcher T A A S L 1 1 W E Brown Park 1T 2 E !"`$ H TH W B D S ST T D 1 E 6T r L H a A 13 S T 1 T n 1 W H 5T N 0 S H d AAMTH S A B T S A SNS R T y T BRD E N 8 A w TH V NN EE WW CC AA SS TT LL EE i S T E T n S

e N 11 1

O TH 7 C C O U N T Y S S T 6 S

C O U N T Y TH T H AÒ R B T r S S E 1 T T 8 S T e 6 T H F S T e H D S F 1 G T T E 0T H S H N S k T R J S I C T K T E 5 7 N 1 T T U G H H E 1 4T S S B R N 2T H D T T L H I F S S T N A T T R S 6 ?Ê B TH W S S S M T T 1 S 9T 1 N A H TH O D S S Kirkwood S 5 N T T A TH O B Park P T ST T S S 1 M G S B 1 2 0 T O N T H I T H H H T S S T 4 S T 8 T T C TH S E T S RE 3 S H E R S T T D T A W ST D Brandywine Creek E S T S K S W R T G S Y G A N T E T N T R State Park I N B S A L E S B M R P K K E I O T D O R N D H L I T R S A B P E C M N N K N K O N T L B E B REE E N S C K R U T N T 7T A E C O H Y V D S S LO A N E F T R T O M S ON E AR W T EM R TI 6T S Red Clay Valley T N H RO D L T U ST 8 TH T TH ?Ð E S S Scenic Byway P R P K 4T 5 S T IN G H TH B I I T G N B S K I T S K S B T T L K S ST T V S T E E H T D D 7 S T 8T S S E H E S C BE R C H T L L A L A W U MP LY L C B R R E A H D L P S L N T U S R 7 R S E T D T B S H H D 2 D G ST KIRK R A N C T S H R D E N I C S T 3 W D A R N D S N E ST M A T R L AÒ F B S T N E T F K RO Christina S R NT Park A T N S S T M O T S T AÓ I U r E S D N RC L e E A M A v OM M i C W R a i n s t !"`$ A S C h r i )h ?¦T ?¬ Brandywine Valley +t AÓ Scenic Byway LO C BD H E R L I L S

D S

T T S T I

R A

?Ê S B ?É B N S T T ANCA E T A L STER N S P IKE A R P O D M R V T E E N Y O N T A F N L S E D A E S T C A S V T C Y D S A R O L D T B V E O N S A L E W D N T ³ N S I L S A O N A A A V T W E ?É C B E T O H U T N HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTION B W G E A N RA )h SC HE %&b( Two-Way Byway Direction S L )h TRAVEL DIRECTION N SB ?¬ NB See Northbound One-Way Byway Direction N InseSt 1A EW B Y 1 0 0.05 0.1 O 2T RK Southbound One-Way Byway Direction H Miles A P S VE E SB See T AR L ST

Inset INSET 1A LEGEND

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway )h S E B IK 2009 Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT P ) T B R !"`$ S ?¬ O SB 25,000 - 65,016 P W E P N ?¬ RAM 10,001 - 25,000 SB

B B

N 5,001 - 10,000 %&b( N 533 - 5,000 S SB SB B Basemap Layers Other Scenic Byways E )h V A SB Limited Access Highway

Y E

W L Highway (U.S. and State) H T T S N Other Major Road A O C ³ !"`$ P U 0 0.5 1 W ³ D Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems E Miles B OS N TO D N R PL N O T N TA %&a( S N !"`$ W Fi?¬gure 27: 2009 Roadway AADT (Segment 4) TO LE G O

)h Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

Level of Service (LOS) Level of Service (LOS) is classified as a measure-of-effectiveness by which traffic engineers determine the quality-of-service of transportation infrastructure. The transportation/roadway LOS system is classified using the letters A through F, with A being the best and F being the worst. The LOS for the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway is generally LOS A to B. The LOS along the Byway transitions from B to C in the larger cities and towns along the corridor, which is a standard or typical trend nationwide. LOS C is prevalent in and around Dover, Cheswold, Smryna, Middletown, New Castle, and Wilmington. LOS transitions from C to D, E, and F in two (2) locations along the Byway corridor. In the area of the US 40 and State Route 9 interchange located outside of Wilmington, the LOS ranges from C to F. In addition, the following local streets in the Wilmington area range from LOS C to F: Washington; West; King; and Ninth.

The HTURB corridor generally operates at an acceptable LOS, reflecting the consistent flow of traffic along the corridor. Peak periods of travel, such as seasonal traffic and event related traffic, may cause temporary congestion and poor operation (LOS) along the corridor. These events are usually brief and do not alter the annually averaged LOS in a significant manner. The current LOS along the corridor represents the corridor’s ability to handle any increase in traffic as a result of Scenic Byway designation (either state or national). An increase in traffic as a result of Scenic Byway designation has not been quantified, nor is it part of this CMP to do so. However; it has been observed that Scenic Byway designation in the United States does not generally create a noticeable increase on traffic volumes.

The LOS for the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway is displayed in Figures 28 through 32. The data was derived from DelDOT.

