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Better Together TNVR and Public Health APHA 11-13-18.Pdf Better Together: TNVR and Public Health 11/13/2018 Presenter Disclosures Introduction Better Together TNVR and public health Peter J. Wolf and G. Robert Weedon • TNVR: trap-neuter-vaccinate-return G. Robert Weedon, DVM, MPH Clinical Assistant Professor and Service Head (Retired) Shelter Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois • Emphasis on the “V” Peter J. Wolf, MS Research/Policy Analyst – Vaccination Best Friends Animal Society Have no relationships to disclose • Emphasizes the public health aspect of TNVR programs • Vaccinating against rabies as a means of protecting the health of the public Introduction TNVR TNVR • Why TNVR? • Why TNVR? – The only humane way to – More than half of impounded cats are euthanized deal with the problem of due to shelter crowding, shelter-acquired disease free-roaming (feral, or feral behavior animal welfareTNVR public health community) cats – TNVR, an alternative to shelter impoundment, – When properly applied, improves cat welfare and reduces the size of cat TNVR has been shown to colonies control/reduce populations rabies prevention of free-roaming cats Levy, J. K., Isaza, N. M., & Scott, K. C. (2014). Effect of high-impact targeted trap-neuter-return and adoption Levy, J. K., Isaza, N. M., & Scott, K. C. (2014). Effect of high-impact targeted trap-neuter-return and adoption of community cats on cat intake to a shelter. The Veterinary Journal, 201(3), 269–274. of community cats on cat intake to a shelter. The Veterinary Journal, 201(3), 269–274. TNVR TNVR TNVR • Why TNVR? • Why TNVR? • The slide rule analogy – One recently published study reporting TNVR – In one of the earliest TNVR efforts documented in – Imagine being the efforts in a densely populated Chicago, Illinois, the U.S., an estimated 300 cats on the slide rule manufacturer neighborhood documented a mean population Newburyport, Massachusetts, waterfront were the day that the pocket reduction of 54% across 20 sites eliminated over 17 years calculator came out… – In both cases, approximately 30% of the cats and kittens were removed and adopted, a positive outcome almost unimaginable in the absence of focused TNVR efforts Spehar, D. D., & Wolf, P. J. (2018). A Case Study in Citizen Science: The Effectiveness of a Trap-Neuter-Return Spehar, D. D., & Wolf, P. J. (2017). An Examination of an Iconic Trap-Neuter-Return Program: The Program in a Chicago Neighborhood. Animals, 7(11). Newburyport, Massachusetts Case Study. Animals, 7(11). APHA 2018 Wolf and Weedon 1 Better Together: TNVR and Public Health 11/13/2018 TNVR TNVR TNVR • The slide rule analogy • The slide rule analogy • The slide rule analogy – TNVR is like the slide – TNVR is the best – Bottom line rule public policy for • If we get rid of the slide rule, then we go back to the – Something better will come community cats; it: abacus along, but until that time, it’s • Reduces shelter intake and better than any of the euthanasia alternatives • Reduces complaint calls to municipality • Complaint-based impoundment • Saves taxpayer money and lethal injection • Supported by ~70% of the American public • Do nothing Wolf, P. J. (2015, March 17). New Survey Reveals Widespread Support for Trap-Neuter-Return. Retrieved from https://faunalytics.org/new-survey-reveals-widespread-support-for-trap-neuter-return/ The Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health • Why the focus on public health? – Recent attacks on TNVR have The ACC&D Mission: To advance non-surgical focused on free-roaming cats Rabies transmission via feral cats is a particular fertility control so as to effectively and humanely being a threat to the public’s concern as demonstrated by the significant reduce the number of unwanted cats and dogs. proportion of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis health associated with exposures involving cats.” www.acc-d.org – There is a lot of misinformation — Roebling et al. (2013) out there… TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health • CDC annual surveillance • CDC annual surveillance data data – 21,807 cats submitted for – Compare that with a rabies testing in 2016 mean of 265 positive cats • 257 (1.2%) confirmed during 2011–2015 rabid • Mean of 1.1% of those tested being positive Ma, X., Monroe, B. P., Cleaton, J. M., Orciari, L. A., Yager, P., Li, Y., … Wallace, R. M. (2018). Rabies surveillance Ma, X., Monroe, B. P., Cleaton, J. M., Orciari, L. A., Yager, P., Li, Y., … Wallace, R. M. (2018). Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2016. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 252(8), 945–957. in the United States during 2016. