Abstracts of papers to be presented at the 10th International Phycological Congress

Orlando, Florida, USA

4-10 August 2013

Held under the auspices of the International Phycological Society

Edited by: M. Dennis Hanisak, James A. Nienow & Akshinthala K. S. K. Prasad

Copies of the abstracts will be provided to registered delegates at the 10th International Phycological Congress. The abstracts are arranged in alphabetical order by first author, presenting authors are listed in bold.

Phycologia Journal of the International Phycological Society Volume 52, Number 4, supplement July 2013

Description of the Congress Logo

The three macroalgae in the logo represent the three major taxa of eukaryotic macroalgae; all are native to Florida. The central position of Halymenia floridana J. Agardh [Halimenia floridana] in the logo represents phycologists coming together in Florida. The other two algae represent the international nature of Phycology and the IPC. The alga forming the base of the logo is Caulerpa mexicana Sonder ex Kützing. While named for its type locality in the country of Mexico, it is found not only in Mexico and Florida, but also in warm waters of many other parts of the world. Bracketing the logo along both sides is Sargassum natans (Linnaeus) Gaillon, a pelagic macroalga found throughout the North Atlantic; as is the case with phycology, individuals of this species know no national boundaries. The images were modified from C. W. Schneider and R.B. Searles‘s 1991 monograph Seaweeds of the Southeastern United States: Cape Hatteras to Cape Canaveral, with their kind permission.

Charles D. Amsler and M. Dennis Hanisak Local Organizing Committee, IPC10 1 ____ IN NARRAGANSETT BAY (RHODE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ISLAND, USA) ANALYSIS OF EXO-POLYSACCHARIDES FROM INDIGENOUS RHIZOSPHERIC T. Aires1, C. Thornber1 and J. D. Swanson2 CYANOBACTERIA ([email protected]) 1University of Rhode Island, USA 2 M. Ahmed1, L. J. Stal2 and S. Hasnain1 Salve Regina University, USA

([email protected]) The macroalga Ulva rigida develops into harmful 1University of the Punjab, Pakistan 2Netherlands Institute of Ecology-KNAW, Netherlands blooms in shallow coastal systems worldwide, including Narragansett Bay, RI. These blooms have Exo-polysaccharide (EPS) is an important trait of the significant negative ecological and economic impacts majority of cyanobacteria that performs multiple on coastal communities. However, few data exist on functions. Physio-chemical analysis of EPS from mechanisms underlying functional genetics that link locally isolated rhizospheric cyanobacterial strains and bloom dynamics to environmental changes, especially their comparison was the main aim of the current with respect to global warming. Individuals from pre- study. Eight cyanobacterial isolates,four unicellular bloom, bloom, and post-bloom stages were collected and four filamentous, were used. Three different EPS during spring and summer 2012, along with relevant fractions, i.e., released (REPS), loosely bound (LEPS) ecological distributional data. RNA was extracted and closely bound (CEPS), were isolated separately from samples representing these three time periods from axenic cultures. Total protein and carbohydrate (May, July and September 2012) and preliminary content was also estimated. Eight different results using Real Time PCR showed differences in the monosaccharides were analysed in all EPS fractions expression of LhcSR, a gene that plays an important using the HPAE-PAD technique. EPS layers outside role in photo-protective mechanisms, with an the cyanobacterial cells were localized by confocal increased gene expression during summer. We are laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using fluorescent preparing libraries to use an Illumina HiSeq dyes and lectins. Cyanobacterial isolates demonstrated transcriptome sequencing approach to characterizing a great variation in their EPS quantity and quality. and annotating the transcriptomes. Ultimately, we will CLSM revealed thick EPS increments on compare the gene expression patterns found for Ulva cyanobacterial strains, especially on rigida during bloom periods with those from non- Chroococcidiopsis strains (MMG-5 and MMG-6), bloom Ulva rigida. We anticipate that the whereas in filamentous strains released EPS was more transcriptomes will be highly similar among visible. Quantitatively CEPS was the most abundant temperatures and that the critical regulators may be fraction constituting more than 50% of the total EPS of expressed at low levels. all strains. REPS contained the highest total carbohydrate content as compared to other fractions. 3 Six monosaccharides, i.e. fucose, galactose, glucose, STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF mannose, rhamnose, and xylose, were found to be the MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES IN EARLY most commonly occurring residues in EPS of isolates. DIVERGING ALGAL LINEAGES Fructose was found to be most common in