Corridor Management Plan (CMP) - 2012 Page 96

- HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

Lower Susquehanna !"`$ New Castle LEGEND Scenic Byway ?¬ 2005 Roadway Level of Service (LOS) Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway LOS F (V/C Ratio: >1.0)

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Figure 28: 2005 Roadway LOS (Project Study Area) Smyrna

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- HARRIET TUBMAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

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Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway

)h S E B LOS F (V/C Ratio: >1.0) IK P T B R !"`$ S ?¬ O LOS E (V/C Ratio: 0.851 - 1.0P) SB W E P LOS D (V/C Ratio: 0.751N - 0.85) ?¬ RAM SB

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4.7 Shoulder Type and Width A road shoulder is a reserved area at the edge of the traveling lanes that can be used in the event of an emergency or breakdown. It acts as a buffer between the main thoroughfare and the edge of the road. The shoulder type along a roadway is very important when viewing safety and planning for future projects. The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway has a variety of shoulder types. A review of the shoulder types along the corridor shows that a majority of the corridor has either a soil surface or an asphalt/concrete mix. Due to the possible increase in tour bus and RV traffic it is critical to have shoulders that provide enough roadway width and solid surfaces on the shoulder of the travel lanes. When the corridor enters developed areas the shoulder type tends to transition to curb, gutter and sidewalk. This provides increased safety for cyclists and pedestrians and meets universal standards for roadway design. The total roadway widths are shown in Figure 33.

When examining shoulder widths, the corridor is found to generally have widths of that range from 10 to 12 feet. However, there are some areas along the corridor where the shoulder width is two (2) feet or less, which is not accommodating to bicyclists, tractors (for allowing vehicles to pass), RVs, tour buses and pedestrians. This reduced shoulder width may be a result of sidewalk infrastructure located in these areas, though this assumption can’t be confirmed without closer investigation, which is not required for this level of analysis. Bicycle and pedestrian safety and improvements are discussed in other sections of this Corridor Management Plan (CMP).

4.8 Seasonal Temperatures and Traveler Seasons The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway and the State of Delaware in general, experience peak travel seasons in May through October. As Table 4-2 shows the average temperatures and precipitation during this time of year are moderate and ideal for travel activities.

Table 4-2: Annual Weather Averages for the Corridor Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg. High 44° 45° 54° 65° 75° 83° 83° 85° 79° 68° 57° 46° Avg. Low 27° 27° 34° 43° 53° 62° 67° 65° 59° 48° 38° 29° Mean 35° 36° 44° 54° 64° 72° 77° 75° 69° 58° 47° 37° Avg. Precipitation 3.4 in 3.2 in 4.0 in 3.5 in 3.8 in 3.5 in 4.6 in 5.1 in 3.7 in 3.0 in 3.3 in 3.3 in (Source: www.weatherbase.com)

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- HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

Lower Susquehanna Scenic Byway !"`$ New Castle LEGEND ?¬ Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway

2010 Roadway Width (Feet) NNEEWW CCAA SSTTLLEE > 50 Feet CCOO UUNNTTYY Delaware City Lums Pond 41 - 50 Feet State Park 31 - 40 Feet 21 - 30 Feet

Chesapeake Port Penn <= 20 Feet )p Basemap Layers Bay ?Î Other Scenic Byways ?¬ Limited Access Highway Highway (U.S. and State) Middletown Odessa )p Other Major Road

Source: DelDOT, Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems

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L R Wildlife Refuge

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Heritage Scenic Byway

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D E ?¹ Bay KKEENNTT CC OO UUNNTTYY Dover Little Creek Wildlife Area

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Figure 33: Roadway Width (Project Study Area) Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

According to the Visit Delaware tourism agency, in northern Delaware, spring and fall bring many dimensions of color to the large natural properties and it is a great time of year to experience outdoor recreation and activities. Central Delaware is best to visit in the summer months when travelers can enjoy a walking tour of the capital city of Dover, watching horse racing or other entertainment at Dover Downs, and engaging in outdoor recreation. The fall season also experiences an influx of travelers seeking views of fall color as the leaves change and seasonal activities are in abundance. These added benefits, in addition to the historical and cultural offerings along the Byway, offer travelers a unique and exceptional experience along the HTURB.

4.9 Bridges and Structures and Standing Water (Sea Level Rise) Bridges and other structures are important to assess as part of the Backgrounds Conditions section as these vital pieces of infrastructure are not only significant for travelling along the corridor, but they can also be used for scenic views, hobbyists, and are sometimes used as key landmarks along the corridor. The HTURB corridor has a small number of bridges and many of these are small river-crossing/rail crossing bridges.

Standing Water - Sea Level Rise along the Corridor It was observed during corridor field reviews that many sections of the corridor experience standing water on the road. It appeared to be most prevalent along the corridor between Dover and New Castle. This issue of sea level rise has recently been addressed in a presentation by Michael Kirkpatrick of DelDOT. Some key points presented within this presentation were: • Climate change and seal level rise are emerging issues and will become more prominent in FHWA planning and programs and regulations (2013+) • Scientific method and models are constantly being refined and improved • Better to approach these study predictions as cautionary: advocate low/no cost adaptation measures first. • Sea level rise (SLR) adaptive improvements will reduce storm vulnerability in short term. • Think about service life of assets in relation to SLR timeframes (20-50-100 years) when making decisions. • Real Estate decisions should be couched in the modeled vulnerability of the location. • Climate Change and SLR must be considered with the mix of factors that make up our future planning scenarios – i.e., DE will see an increase in older residents, more beach- area residents, longer commutes, and a heavy reliance on tourism and service industries. • Be wary of ‘quick fix’ policies that focus on a small part of the picture rather than the whole and may be counter-productive. • Conversely, each of these elements (GHG, climate change, SLR) can be addressed on its own as an element of the greater solution.

There is one historic bridge along the corridor crossing Silver Lake along North State Street in Dover. As shown in Table 4-3 below, the North State Street Bridge at Silver Lake has been designated as historically significant for its high artistic value and design. The Harriet Tubman

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Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

Underground Railroad Steering Committee and other key stakeholders will acknowledge and assist in the continued preservation and recognition that this historic bridge deserves.

