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Cogongrass (Imperata Cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) in Louisiana: Cause and Consequence Lorissa A

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Cogongrass (Imperata Cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) in Louisiana: Cause and Consequence Lorissa A Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 6-19-2019 Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) in Louisiana: Cause and Consequence Lorissa A. Radunzel-Davis Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Other Forestry and Forest Sciences Commons, Other Plant Sciences Commons, Soil Science Commons, and the Weed Science Commons Recommended Citation Radunzel-Davis, Lorissa A., "Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) in Louisiana: Cause and Consequence" (2019). LSU Master's Theses. 4971. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4971 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COGONGRASS (IMPERATA CYLINDRICA (L.) BEAUV.) IN LOUISIANA: CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Biological Sciences by Lorissa Radunzel-Davis B.S., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1996 A.A.S., Argosy University, 2005 August 2019 I would like to dedicate this to my husband Jeff and sons William and Matthew Davis. They have all been very supportive of my endeavor and have taken on additional tasks enabling me to focus on finishing my degree. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research could not have been done without the assistance of many people. I have had this opportunity because Dr. Erik Aschehoug decided to take me on has his student and Dr. Jim Cronin took me in when circumstances changed. Thank you also to Dr. Rodrigo Diaz for serving on my committee. The Department of Biological Sciences support staff also answered my questions and took care of the many small things that often go unnoticed. There are many others I would like to thank. Dr. Haley Dozier directed me to Lee Memorial Forest as a source of cogongrass. Without her, I would never have met the manager Joe Nehlig who spent 2 days taking me throughout the property to mark cogongrass patches and opened his files to me. Denise McKinney pointed me to cogongrass patches at Bogue Chitto State Park. Chaper 2 could not have happened without the help of Caryn Davis collecting, drying and shipping soil from Japan. I appreciate how responsive the Louisiana State University greenhouse staff was to all my requests. My labmate Rachel Harman helped me tremendously by being there to discuss items both related and unrelated to my work. I want to thank Honza Čuda for being a sounding board and company in the lab for a semester. Finally, thank you to undergraduates Daniel, Celine and Marshall along with Honza, Rachel and Joe Johnston for their help during harvest and clean-up times. Many hands made light work. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………….………. iii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….………….…. v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO COGONGRASS WITH EMPHASIS ON LEE MEMORIAL FOREST ………………………………………………….…………. 1 1.1. Introduction …….………………….………………………………………... 1 1.2. Disturbance ……..……...………………………………………………...….. 3 1.3. Association with soil and land cover ……………..…………………………. 6 1.4. Spatial distribution .……………………………..………………………..….. 9 1.5. Conclusion ……………………………..…………...……………………… 12 1.6. References ...……..……………………………………………...…………. 13 CHAPTER 2. BIOGEOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF SOIL MICROBES ON GROWTH OF COGONGRASS ………………………………………………………………….… 16 2.1. Introduction ……………………...……..………………………………….. 16 2.2. Methods ………………………….…………………………...……………. 19 2.3. Results …………………………………………...………..……………….. 25 2.4. Discussion ………………………………………………………………..… 41 2.5. References ……………...………………………………………………..… 46 CHAPTER 3. COGONGRASS SOIL LEGACY EFFECTS ON TWO NATIVE PLANTS ………………………………………………………………………….…….. 54 3.1. Introduction …………………….…..……………..………………….……. 54 3.2. Methods …………...………………..…………………………..………….. 56 3.3. Results ………….…….…….…..………………………………………….. 58 3.4. Discussion ...…………………...………………………..…………………. 59 3.5. References ……………………………...…………..