Chroococcidiopsis strains. The EPS was found to be 1 2 1 very diverse in nature and different fractions showed J. L. Allen , R. M. McCourt and K. G. Karol specific characteristics. This can be a source of ([email protected]) 1The New York Botanical Garden, USA interesting polysaccharides of desirable characteristics 2 The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, USA in biotechnology. Prasinophytes are a paraphyletic assemblage of green 2 algae that include the earliest diverging lineages in DIFFERENTIAL GENE REGULATION Chlorophyta. These single-celled, planktonic PATTERNS, DURING BLOOM AND NON- organisms are found in marine and freshwater habitats BLOOM TIME PERIODS, OF ULVA RIGIDA worldwide. Lineages are recognized by characters

1 associated with scale morphology, flagellar apparatus, such as warming and declining consumer pressure. In and cell division processes. Our ability to test this study, we tested whether the presence of hypotheses about early algal evolution is limited consumers influenced the interactive effects of ocean because relationships among these lineages are poorly acidification and warming on benthic microalgae in a understood. Seven distinct prasinophyte clades have seagrass community mesocosm experiment. Net been identified (Clades I-VII), and four completely effects of acidification and warming on benthic sequenced mitochondrial genomes from Clades II, III, microalgal biomass and production, as assessed by and V are available. We generated mitochondrial analysis of variance, were relatively weak regardless genomes from three additional lineages (Clade I, IV of grazer presence. However, partitioning these net and VI) and increased taxon sampling in the effects into direct and indirect effects using structural Mamiellales (Clade II), the most diverse group of equation modeling revealed several statistically strong prasinophytes. Typically, green plant mitochondrial relationships. Our analyses highlight that (i) indirect genomes do not contain an inverted repeat (IR); an effects of climate change may be at least as strong as architectural feature common in plastid genomes that direct effects, (ii) grazers are crucial in mediating these minimally contains small and large subunit ribosomal effects and (iii) effects of ocean acidification may only genes. However, of the completed mitochondrial be apparent through indirect effects, and in genomes sequenced across green plants, two combination with other variables. These findings prasinophyte mitochondrial genomes from the highlight the importance of experimental designs and Mamiellales (Clade II) have been found to contain IRs. statistical analyses that allow us to separate and Interestingly, these mitochondrial IRs also include quantify the direct and indirect effects of multiple ribosomal genes. Newly sequenced mitochondrial climate variables on natural communities. genomes from Pyramimonadales (Clade I) and Chlorodendrales (Clade IV) also contain IRs, while 5 those from Mamiellales (Clade II) and Prasinococcales CYANOBACTERIA IN SOILS FROM A (Clade VI) include members that have an IR and other MOJAVE DESERT ECOSYSTEM members that do not, which illustrates the plasticity of this architectural feature in prasinophyte mitochondrial A. A. Alwathnani1 and J. R. Johansen2 genomes. Inverted repeats have not been identified in ([email protected]) mitochondrial genomes from representatives of Clades 1King Saud University, Saudi Arabia III and V, and mitochondrial genomes have not yet 2John Carrol University, USA been sequenced from representatives of Clade VII. Details of genome architecture, gene content, and The Fort Irwin National Training Center in the Mojave evolutionary relationships among prasinophyte Desert of California contains soils that represent a lineages will be discussed. diversity of disturbance regimes, including some soil sites that have been protected from anthropogenic 4 disturbance for many years. Previous studies of the CONSUMERS MEDIATE THE EFFECTS OF soils of this military installation discussed EXPERIMENTAL OCEAN ACIDIFICATION biogeography and ecology of the crusts but did not AND WARMING ON PRIMARY conduct detailed study of the species present. In this PRODUCERS study, we selected 6 sites in and around the Fort Irwin Training Center to be the subject of intensive isolation 1 2 1 efforts. These sites contained at least some C. Alsterberg , J. S. Eklöf , L. Gamfeldt , J. 1 1 development of microbiotic soil crust. Out of the more Havenhand and K. Sundbäck than 90 cyanobacterial isolates characterized, only 23 ([email protected]) 1University of Gothenburg, Sweden distinctive morphospecies were differentiated. Of 2University of Stockholm, Sweden these, only 13 were identified to a previously described species, the others being comparable to We know little about the direct and indirect effects of previously described aquatic species (cf.) or so ocean acidification, and likewise how these effects dissimilar to described taxa that they were given interact with other features of environmental change numbers as identifiers. Leptolyngbya was the most species rich and also the most commonly isolated