Some statistics regarding this bridge are included below: • General Summary - Concrete arch bridge over Silver Lake on North State Street in Dover, DE • Location – Dover, DE (Kent County) • Status - Open to traffic • Built 1937 • Dimensions - Length of largest span is 28.5 feet • Total length: 110.6 feet • Deck width: 45.9 feet

Table 4-3: Historic Bridge(s) Along the HTURB Year Bridge Name County Type Status Built An architectonic three (3) span Significant for the North State Street reinforced concrete deck arch high artistic value of Bridge at Silver Lake Kent bridge with brick veneer its design 1937 (Source: DelDOT, 2012)

4.10 Intrinsic Resource Accessibility This section of the CMP will assess the accessibility of the intrinsic resources located along the HTURB corridor. Accessibility will be viewed and assessed pertaining to the general ease of access from the corridor to the intrinsic resource site, generally in terms of distance. This may also include signage, entry roadways or walking trails, parking, distance from the HTURB corridor, and other similar factors. Ease of access is the critical theme pertaining to the accessibility assessment.

The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway’s resources are assessed for their accessibility in Table 4-4. All of the intrinsic resources have been reviewed and assessed for accessibility during the development of this CMP (2010-2011). All of the resources are accessible by two (2) wheel drive vehicles, recreational vehicles (RVs) and tour buses as required by the National Scenic Byway Program.

Table 4-4 lists all of the intrinsic resources along the corridor and their accessibility rating from 1 (low accessibility) to 5 (high accessibility). Some of the resources were given a lower score due to the fact that they were more than one (1) mile off of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway and/or they were difficult to access for other reasons as stated in the notes column of the table. For a detailed map of all of the resources see Figures 6-10.

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Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

A future study that may be of interest could include an assessment or evaluation of the universal design of the resources along the Byway. Universal design is the design of environments, products, information and services so that they are usable by all people regardless of age, size or ability. We have found that by designing for people with disabilities and older adults in mind creates a better design for anyone. (America’s Byways Resource Center, 2011).

Table 4-4: Accessibility Rating of Intrinsic Resources

Intrinsic Accessibility Resource Resource Name Miscellaneous Notes Rating ID

Segment 1 1 Sandtown 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor 2 State Route 10 Agricultural Landscape 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor 3 Star Hill AME Church, Cemetery and 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor Museum 4 Henry Cowgill Farm Site 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor 5 Willow Grove 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor 6 Free Black Settlement Between Camden 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor and Wyoming 7 Zion AME Church 4 Less than 1 mile from the corridor 8 Camden Historic District 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor 9 Camden Friends Meeting House 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor 10 Whatcoat Methodist Episcopal Church 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor (Morningstar Inst.) 11 Brinkley Hill 4 Less than 1 mile from the corridor 12 Brecknock Park 4 Less than 1 mile from the corridor 13 Great Geneva 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor 14 Wildcat Manor 4 Less than 1 mile from the corridor 15 Happy Valley 4 Less than 1 mile from the corridor 16 Dover Green 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor 17 Old State House 5 Directly adjacent to the corridor 18 Delaware National Estuarine Research 3 Less than 5 miles from the corridor Reserve 19 John Dickinson Plantation 3 Less than 5 miles from the corridor 20 First State Heritage Park and Welcome 4 Less than 1 mile from the corridor Center & Galleries Segment 2 21 Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge 2 Less than 10 miles from the corridor 22 Hawkins Route to the Hunn Farm 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 23 Landscape of Blackbird State Forest 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 24 Ebenezer Church 3 Less than 5 miles off Corridor 25 Site of the Farm of John Hunn, now 4 Less than 1 mile off Corridor Middletown High School 26 Old St. Anne's Episcopal Church 3 Less than 5 miles off Corridor 27 Appoquinimink Friends Meeting House 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 28 Corbit-Sharp House 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 29 Odessa Historic District 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor

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Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

Segment 3 30 Stewart Street in Port Penn (Free Black 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor Settlement) 31 Port Penn Interpretive Center 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 32 Augustine Wildlife Area 4 Less than 1 mile off Corridor 33 Fort Delaware 3 Less than 5 miles off Corridor. Access is by water only. 34 Delaware State Route 9 (SR 9) Landscape 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 35 Polktown near Delaware City (Free Black 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor Settlement) 36 Fort DuPont State Park 4 Less than 1 mile off Corridor 37 New Castle Court House and Museum 4 Less than 1 mile off Corridor 38 New Castle Historic District 4 Less than 1 mile off Corridor Segment 4 39 The Rocks-Fort Christina State Park 4 Less than 1 mile off Corridor 40 Severn Johnson Home Site 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 41 George Wilmer Home Site 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 42 Comegys Munson Home Site 4 Less than 1 mile off Corridor 43 Peter Spencer Plaza 4 Less than 1 mile off Corridor 44 Tubman-Garrett Riverfront Park and 4 Less than 1 mile off Corridor Market Street Bridge 45 Wilmington Old Town Hall 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 46 Thomas Garrett Home Site 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 47 Quaker Hill Historic District 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 48 Wilmington Friends Meeting House and 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor Cemetery 49 Elwood Garrett Home Site 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 50 Joseph Walker Home Site 4 Less than 1 mile off Corridor 51 Henry Craige Home Site 4 Less than 1 mile off Corridor 52 Centreville 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor 53 Thomas Garrett Route to Longwood 5 Directly Adjacent to Corridor

4.11 Existing Land Use Existing land uses along the corridor are generally categorized as agricultural, forest, and residential (see Figures 34 through 38). There are a few locations within close proximity to activity centers or communities (Dover and Wilmington) that have significant clusters of residential, commercial, mixed-urban or industrial land uses. There are two (2) significant locations of industrial land use along the corridor located along SR 9 located between Port Penn and New Castle and on SR 9 immediately outside of Wilmington. Commercial and residential land uses are most prevalent in close proximity to the larger communities, however; these locations represent a small percentage of total land use / land area of the overall corridor.