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 252(8), 945–957. APHA 2018 Wolf and Weedon 2 Better Together: TNVR and Public Health 11/13/2018 TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health • CDC annual surveillance data • CDC annual surveillance data • CDC annual surveillance data – Nowhere does CDC list the cat as a source of – The last documented case of human rabies from – 2009–2013 exposure for a person being infected with rabies exposure to a rabid cat was in 1975 • Average of 283 rabid during 2016 cats reported in US • The latest year for which reporting exists • Range: 247–303 – 1989–2014 • Average of 273 rabid cats reported in US • Range: 178–321 Ma, X., Monroe, B. P., Cleaton, J. M., Orciari, L. A., Yager, P., Li, Y., … Wallace, R. M. (2018). Rabies surveillance Sung, J. H., Hayano, M., Okagaki, T., & Mastri, A. (1976). A Case of Human Rabies and Ultrastructure of the in the United States during 2016. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 252(8), 945–957. Negri Body. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, 35(5), 541–559. TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health • CDC annual surveillance data • CDC annual surveillance data • CDC annual surveillance data – Rabies cases in dogs, – Distribution of – Reported cases of cats, and wildlife in major rabies virus rabies in raccoons, the US, 1955–2008 variants in US by county, 2016 – Prevalence in dogs and Puerto Rico, decreased due to 2011–2016 mandatory vaccination • Cats now have greater occurrence of rabies Greene, C. (2011). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat (4th Edition). Saunders. Ma, X., Monroe, B. P., Cleaton, J. M., Orciari, L. A., Yager, P., Li, Y., … Wallace, R. M. (2018). Rabies surveillance Ma, X., Monroe, B. P., Cleaton, J. M., Orciari, L. A., Yager, P., Li, Y., … Wallace, R. M. (2018). Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2016. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 252(8), 945–957. in the United States during 2016. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 252(8), 945–957. TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health • CDC annual surveillance data • CDC annual surveillance data • TNVR: trap-neuter-vaccinate-return – Reported cases of • Emphasis on the “V” rabies in cats, – Vaccination by county, 2016 • Emphasizes the public health aspect of TNVR programs • Vaccinating against rabies as a means of protecting the health of the public Ma, X., Monroe, B. P., Cleaton, J. M., Orciari, L. A., Yager, P., Li, Y., … Wallace, R. M. (2018). Rabies surveillance Ma, X., Monroe, B. P., Cleaton, J. M., Orciari, L. A., Yager, P., Li, Y., … Wallace, R. M. (2018). Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2016. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 252(8), 945–957. in the United States during 2016. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 252(8), 945–957. APHA 2018 Wolf and Weedon 3 Better Together: TNVR and Public Health 11/13/2018 TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health • Herd Immunity – The resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are What happens if two vaccinated cats (shown in immune to the disease orange) are trapped and removed, and replaced with susceptible cats…? • Especially through vaccination – If a large percentage of the population is immune, the entire population is likely to be protected • Not just those who are immune Gordis, L. (2008). Epidemiology, 4th Edition. Saunders. Figure adapted from Jekel, J. F. Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine. 3rd ed., 421 (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007). Illustration: Maxim KulikovMaxim Illustration: NountheProject from TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health Presence of 50% herd immunity Two vaccinated cats removed • Prior to vaccination • Following vaccination – Some cats had protective – Overall proportion of cats serum antibody titers with protective serum • FPV (33%) antiviral antibody titers • FHV (21%) increased • FCV (64%) • FPV (90%) • RV (3%) • FHV (56%) • FCV (93%) • RV (98%) Figure adapted from Jekel, J. F. Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine. 3rd ed., 421 (Elsevier Fischer, S. M., Quest, C. M., Dubovi, E. J., Davis, R. D., Tucker, S. J., Friary, J. A., … Levy, J. K. (2007). Response of feral Fischer, S. M., Quest, C. M., Dubovi, E. J., Davis, R. D., Tucker, S. J., Friary, J. A., … Levy, J. K. (2007). Response of feral Health Sciences, 2007). cats to vaccination at the time of neutering. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 230(1), 52–58. cats to vaccination at the time of neutering. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 230(1), 52–58. Illustration: Maxim KulikovMaxim Illustration: theNounProject from TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health TNVR and Public Health • Conclusions • Conclusions • Conclusions – Feral cats appeared to – Incorporation of – Vaccination of feral cats at have excellent immune vaccination into TNR the time of neutering may response following programs is likely to protect them for much of vaccination at the time protect the health of their remaining life span of neutering individual cats • Immunity that develops • And possibly reduce the following vaccination has disease burden in the been shown to persist for a community minimum of 3 to 7 years in most cats Fischer, S.
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