2 genus. Twelve filamentous genera were found; no ([email protected]) coccoid representatives occurred in our samples. All 1University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA taxa are described and illustrated. This study is 2University of South Florida, USA 3 significant as it is the first since the 1960s to examine University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, USA cyanobacterial taxonomy of Mojave Desert soils in a systematic fashion. Our unidentified taxa are very Plocamium cartilagineum is known to harbor likely new species but will require molecular sequence numerous secondary metabolites, particularly analysis before they can be named. halogenated monoterpenes, which act as potent chemical defenses against herbivory. An Antarctic 6 amphipod, Paradexamine fissicauda, is an exception CHEMICAL MEDIATION OF ANTARCTIC to this as it readily consumes P. cartilagineum. No- choice and four-way choice bioassays conducted at MACROALGAL-HERBIVORE various time of a single year and between years INTERACTIONS yielded varied though still significant P. cartilagineum

1 1 2 feeding rates. Subsequently, collections within 3 km of C. D. Amsler , J. B. McClintock and B. J. Baker Palmer Station (64o 46‘S, 64o 08‘W) were made to ([email protected]) 1 investigate genetic and secondary metabolite University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA characters of individual P. cartilagineum. Three 2University of South Florida, USA individuals were collected from seven different sites. Macroalgae dominate hard bottom areas along the Genetic analysis of cox1 genes claded into two Western Antarctic Peninsula to depths of up to 40 m or phylogroups and rbcL analysis grouped similarly with more. Most of the macroalgae are chemically defended one exception. Neither gene differed enough to from a variety of macro- and mesograzers but harbor warrant species level-separation. Subsequent GC/MS very high densities of amphipod mesograzers. The QqQ analyses revealed five distinct chemogroups amphipods benefit from living on the large, strongly correlating to the phylogroup and often to the chemically-defended macroalgae because they gain collection location. Antarctic Plocamium may be refuge from fish which are their primary predators. undergoing cryptic speciation as is seen elsewhere, and Most amphipod species do not consume most of the its chemical diversity could be either a partial macroalgal species, but are of benefit to the consequence or even a partial driver of this. macroalgae by keeping them relatively clean of epiphytic microalgae and filamentous macroalgae. One 8 amphipod species, however, does consume some of HETEROKONT ALGAE AND THEIR TREE the chemically defended red algal species and is able OF LIFE to sequester algal metabolites for its own use as defenses against fish. Amphipods also appear to have R. A. Andersen1, H. S. Yoon2, E. C. Yang2 and L. selected for a relatively high incidence of filamentous Graf2 algal endophytes in some of the larger macroalgae. ([email protected]) These endophytes can be, but are not always, 1University of Washington, USA detrimental to the hosts. 2Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea

7 The heterokont algae consist of approximately 16 CRYPTIC GENETIC DIVERSITY classes if diatoms are classified as one class. CORRELATES WITH SECONDARY Heterokont algae contain more species than other algal METABOLITE DIVERSITY IN groups, largely because the diatoms are speciose. A complete phylogeny of the group has been lacking. We ANTARCTIC PLOCAMIUM used a six-gene analysis (nuclear encoded SSU rRNA; CARTILAGINEUM plastid encoded rbcL, psaA, psaB, psbA, psbC) with a

1 2 2 subset of 130 taxa representing all 16 heterokont M. O. Amsler , R. M. Young , J. L. von Salm , C. D. classes to infer a phylogenetic tree. Three major clades Amsler1, J. Lopez-Bautista3, J. B. McClintock1 and B. 2 were recovered, referred here to as SI, SII and SIII. J. Baker The classes Aurearenophyceae, Chrysomerophyceae,