The land uses along the corridor do not present any significant obstacles to the implementation of the HTURB CMP and the associated Action Plan/Goals and Objectives. In addition, the Action Plans/Goals and Objectives presented in this CMP should not pose any negative impacts to the land uses. This symbiotic relationship will provide for efficient and coordinated implementation and achievement of both the HTURB CMP mission and the mission of the local communities and land use entities.

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- HARRIET TUBMAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

Brandywine Valley Byway Limit Scenic Byway AÒ Red Clay Valley Scenic Byway AÓ ?Ê !"`$ %&b( N E W J E R S E Y P E N N S Y L V A N I A White Clay Creek State Park !"`$Wilmington M A R Y L A N D %&a(

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D M Smyrna Evergreen Forest

Bombay Hook E

National Mixed Forest

L R Wildlife Refuge

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Delaware

Heritage Scenic Byway Man-made Reservoirs and Impoundments

A A Cheswold ?¬

Marinas/Port Facilities/Docks

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E Forested Wetlands - Tidal and Non-tidal ?¹ Bay Scrub/Shrub Wetlands - Tidal and Non-tidal Dover Little Creek Sandy Areas and Shoreline KKEENNTT CC OO UUNNTTYY Wildlife Area Extraction and Transitional

Source: Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems Camden

Harriet Tubman Underground Ted Harvey Railroad Byway (Maryland) Byway Limit Wildlife Area ?± ³ Sandtown 0 2.5 5 Miles

Figure 34: Existing Land Use (Project Study Area) Smyrna

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-HARRIET TUBMAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware Garrisons ?Ç AÙ Lake LEGEND ?Ç Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Route 9 Coastal Heritage Scenic Byway Basemap Layers Other Scenic Byways Limited Access Highway Cheswold ?¬ Highway (U.S. and State) Other Major Road ?¹ ?Ç Existing Land Use/Land Cover Classifications )h Single Family Dwellings ?¡ Multi-Family Dwellings Mobile Home Parks/Courts Commercial Industrial ?¹ T Transportation/Communication/Utilities O L L R O Mixed Urban/Built-up ?¹ See A D Institutional/Governmental InsetS B T A

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- HARRIET TUBMAN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

R K WILMINGTON INSET E HTURB TRAVEL DIRECTION E P E R N N Byway Limit C Two-Way Byway Direction S Y TRAVEL DIRECTION L V A Cool Spring Park N Cool Spring Park I T BBrorowwnn B Buurtrotonn W Winincchheessteter rP Paarkrk NB A S A Cool V N Northbound One-Way Byway Direction E Spring O 10 T A 9T TH Park G 2 H N T 3 S ST N I R P T B S D H ?Ê S T S Southbound One-Way Byway Direction H Fletcher T A S SB 1 1 W E Brown Park 1T 2T E !"`$ H H W B D S ST T D 1 E 6T r L H a A 13 S T 1 T n 1 W H 5T N 0 S H d AAMTH S A B T S A SNS R T y T BRD E N 8 A w TH V NN EE WW CC AA SS TT LL EE i S T E T n S

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Confined Animal Feeding Ops/Feedlots/Holding )h S E B Rangeland IK P Orchards/Nurseries/Horticulture T B R !"`$ S ?¬ O B Deciduous Forest P S W E P Evergreen Forest N ?¬ RAM SB Mixed Forest

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N Shrub/Brush Rangeland N Clear-cut %&b( SB S Man-made Reservoirs and Impoundments SB B Marinas/Port Facilities/Docks

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Y E Scrub/Shrub Wetlands - Tidal and Non-tidal W L H T Sandy Areas and Shoreline T S N A

O C ³ Extraction and Transitional !"`$ P U 0 0.5 1 W ³ D E Miles B Source: Delaware DataMIL and TranSystems OS N TO N PL %&a( !"`$ ?¬Figure 38: Existing Land Use (Segment 4) Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

4.12 Existing Corridor Signage The signs that will be addressed in this section are those that are located directly along the corridor right-of-way and are regulatory (speed limit, passing lane, stop, etc.) and advertising (billboards) in nature. This section will not discuss wayfinding (guide/directional signs) or interpretive signage as these sign-types are discussed in the Wayfinding, Interpretation, Gateways and Signage chapter (Chapter 10) of this CMP.

National Scenic Byway CMP Point #10 Documentation of compliance with all existing local, state, and federal laws about the control of outdoor advertising.

4.12.1 Regulatory Signs The term “regulatory sign” describes a range of signs that are used to indicate or reinforce traffic laws, regulations or requirements which apply either at all times or at specified times or places upon a street or highway, the disregard of which may constitute a violation, or signs in general that regulate public behavior in places open to the public (FHWA, 2011). These regulatory signs are designed and installed by local, state, and federal government entities and the HTURB CMP and its associated stakeholder groups (Steering Committee, Grant Committee, etc.) will not interfere with, or attempt to alter, any regulatory signage along the corridor unless necessary and approved by the proper regulatory entities.

This CMP is not intended to conduct a signage inventory or assess all regulatory signage along the corridor. The level of assessment found in a CMP is generally a summary of the signage from a traveler’s perspective and to note any obvious revisions or modifications to existing regulatory signage found along the corridor.

In summary, the regulatory signage found along the HTURB is adequate and efficient. There are areas along the corridor that appear to have “sign clutter” or an inefficient or unintended clustering of signs that may create confusion or difficulty by the travelling public. These areas are infrequent and do not create a significant difficulty to the traveler. It is recommended that the HTURB Steering Committee undertake a signage inventory in the future to better assess enhancement opportunities for signage along the corridor.