……………………… 62 CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………… 68 VITA …………………………………………………………………………………… 70 iv ABSTRACT Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.), an invasive species from East Asia, is found worldwide and is problematic in several countries. In the United States, it grows primarily in the Southeast, reducing biodiversity by growing in dense patches and potentially causing mortality and reducing value of native and planted pinelands due to a high burning temperature. Using Lee Memorial Forest, a Louisiana State University AgCenter property in Washington Parish as a study site, this thesis explores cogongrass in Louisiana with emphasis on soil microbes and soil legacy effects on native plant species. Cogongrass populations at Lee Memorial Forest were more likely to occur in management units with a prescribed burn, found primarily in evergreen forest on both soil types on the property and have a clustered distribution. Soil microbial community effects on cogongrass growth were compared in soil collected from the native range in Japan and in soil collected from Louisiana. There was an initial release from soil microbial pathogens with 1.4 times more aboveground biomass in live versus sterile soil from the invaded range. In the native-range soil, 1.4 times more aboveground biomass was produced in sterile soil than in live soil, indicating the presence of pathogens. Live soils were reused to test how cogongrass induced alterations in microbial community affected subsequent cogongrass growth. Aboveground biomass production in sterile soil was always greater than in live soil, 1.2 times in Japanese soil and 2.2 times in Louisiana soil, indicating increased pathogens. Cogongrass from two Louisiana populations responded similarly in aboveground biomass production, however there were differences in the allocation of that biomass to leaves or additional height, indicating variable invasive potential. The second study investigated the cogongrass legacy remaining in soil after its removal and the impact on subsequent plants. Two native plants, Schizachyrium scoparium and v Arnoglossum ovatum, were grown in soil either previously containing cogongrass or having no previous plant growth. Schizachyrium scoparium accumulated 2.9 times and A. ovatum 1.3 times more total biomass in cogon-free soil compared to cogon-exposed soil. Soil mitigation techniques due to cogongrass soil legacy may be needed for optimal restoration success. vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO COGONGRASS WITH EMPHASIS ON LEE MEMORIAL FOREST INTRODUCTION Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.), is a clonal C4 perennial grass species that has strong negative effects on native plant communities worldwide and is listed as one of the world’s top 100 worst invasive species (Estrada and Flory 2015). There are five varieties of cogongrass, with at least one variety successfully established on all continents except Antarctica (Hubbard et al. 1944, Dozier et al. 1998). It is found on a wide variety of soil types, from heavy clay to sandy soils and in a wide range of nutrient conditions (Jose et al. 2002, Bryson et al. 2010). It is native to Southeast Asia and was introduced into the United States in 1912 in Alabama as packing material and to Mississippi and Florida in 1921 for study as a possible forage crop (Hubbard et al. 1944, Tabor 1952, Dozier et al. 1998). By 1952, it was recognized as a concern and, although a study and an eradication plan were suggested, little was done (Dickens 1974). Now cogongrass is found across the Southeast United States (Dozier et al. 1998). Cogongrass has strong negative ecological and agricultural impacts throughout the world (Hubbard et al., 1944, Brook, 1989, Chikoye et al., 2005, Dozier et al., 1998). When left unmanaged, it quickly becomes the dominant species, growing in tall, dense patches, and outcompeting native species, with the help of allelopathic chemicals (Estrada and Flory 2015, Hagan et al. 2013, Xuan et al. 2009, Brewer 2008). It has a dense mat of roots and pointed rhizomes that can penetrate other root systems (Holly and Ervin, 2006). Cogongrass causes significant decreases in pine root growth, height and biomass compared to areas with native or no understory vegetation (Daneshgar et al. 2008). Pine seedlings were smaller and had less nitrogen content in areas where cogongrass was growing than seedlings growing without 1 cogongrass (Daneshgar and Jose 2009a). Cogongrass has significant impacts on phosphorous and potassium availability and alters pH of the soil (Brewer and Cralle 2003). In Louisiana, cogongrass has been present since 1990, when a survey and eradication plan were enacted (Bryson and Carter 1993) and is primarily found in eastern Louisiana (Loewenstein and Miller 2007). Lee Memorial Forest is an LSU AgCenter property of more than 1200 acres in Washington Parish (30.874, -89.991). The area is managed for research as well as timber harvest. There are areas of hardwood bottomlands, longleaf pine restoration and timber plantations. A patch of cogongrass was first discovered in 2002 and the land manager has been monitoring and treating it biannually. Despite such intense management,
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