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Phaeophyceae, Raphidophyceae, Schizocladiophyceae 10 Phaeothamniophyceae, and Xanthophyceae formed the ASEXUAL PROPAGATION IN SARGASSUM SI clade. The Chrysophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, POLYCYSTUM Pinguiophyceae, Synchromophyceae and Synurophyceae formed the SII clade. The P. Ang and H. P. Ip Bacillariophyceae, Bolidophyceae, Dictyochophyceae ([email protected]) and Pelagophyceae formed the SIII clade. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China approximately unbiased test rejected alternative hypotheses that forced each class into either of the Sargassum polycystum is a widely distributed species. other two clades. Existing morphological and It is particularly common in Southeast Asia region biochemical data were consistent with the molecular where it is characterized by having a ramifying phylogenetic tree, especially for the SIII clade. The holdfast. It has been suggested that this species can clades could be interpreted as three divisions, the propagate asexually using this ramifying holdfast but Phaeophyta, Chrysophyta and Bacillariophyta, concrete experimental evidence is not available. In the respectively. field, the ramifying holdfast has seldom been observed to give rise to new individuals. We have cultured the 9 ramifying holdfasts of this species and confirmed their SYSTEMATIC REASSESSMENT OF ability to generate new thalli. Specifically, clean SARGASSUM (FUCALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) fragments of ramifying branches of the holdfast were SPECIES FROM THE GULF OF grown under laboratory conditions. New ramifying CALIFORNIA, MEXICO branches from each fragment developed over a two month period. Thereafter, as soon as these bushy G. Andrade-Sorcia1, R. Riosmena-Rodriguez1, K. M. holdfast fragments were tied down on rocks, vertical Lee2, G. H. Boo2, R. Muñiz-Salazar3, J. M. Lopez- upright axes developed within a week. Eventually, Vivas1, G. Gonzalez-Barba1 and S. M. Boo2 new caudal leaves also developed and the formation of ([email protected]) a new young individual was complete. As many as 10 1Autonomous University of Baja California Sur, Mexico individual axes can emerge out of a 6 cm long 2Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea fragment, suggesting the great potential of these 3Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexico holdfast fragments in developing new individuals. New sexual recruits from Sargassum are common, but Sargassum is an ecologically and economically only very few could successfully develop into adult important brown alga, and it is considered one of the individuals. The ability of ramifying holdfast most difficult phaeophycean genera in taxonomy. In fragments to generate new individuals could therefore the Gulf of California in Mexico, 42 specific and serve as an effective alternative way to propagate the infraspecific names are to date applied and at least two population and to pre-empt the space. It could also morphological studies have been done, but species contribute to the dispersal of the species. boundaries and the use of names remain unclear. Morphological characteristics, along with ITS, cox1 11 and cox3 sequences, were analyzed from specimens MICROALGAL BIODIVERSITY OF collected in the Gulf of California. In all three gene SPHAGNUM BOGS ALTERED BY HUMAN data, we confirmed S. herporhizum, S. horridum, S. EXTRACTION ACTIVITIES IN SOUTHERN johnstonii, S. lapazeanum, and S. sinicola. Molecular CHILE analysis revealed that the Sargassum species in the

Gulf of California are clearly separated from those in P. E. Arancibia-Avila, M. Ceballos, J. F. Toledo and other regions, indicating high endemism of the J. Arias Sargassum species in this region. Two geographical ([email protected]) origins of the Sargassum species are proposed: one Universidad del BioBio, Chile group related to those from northen hemisphere likely dispersed into the region via the protogulf; the other Sphagnum bogs are acidic, nutrient deprived, carbon group, S. sinicola, likely entered the Gulf of California sink ecosystems with a high environmental value. when the southern end opened.