4.12.2 Outdoor Advertising Outdoor advertising, as stated by National Scenic Byways criteria {23 U.S.C. 131(s)}, prohibits the erection of new billboards along a State or Nationally Designated Scenic Byway/Highway not in conformance with 23 U.S.C. 131(c), which addresses outdoor advertising (see Appendix B). The specific U.S. Code is as follows:

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As provided at 23 U.S.C. 131(s), if a State has a State scenic Byway program, the State may not allow the erection of new signs not in conformance with 23 U.S.C. 131(c) along any highway on the Interstate System or Federal-aid primary system which before, on, or after December 18, 1991, has been designated as a scenic Byway under the State’s scenic Byway program. This prohibition would also apply to Interstate System and Federal-aid primary system highways that are designated scenic Byways under the National Scenic Byways Program and All-American Roads Program, whether or not they are designated as State scenic Byways. (Source: National Scenic Byways Guide, September 2005)

The Delaware Outdoor Advertising code (Title 17, Chapter 11) describes the specific factors associated to advertising along scenic Byways designated within the state. In accordance with federal statutes, the code states that any existing signs will not be changed if a highway is designated as scenic, but no new signs may be erected after designation. The specific Delaware Code states: “It is, consequently, the intention of this chapter, among other things, to provide a statutory basis for regulation of outdoor advertising consistent with the public policy relating to areas adjacent to federal-aid interstate and primary systems declared by the Congress of the United States in Title 23, United States Code.”

4.12.3 Historic Markers The Delaware Historic Markers Program is operated by the Delaware Public Archives, as part of its mandate. Historic markers are usually placed at important historical locations and sites across the state. These markers offer historical facts, stories and interpretation regarding the sites.

Table 4-5 lists all of the historical markers located along and within close vicinity to the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway as of January 2011. The corridor has a large variety of historical markers and there are more sites that may have the potential or need for historical markers in the future. For more information, one can contact the Delaware Public Archives or http://www.archives.delaware.gov/markers/markers-search.shtml.

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Table 4-5: Historical Markers Located Along the HTURB

Historic Resource / Site County General Marker Location

Cow Marsh Primitive Baptist Church Kent Sandtown, Route 10 Town of Wyoming Kent Wyoming, Railroad Avenue Coming of the Railroad Kent Railroad Avenue, Wyoming Camden Friends Meeting House Kent 122 E. Camden-Wyoming Avenue, Camden Site of First Whatcoat Church Kent Main Street, Camden Morning Star Institutional Church of God Kent 255 E. Camden-Wyoming Avenue, Camden in Christ, Inc. Camden Kent Camden-Wyoming Avenue, Camden Brecknock Kent Intersection of Route 13 and Main Street, Camden East Dover Hundred Kent US 13, south of Rodney Village, South Dover Dover Kent North State Street, north of Silver Lake, Dover Nicholas Ridgely Kent S. State Street and E. Water Street, Dover Site of King George’s Tavern Kent Southeast side of The Green, Dover The Old State House Kent East side of The Green, Dover Northeast corner of The Green and State Street, The Golden Fleece Tavern Kent Dover Ridgely House built 1728 Kent Northeast side of The Green, Dover The Capitol Theater (now called the Kent 226 S. State Street, Dover Swartz Center for Performing Arts) Wesley United Methodist Church Kent 209 S. State Street, Dover Site of Kent County’s First Presbyterian Kent In cemetery, on South Governor’s Avenue, Dover Church Intersection of South Queen and West North Site of Dover’s First Methodist Church Kent Streets, Dover Bishop Richard Allen Kent Loockerman Street, Dover Hall of Records entrance in the Delaware Public Delaware Public Archives Kent Archives, Dover Booker T. Washington School Kent 901 Forest Street, Dover Former Site of ILC Dover Makers of the Kent 350 Pear Street, Dover Apollo Moonsuit Southwest corner at State and Fulton Streets Wesley College Kent Intersection, Dover Delaware State College High School Kent West side of US 13, North Dover West side of US 13, Delaware State University Lockerman Hall Kent Campus, Dover Delaware State College Kent Route 13 at entrance to college, Dover Cheswold Volunteer Fire Company Kent Route 42 Main Street, Cheswold Little Creek Hundred Kent Route 42 Main Street, Cheswold Kenton Hundred Kent Route 42 Main Street, Cheswold Corner of South Main Street and West South Smyrna Opera House Kent Street, Smyrna Intersection of Main Street and North Bassett Town of Clayton Kent Street Sgt. William Lloyd Nelson New Castle 504 S. Broad Street, Middletown Middletown New Castle Cochran Square, Middletown Middletown Academy New Castle North Broad Street, Middletown West of intersection of Route 1 and Route 299, Appoquinimink Friends Meeting House New Castle Odessa Old St. Paul’s Methodist Church New Castle 506 High Street, Odessa

