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Kelp Culture in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture: Expanding the Temporal Limitations

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Kelp Culture in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture: Expanding the Temporal Limitations Kelp culture in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture: expanding the temporal limitations by Nathanial Blasco B.Sc., Trinity Western University, 2001 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Geography © Nathanial Blasco, 2012 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Kelp culture in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture: expanding the temporal limitations by Nathanial Blasco B.Sc., Trinity Western University, 2001 Supervisory Committee Dr. Stephen Cross, Department of Geography Co-supervisor Dr. Mark Flaherty, Department of Geography Co-supervisor Dr. Maycira Costa, Department of Geography Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Stephen Cross, Department of Geography Co-supervisor Dr. Mark Flaherty, Department of Geography Co-supervisor Dr. Maycira Costa, Department of Geography Departmental Member In integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) production of cultured species may not align temporally. For instance, at an IMTA site in Kyuquot Sound, BC where the cultured species are Anoplopoma fimbria (sablefish), Plactopentin yesoensis (Japanese scallop) and Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp), sablefish are grown year round while the kelp culturing lasts from winter to summer. Kelp sporophytes become visible in early spring while harvest takes place in July. This indicates that at Surprise Island the time period of nutrient extraction by the kelp is limited to only a few months per year. Two potentials methods to lengthen the time in which the kelp component was on site were employed and evaluated: 1. the use of multiple kelp species with potentially differing seasonal growth strategies and; 2. outplanting kelp seed at four different times of the year. The first method involved outplanting seed of four kelp species, Saccharina latissima, Costaria costata, Alaria marginata and Saccharina groenlandica and monitoring growth parameters (blade length and yield). For the second method, a modified seed production method of Merrill and Gillingham (1991) with Luning and Dring (1973) successfully provided seed throughout the year. Seasonally out-planted seed was also monitored for growth parameters. Results were marginal for experiments and were confounded by the lack of growth rates due to infrastructure problems, grazing by iv naturally setting marine snails and seemingly poor environmental conditions for kelp culturing at the farm site. However, data indicated that certain species in co-culture may slightly increase the time period, and strategically entered kelp seed may do the same. In particular the co-culture of C. costaria and S. groenlandica or biannual seed outplanting in fall and spring may increase the length of growth period of kelp provided certain limitations found during this experiment are overcome (i.e. pressures of grazing). Additional potential benefits with these kelp production strategies are the diversification of final kelp products, additional kelp harvests and increased production. v Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1- General Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Global aquaculture .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Salmon farming in British Columbia .................................................................. 2 1.3 Waste release from fish farms ............................................................................. 3 1.4 Addressing the Nutrient Loading Issue............................................................... 6 1.5 Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) ..................................................... 7 1.6 IMTA Research ................................................................................................... 9 1.7 IMTA Research ................................................................................................. 10 1.8 Seaweed Mariculture ........................................................................................ 12 1.9 The Order Laminariales- the kelps ................................................................... 15 1.9.1 General biology of kelps ................................................................................ 15 1.9.2 Kelp farming .................................................................................................. 15 1.9.3 Kelps in IMTA Systems ................................................................................ 17 1.10 Study Rationale ............................................................................................... 20 1.11 Thesis Goals .................................................................................................... 23 1.12 Study Objectives ............................................................................................. 24 Chapter 2- Farming trials of five kelp species at an IMTA farm site: considerations of growth phase and productivity .......................................................................................... 25 2.1 Introduction and Rationale ................................................................................ 25 2.1.1 Objectives ...................................................................................................... 26 2.2 Methods............................................................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Study sites ...................................................................................................... 27 2.2.2 Culture species ............................................................................................... 29 2.2.3 Seed production ............................................................................................. 30 2.2.4 Outplanting of Kelp Seed............................................................................... 34 2.2.5 Monitoring of growth and environmental parameters ................................... 35 2.2.6 Statistical Analysis ......................................................................................... 36 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................... 36 2.3.1 Environmental Parameters ............................................................................. 36 2.3.2 Kelp Growth Trends ...................................................................................... 37 2.3.3 Comparisons between species........................................................................ 41 2.3.4 Final Kelp Yield Calculations ........................................................................ 43 2.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 45 2.4.1 Environmental parameters ............................................................................. 45 2.4.2 Growth Patterns of Kelp Species ................................................................... 46 2.4.3 Kelp Production of S. latissima ..................................................................... 49 vi 2.4.4 Project Considerations and Future Research ................................................. 54 2.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 56 Chapter 3- Multiple kelp seed entries at an IMTA farm to increase the time of inorganic nutrient extraction ............................................................................................................. 58 3.1 Introduction and Rationale ................................................................................ 58 3.1.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................... 59 3.2 Methods............................................................................................................. 60 3.2.1 Seasonal seed production ............................................................................... 60 3.2.2 Seed Deployment ........................................................................................... 61 3.2.3 Monitoring of Kelp Growth Parameters ........................................................ 61 3.2.4 Estimation of fouling and correction of kelp yield ........................................ 63 3.3.5 Statistical Analysis ......................................................................................... 63 3.3 Results ..............................................................................................................
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