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However, because of expansion of cities around them, related to taxa which did not produce EPS. The the commercial value of the moss together with its resulting pool of transcripts was then compared to two non-regulated extraction is having an impact on annotated diatom genomes and sorted by function, microbial biodiversity not yet reported in Chile. We looking specifically for genes related to secretion or measured and compared microbial biodiversity in polysaccharide assembly. These markers, considered samples of sphagnum from light extraction sites with possible genes related to EPS-production in diatoms, sphagnum taken from heavy extraction sites from will be presented. Puerto Montt and Chiloe. The total number of species recorded was 23 for all sites; two species (8.7%) were 13 present in all sites, and ten species (43.5%) were found STATUS AND TRENDS IN THE in just one type of site (light or heavy extraction PHYCOCOLLOID INDUSTRY – mode). The site with highest diversity value (Shannon- PRODUCTS, SEAWEEDS AND R&D Wiener H Index=1.95) was found in Chiloe from a S. OPPORTUNITIES magellanicum bog with a light extraction mode; the lowest H=0.67 was found in Puerto Montt from a S. E. I. Ask magellanicum bog with a heavy extraction mode. ([email protected]) Nostoc sp. was absent from this last site and very FMC Corp., USA common in the first. We suggest that extraction activities rather than geographical differences or city Though the phycocolloid industry is quite established, population numbers are having an impact in the it is constantly changing to meet challenges such as biodiversity of microalgae on sphagnum bogs. competition from other gums, growing demands from developing markets and socio-economic and 12 environmental impacts on seaweed supplies. A brief COMPARATIVE TRANSCRIPTOMICS IN overview is provided, trends are discussed and DIATOMS: USING A PHYLOGENETIC opportunities for research on commercial seaweeds are FRAMEWORK TO IDENTIFY GENES presented. INVOLVED IN THE EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCE-SECRETION 14 PATHWAYS NON-NATIVE BRYOPSIS MAXIMA (ULVOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA) M. P. Ashworth, D. Arasappan, and E. C. Theriot INTRODUCTION TO LONG ([email protected]) ISLAND SOUND University of Texas, Austin, USA S. Augyte, L. A. Lewis and C. Yarish We are coming to understand that the ecological ([email protected]) importance of diatoms is not limited to primary University of Connecticut, USA productivity, as many diatoms produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which are vital Introductions of non-indigenous marine species (NIS) components in algal and bacterial ―biofilms.‖ While have increased exponentially in marine ecosystems great effort has been made to chemically identify the and pose significant threats to biodiversity by altering types of molecules and polymers used to create and local community composition and ecosystem function. modify diatom EPS there is still much about the New England is particularly vulnerable to the process we do not know. Rather than studying this introduction of exotic marine species as many species process chemically, we have elected to search for the are at the limits of their distributional ranges. The genes involved in EPS production and secretion. We region is also subjected to a high volume of ship traffic assembled transcriptomes from a number of EPS- (both commercial and recreational) and shellfish producing diatoms and diatoms which do not. In an aquaculture providing the mechanism to transport new attempt to limit the differences to EPS-related species into the area. Furthermore, climate change may transcripts, the taxa were selected in a phylogenetic facilitate the establishment of NIS in New England. framework, where EPS-producing taxa were closely- The chlorophyte Bryopsis maxima Okamura, is a large

5 pseudo-perennial macroalga, native to the western changes in the reducing sugar of algae biomass caused Pacific. This weedy species blooms in the spring and by gamma irradiation, and the combined effect of forms great masses growing on solid substrate irradiation and acid hydrolysis of marine algae for compared to the modest growth of B. plumosa and B. improving saccharification, were investigated. hypnoides, the two native species commonly found in LIS. A robust population of an unknown species of 16 Bryopsis was found in Waterford, CT, and Queens, A STUDY OF MICROALGAL SYMBIOTIC NY. Our morphological and molecular analyses based COMMUNITIES WITH THE AIM TO on the psb gene of the unknown Bryopsis species have INCREASE BIOMASS AND BIODIESEL identified it as B. maxima, a native of Japan that has PRODUCTION already been found in Virginia. From our initial observations, it appears to grow well under wide range C. Baggesen, C. Gjermansen and A. B. Brandt of temperature, salinity and nutrient conditions. The ([email protected]) thallus size (> 15 cm) and its occurrence in two very Technical University of Denmark, Denmark different habitats within the LIS estuary make this NIS of major concern. Bryopsis maxima has not yet Microalgae show great promise as feedstock for expanded to inhabit all of LIS, and the rate and extent production of biodiesel. Many species exhibit fast to which this will occur is unknown. growth rates, reach high cell densities and contain large amounts of lipid. The aim of this study is to 15 assess the importance of the symbiosis between EFFICIENT OF SACCHARIFICATION OF microalgae and bacteria in order to increase both UNDARIA SP. BIOMASS WITH GAMMA growth rate and biomass production. These factors are IRRADIATION important to optimize microalgal derived biodiesel production. Three species of bacteria, Halomonas sp., J. Baek1, J. Choi2, M. H. Cho1 and D. H. Kim1 Marinobacter sp. and Pelagibaca sp., have been ([email protected]) isolated from a monoculture of the chlorophyte 1Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Republic of Dunaliella salina. They all benefit the growth of the Korea microalgae. Halomonas sp. has significant effect even 2 Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea at low concentration. As microalgae adapted to regional conditions may become important in Consumption of fossil fuel increased rapidly during microalgal biodiesel production, monocultures of both the age of global industrialization. High energy microalgae and bacteria have been established from consumption caused environmental problems, such as local freshwater samples. The importance of symbiotic global warming, and it is also causing the exhaustion bacteria on the growth of these microalgae is currently of fossil fuel. A potential solution to these worldwide being assessed. problems is the development of alternative energy from renewable biomass. Approximately 20-30% of 17 marine algae biomass is made up of cellulose or starch, STUDIES IN DIVERSITY, ECOLOGY, AND and polysaccharides comprised with glucose, xylose, MOLECULAR GENETICS (AFLP) OF and galactose. Brown algae, also known as marine macroalgae, contain up to 67% carbohydrates by dry CHAROPHYTES IN ISRAEL weight, including materials such as alginate, laminarin, 1 2 and mannitol. Marine algae are an abundant, year- S. Barinova and R. E. Romanov ([email protected]) round source of carbohydrates. Moreover, algal cells 1 can be harvested within a short span of time as University of Haifa, Israel 2Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Russian Federation compared to other land feedstocks, and hence they can meet the increasing demand of feedstocks for Charophyte flora of Israel, presently the most bioethanol production. However, the structures of representative for the Eastern Mediterranean, has been polysaccharides from algae vary significantly, and the occasionally studied since 1970 and more consistently saccharification yield is not sufficient for economical in 2001-2012, revealing a diversity of about 20 species production of bioethanol. Therefore, in this study,