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Main Street, between US 13 N and US 13 S, Odessa New Castle Odessa Southeast of US 13 Intersection on Delaware 299, Duncan Beard New Castle Odessa Southwest of mouth of St. Augustine Creek, Port Port Penn Front Range Light New Castle Penn Christ Episcopal Church, Delaware City New Castle Corner of 3rd and Clinton Streets, Delaware City Delaware City School No. 118C New Castle End of Dragon Run Park Road, Delaware City Booker T. Washington School New Castle 400 South Street, New Castle Southeast Corner of 5th and South Streets, New The River Road New Castle Castle New Castle United Methodist Church New Castle 510 Delaware Street, New Castle Intersection of Delaware Street and E. 4th Street, Historic Museum New Castle New Castle Delaware Street, between E 3rd and E 4th Streets, Van Dyke House New Castle New Castle Corner of The Green at 3rd and Delaware Streets, The Green or Market Plaine New Castle New Castle New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad New Castle River Road and Washington Avenue, New Castle NE Corner of Strand and Delaware Streets, New Landing Place of William Penn New Castle Castle Intersection of The Strand and Delaware Street, Gunning Bedford House New Castle New Castle Packet Ally New Castle Corner Strand and Packet Alley, New Castle Site of Home of George Read New Castle The Strand, New Castle East side of 2nd Street, between Delaware and Presbyterian Church New Castle Harmony Streets, New Castle New Castle Common New Castle East 2nd Street, New Castle Southeast Corner of Second and Chestnut Site of Fort Casmir New Castle Streets, New Castle Broad Dyke New Castle Chestnut Street, New Castle St. Johns Lodge No. 2 New Castle New Castle Avenue and Balton Road, New Castle New Castle Avenue, south of Claymont Street South Wilmington New Castle Intersection, Wilmington Anthony – Delaware’s 1st Known Black New Castle Fort Christina Park, Wilmington Settler Intersection of E 7th Street and N Church Street, Holy Trinity Church New Castle Wilmington Scott A.M.E. Zion Church New Castle 7th and Spruce Streets, Wilmington Bethel A.M.E. Church New Castle Corner of 6th and Walnut Streets, Wilmington Freedom Lost – The Reverse New Castle South Market Street, Wilmington Underground Railroad N. King Street, between W. 2nd and E 3rd Streets, Delaware’s Jewish Community New Castle Wilmington Old Farmers Bank New Castle 301 Market Street, Wilmington Thomas Garrett New Castle Corner of 4th and Shipley Streets, Wilmington Brown v. Board of Education New Castle Hockessin, at Millcreek Road, Wilmington Old Town Hall New Castle 512 N. Market Street, Wilmington Meeting House New Castle 4th and West Streets, Wilmington Wilmington Friends Meeting House New Castle 4th and West Streets, Wilmington Ezion-Mount Carmel United Methodist New Castle 800 North Walnut Street, Wilmington Church Gravesite of Bishop Peter Spencer New Castle French Street in Plaza, Wilmington

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East side of French Street, near intersection with St. Joseph Church New Castle 11th Street, Wilmington Knotty Pine Restaurant New Castle 308 E. 11th Street, Wilmington Howard High School First Secondary North Poplar and West 13th Streets, in front of New Castle School for Blacks in Delaware Howard High School, Wilmington Site of Old Cathedral Cemetery New Castle West 12th Street, Wilmington Cool Spring Park New Castle Corner of 10th and Van Buren Streets, Wilmington Northwest corner of Pennsylvania and Greenhill Gibraltar New Castle Avenue, Wilmington Mount Salem United Methodist Church New Castle 2629 W. 19th Street, Rockford Park, Wilmington Rockford Tower New Castle Brandywine State Park, Wilmington South of Greenville on Route 52 at Route 141 Camp Brandywine New Castle conjunction Source: State of Delaware Archives (2011) http://archives.delaware.gov/markers/markers-search.shtml

4.13 Corridor Safety The safety of the travelling public is and always will be a key concern of the National Scenic Byways Program, the State of Delaware and the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway. The HTURB corridor consists mostly of State Roads, and therefore, has achieved and met a high-level of safety standards established by the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT). There may be sections or areas along the corridor that have safety improvement opportunities; however, this chapter (Background Conditions) is not intended to assess these opportunities. Any possible opportunities may be found in the Goals, Objectives and Strategies chapter, as well as the Action Plan chapter.

National Scenic Byway CMP Point #7 A general review of the road’s safety record to locate hazards and poor design, and identify possible corrections.

4.13.1 Lighting In general, the street lighting along the corridor is adequate and has not, and should not, present any concerns or safety issues. The rural sections of the corridor have reduced or no artificial lighting and these sections of the corridor will require safe driving techniques such as high-beam or fog lamp use. In addition, the lighting (as reviewed during field collection) at intrinsic resources is also adequate and allows visitors to experience a safe and secure location/resource. There were no lighting concerns noted when conducting on-site field reviews in 2010 and 2011.

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4.13.2 Weather Related Conditions Weather related safety concerns may be an issue along the corridor during the winter months of December to February. Delaware usually has mild winter weather and has an efficient and readily available road maintenance (plowing, etc.) crew to address snowfall and/or roadway icing.

4.13.3 Crash Data Analysis Assessing crash data along the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway corridor provides for an understanding of the overall safety of the corridor. Crashes are broken up into three (3) different categories and displayed in the following pages. The categories were broken up based on corridor specific data, not comparisons to other roadways or other Byways. Figure 39 shows total vehicle crash locations/frequency for the entire corridor from 2009-2011, Figure 40 shows bicycle related crashes from 2009-2011, and Figure 41 shows pedestrian related crashes from 2009-2011.

As the data below represents there are five (5) areas along the corridor that are classified as high crash frequency roadway segments. These locations are primarily concentrated in the more highly populated areas within city limits. This may be due to a number of reasons including heavy general traffic and truck traffic, limited passing zones, and other roadway characteristics. Two (2) of the locations are in rural sections of the corridor, and crashes here could be attributed to narrow roadway sections, dangerous curves, and limited passing zones. Fatalities along the corridor were (35) in the three (3) year time span. The Steering Committee and other vested interests in corridor safety will continue to monitor crash data at these locations, and the corridor as a whole.

DelDOT maintains crash data that can be used for future analysis in a program called Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP). This is updated annually and can be referred to for locations of high-frequency crashes.

Bicycle crashes (Figure 40) follows the same pattern as vehicle crashes, in that they are concentrated within city limits along the corridor. From 2009-2011 there were only 40 bicycle related crashes, in the cities of Camden, Dover, Middletown, Odessa, Port Penn, New Castle, and Wilmington. The highest concentration was in Wilmington, which makes sense because it is the most highly populated area along the corridor.