6 from 45 localities over six ecological regions, Many species of Lyngbya and Phormidium were found including the Arava Valley and Negev Desert. in different salinity gradients of the habitat water. The Hypsometrically, the lowermost locality occurs at 347 growth performances and total lipid content of isolated m b.s.l. in the Dead Sea rift. One genus and two genera were studied in laboratory condition. GCMS species were found for the first time in Israel. analyses of fatty acid compositions were analyzed. Ecological characteristics and aquatic communities Molecular characterizations of dominant have been assessed for each sampling site. The major cyanobacterial flora were also studied in the present influence on charophyte distribution is climate, with work. sharp North – South gradients of temperature and humidity. Our preliminary results of molecular genetic 19 studies using AFLP analysis show the differences in IMPORTANCE OF DRY PHOTOTROPHIC %P level related to extreme environmental conditions BIOFILM AS A REFUGE DURING A in the Negev Desert compared to the Northern Israel, a DROUGHT EPISODE – A MESOCOSM typically Mediterranean region. The candidate loci (AFLP markers) for adaptive genetic divergence are STUDY those associated with sunlight intensity, water level, and pH, a finding consistent with the climatic A. Barthès, J. Leflaive, J. L. Rols and L. Ten-Hage differentiation and local environmental stresses ([email protected]) playing a decisive role in the contemporaneous Université Paul Sabatier, France charophyte diversity. Non-permanent streams are widely distributed in the

world but received only recently attention, in the 18 context of global warming. To understand the impact MORPHOTAXONOMIC AND of a drought episode on benthic phototrophic MOLECULAR STUDIES OF communities, we have conducted an experiment in an CYANOBACTERIA OF DELTAIC REGION artificial channel with biofilms growing on artificial OF SOUTH EAST ASIA AND ASSESSMENT substrates. We have studied four periods of dewatering OF FATTY ACID PR (1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks) and a chronic dewatering. For OFILE each case, we have simulated rewetting in individual aquariums during 13 days, to avoid exogenous inputs. N. Barman, S. Ghosh and R. Pal Measures of PAM fluorescence, chlorophyll a and ([email protected]) pheophytin and bacterial functional diversity have University of Calcutta, India been done. Our results show that diatoms are more competitive during rewetting than chlorophytes and Along the south-east coast of Asia, Sundarbans is the cyanobacteria when the drought period increases. largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove Chlorophytes were still detectable during the dry phase forest in the world. It is a UNESCO World Heritage for the chronic dewatering treatment but diatoms Site, covering parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state dominated the biofilm after rewetting. Cyanobacteria, of West Bengal, with an area of 10,000 sq km. The initially dominant, were rapidly impacted by drought. Indian site lies between 21º31´ to 22º53´N and 88º37´ After rewetting, the proportion of live and dead algae to 89º09´E. The algal communities of this coast are was relatively stable and equivalent. Though the composed of several members forming a thick mat on recovery was rather low, this experiment emphasized the forest floor, exposed to regular tidal cycle showing the importance of dry biofilm as a source for re-growth a prominent salinity gradient. The area was surveyed after a drought episode. and a detailed study of the cyanobacterial flora with proper identification was conducted. This study 20 revealed that 30 percent of the algal flora was INVASION OF THE FRESHWATER represented by the cyanobacterial members. Lyngbya DIATOM DIDYMOSPHENIA GEMINATA IN and Phormidium were the dominant cyanobacterial SOUTHERN CHILE genera followed by Spirulina and Nostoc along with other genera like Synechocystis, Microcoleus, etc.