Pedestrian related crashes (Figure 41) are almost an exact replica of bicycle crashes, as they are concentrated within city limits too, with five (5) along the scenic Byway. There were 108 total pedestrian related crashes along the corridor from 2009-2011, with five fatalities. The Steering Committee and other vested interests will also continue to monitor bicycle and pedestrian related crashes within cities and along the corridor to see if safety in these areas can be improved upon.

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- HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

Brandywine Valley Byway Limit Scenic Byway )" AÒ Red Clay Valley )"" Scenic Byway )" AÓ !"`$ )"?Ê )" %&b( )")" White Clay Creek )" P E N N S Y L V A N I A State Park Wilmington !"`$ N E W J E R S E Y M A R Y L A N D )" )"%&a(

Lower Susquehanna !"`$ Scenic Byway New Castle ?¬)" LEGEND Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway

N E W C A S T L E 2009-2011 Total Crash Locations Along )")" C O U N T Y Delaware City Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway* Lums Pond )" State Park ") Crash Fatality Location (35 Total) 2011 = 1,396 Crashes Chesapeake Port Penn 2010 = 2,003 Crashes )p 2009 = 1,273 Crashes Bay ?Î ?¬ Basemap Layers Other Scenic Byways MiddletownOdessa )p Limited Access Highway Highway (U.S. and State) )" Other Major Road

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Figure 39: 2009-2011 Crash Frequency - HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

Byway Limit Brandywine Valley )" Scenic Byway )")"AÒ Red Clay Valley )" Scenic Byway AÓ !"`$ ?Ê)")")" )")")" )")"") %&b( )")")")"") White Clay Creek )")")")" P E N N S Y L V A N I A State Park W)"ilmington !"`$ )" N E W J E R S E Y M A R Y L A N D )" )" )" %&a( )")" )" Lower Susquehanna )" Scenic Byway !"`$ )"New Castle LEGEND ?¬ Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway

2009-2011 Bicycle Related Crash Locations Along Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway* N E W C A S T L E C O U N T Y )"Delaware City )" Crash Location (40 Total) Lums Pond )" State Park 2011 = 12 Crashes 2010 = 16 Crashes 2009 = 12 Crashes Chesapeake )" Port Penn *There were no bicycle related crashes involving )p fatalities from 2009-2011. Bay ?Î ?¬ Basemap Layers Other Scenic Byways Middletown Odessa Limited Access Highway )p )" Highway (U.S. and State) Other Major Road )" Source: DelDOT, DelJis, and TranSystems

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Figure 40: 2009-2011 Bicycle Related Crashes - HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

Byway Limit Brandywine Valley )" Scenic Byway AÒ Red Clay Valley Scenic Byway )" AÓ !"`$ ?Ê)" )")" )")")")" %&b( )")")")")")")"" White Clay Creek )")")")")") P E N N S Y L V A N I A State Park Wilmington !"`$ )" N E W J E R S E Y M A R Y L A N D ") )")" )")" %&a( )" )" Lower Susquehanna !"`$ Scenic Byway New Castle ?¬ LEGEND Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway N E W C A S T L E )" )" 2009-2011 Pedestrian Related Crash Locations Along C O U N T Y Delaware City Lums Pond Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway* State Park )" Crash Fatality Location (5 Total) 2011 = 40 Crashes Chesapeake Port)" Penn )p 2010 = 42 Crashes Bay ?Î 2009 = 26 Crashes ?¬ Basemap Layers Middletown )" Other Scenic Byways )")" Odessa )p Limited Access Highway Highway (U.S. and State) )" Other Major Road

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Figure 41: 2009-2011 Pedestrian Related Crashes Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

4.14 Transportation Planning and Proposed Roadway Modifications/Plans This section will provide an assessment of the transportation planning activities that may have an effect on the HTURB corridor. DelDOT maintains a five (5) year Capital Transportation Program (CTP) that identifies planned and potential improvements. There are currently (as of October 2011 when this section of the CMP was produced) two (2) CTP’s in use by DelDOT, for Fiscal Year’s 2009-2014 and 2011-2016. There were three (3) roadway projects along the corridor located in the 2009-2014 CTP, some of which were slated for construction in FY2009 and FY2010. Other projects from the FY2009-2014 CTP are shown in Table 4-6 below and Table 4-7 represents planned roadway projects from the FY2011-2016 CTP.

Table 4-6: Planned Roadway Projects, FY2009-2014 CTP Fund-Scheduling County Route Description Information Creation of new or improvement of Construction planned Statewide N/A existing recreational trails 2009-2014 - $1,067,500 throughout the state yearly Project will possibly realign the Traffic Study, City Study planned from 2009- New Castle current intersection of SR 9 and of New Castle 2012 – $2,250,000 Delaware Street SR 9, New Castle Reconstruction of existing concrete Construction planned for New Castle Ave., 3rd St. to pavement, minor operational and 2012 - $95,000,000 Heald St. safety improvements (Source: DelDOT FY2009-2014 CTP)

Table 4-7: Planned Roadway Projects, FY2011-2016 CTP Fund-Scheduling County Route Description Information Develop or maintain recreational Construction planned Statewide N/A trails and trail-related facilities 2011-2016 - $884,800 throughout the state yearly Project will realign the current SR 9 Wilmington intersection of SR 9 and 6th Street to Construction planned Road, 3rd & 6th St. New Castle promote thru-traffic on SR 9. If for 2011-2016 – Intersection needed, the 3rd Street intersection Improvements $1,400,000 will be upgraded. Project will reconfigure the SR 9, Delaware intersection of Delaware Street and Construction planned New Castle Street in New SR 9 to eliminate the existing traffic for 2011-2016 - Castle signal. The project will also extend $3,075,000 Harmony Street to SR 9. Project involves the reconstruction SR 9, New Castle Construction planned of the existing concrete pavement. New Castle Ave., 3rd Street to for 2012-2014 - There will also be some minor Herald St. operational and safety improvements. $95,000,000 The improvements currently involve South State Street roadway widening on Sorghum Mill Construction planned & Sorghum Mill Kent Road with intersection geometry and for 2011-2013 – Road Intersection signal upgrades at the intersection Improvements $1,050,000 with South State Street. (Source: DelDOT FY2011-2016 CTP)

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Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

National Scenic Byway CMP Point #13 Any proposals for modifying the roadway, including an evaluation about design standards and how proposed changes may affect the Byway's intrinsic qualities.

The planned projects listed in the DelDOT CTPs should have little impact on the HTURB corridor other than temporary disruption of travel patterns. These improvements are seen as enhancements to the Byway corridor and should aid in traveler safety and quality. In addition, the statewide development of recreational trails and facilities will significantly benefit the recreational offerings along the HTURB corridor.

4.15 Multi-Modal Options The term “multi-modal” is used to identify various modes of travel including automobile, pedestrian, cycling, public transportation, and others. The HTURB corridor offers a wide variety of multi-modal options for the traveler. Most of the corridor is best accessed by automobile due to its suburban nature and limited alternative transportation options, especially outside of the urban areas where public transportation is readily available and there is a concentration of jobs, sites of interest, and housing. Public transportation is generally limited to the larger concentrated cities of Dover and Wilmington; however, there is a variety of off-road use trails, services, and attractions consistently located throughout the corridor.

4.15.1 Bicycle and Pedestrian Figure 42 highlights the bicycle transportation corridor and/or facilities in the HTURB region. It is a goal of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Steering Committee that bicycle and pedestrian concerns and issues are addressed in detail in future efforts and planning. This will provide potential economic development opportunities by allowing the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway corridor and its communities to harness these users and this potential market.

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- HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

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National Scenic Byway CMP Point #8 A plan to accommodate commercial traffic while ensuring the safety of sightseers in smaller vehicles, as well as bicyclists, joggers and pedestrians.

Bicycle use is currently not safe along the entire corridor due to shoulder widths, lack of bike lanes, and other factors. A future analysis of the corridor in relation to bicycle safety and accessibility should be considered and should address locations of current bicycle use, conflicts, and potential areas for enhanced bicycle use. Pedestrian access along the corridor should also be assessed. A sidewalk inventory and assessment should be conducted and a gap analysis performed to determine areas of need.

An effective tool in assessing the corridor from a bicycle and pedestrian’s viewpoint is through a Corridor Impressions Survey (CIS). This tool should include a group of local and non-local attendees spending some time on the corridor in different areas as a pedestrian and/or bicyclist. The participants will them provide their feedback on their experience and make recommendations for enhancement. This has proven to be one of the most engaging and effective tools used in assessing a corridor for pedestrian and bicycle access and safety.

In addition, DelDOT will be conducting a pedestrian study for the Delaware State University campus in Dover and the adjacent Route 13 corridor in the spring of 2012. Delaware State University has expressed an interest in multiple options to increase pedestrian safety and access along this potentially urbanizing corridor. The anticipated first step in this process would be a pedestrian study assessing pedestrian traffic, movements, locations of pedestrian amenities, and other critical information. The study is planned to be complete by the summer of 2012.

The New Castle Industrial Trail and the C&D Canal Recreation Trail intersect with the HTURB in and are good examples of trail development and should be reviewed for applicability elsewhere along the Byway corridor.

Any sought after bicycle related improvements along the Byway should be coordinated with the statewide trails and pathways plan titled the First State Trails and Pathways Plan. Refer to http://trails.delaware.gov/ for more information.

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Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

4.15.2 Public Transportation Delaware Transit Corporation (DART) provides public transportation services for the state. An excerpt from the DART website states:

In 1994 the Delaware State Legislature created the Delaware Transit Corporation to manage and operate DART along with the Delaware Administration for Specialized Transport, Delaware Railroad Administration, and Commuter Services Administration. From this merger arose the name change to DART First State to take advantage of the well-known DART name and to recognize that this service was now a statewide operation.

Today DART First State provides transportation services statewide with over 400 buses and 57 year-round bus routes plus its eight (8) bus route Sussex County Resort Summer Service and paratransit service. Today DART First State also serves New Castle County with commuter rail service to and from Philadelphia. DART First State brought forth by business, community and governmental visionaries over the last 13 decades, looks to the future to provide Delawareans with the highest quality of transportation in the next century.

The use of DART by tourists accessing or experiencing the HTURB may not be prominent today, however; future efforts should include coordinating with DART to advertise seasonal tours or services targeted at tourists.

Future plans include the upgrading of all bus stops and passenger shelters, providing even more new hybrid electric buses to its fleet, continuing efforts to go greener and protect our environment while cutting operating costs and maintaining a safe system for riders, and increasing mobility options for all users. Also underway is a five-year business plan to greatly improve all services and recognize the potential for increased partnerships with community, business, and governmental groups and officials to respond to the state's growth and development. (www.dartfirststate.com, 2012)

In addition to DART, the Southeast Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) provides service to the Wilmington area via the Wilmington/Newark line commuter train. The SEPTA commuter train is a heavily-traveled (high ridership) train that can be utilized to effectively access the HTURB corridor from many areas in the Northeast United States.

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Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway Delaware

Figure 43 displays the public transportation routes and services that are offered to travelers of the HTUBR corridor. DART generally serves much of the corridor and would allow Byway travelers many options for travel.

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- HARRIET TUBMAN Camden UNDERGROUND RAILROAD BYWAY Delaware

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