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S. Basualto, A. Almanza and J. Beltran they might be affected in the future though global ([email protected]) change, including ocean acidification. Centro EULA-Chile, Chile 22 In Chile there is a new threat attacking rivers in IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE Patagonia. The diatom Didymosphenia geminata or CHANGE FOR MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON Didymo, is an exotic and highly invasive microalgae that has proliferated in Southern Chile since its first J. Beardall record on 2010. It forms nuisance blooms in low ([email protected]) nutrient streams and its effects on native ecosystems, Monash University, Australia macroinvertebrates assemblages, food webs and fishes have not been documented. Its distributional range in Global increases in atmospheric CO and temperature Chile is spreading. On 2010-2011, the microalgae was 2 are associated with changes in ocean chemistry and detected in the Aysén (45.3 °S) and Los Lagos Region circulation which in turn lead to altering light and (43.2 °S), and in 2012 it was found further north at Los nutrient regimes. Thus elevated temperatures will Ríos Region (39.5°S). The aim of this study was to enhance stratification of the water column, leading to detect new focuses of Didymo in two northern regions enhanced nutrient limitation and increased exposure to (38°S), in order to inform the authorities and apply both photosynthetically active radiation and UV. measures intended to stop the spread of this invasion. Increases in dissolved CO and direct effects of Didymo was recorded in 4 out of 9 of the stations 2 temperature rises will also have direct, species studied (present over 300 km), showing pH values specific, impacts on processes such as photosynthesis, over 7 and nutrient levels below 0.01mg/L. Due to nutrient uptake and calcification. These changes are these findings, an awareness workshop was performed likely to impact upon phytoplankton populations by and biosafety measures such as disinfection and other altering primary productivity, growth rate, cell size were implemented by the environmental authority. distributions and species composition and elemental

stoichiometry. These in turn will have flow-on effects 21 to food-webs, drawdown of biomass into the deep ALGAE AND THE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY ocean (the biological C pump) and biogeochemical OF CARBON cycling. This paper will review the evidence for such changes using evidence from the literature on both J. Beardall natural populations and laboratory cultures. ([email protected]) Monash University, Australia 23 IT'S THE SMALL THINGS Algae are major players in the global carbon cycle. (CYANOBACTERIA) THAT COUNT They are responsible for approximately half the >110

Pg of inorganic C assimilated into organic matter J. Belnap every year through biological processes. Carbon ([email protected]) fixation by algae through oxygenic photolithotrophy U.S. Geological Survey, USA far surpasses the extent of carbon assimilation by other biological processes such as anoxygenic In most ecosystems, ecologists define the ―critical photolithotrophy and chemolithotrophy, though the zone‖ as the region where the majority of plant roots former was quantitatively more important in the past are concentrated. Thus, for instance, the critical zone than it currently is. In addition to the biosynthesis of in forested ecosystems is considered as the top several organic matter, some algae are also responsible for the meters of soil. I propose a new way of thinking: that biosynthesis of calcium carbonate deposits, which the critical zone is not necessarily where plant roots contribute significantly to the drawdown of inorganic are found but is instead where the surface carbon from the atmosphere and have played a major poikilohydric organisms, especially cyanobacteria, are role in the biogeochemistry of carbon on the planet. In found: that is, just above, on, or within the top few this talk I will provide an overview of these processes millimeters of rock, soil, or plant surfaces. This as well as attempting to make predictions about how

8 extremely thin veneer of life is critical in almost every 25 ecosystem process in many ecosystems, including SHEDDING LIGHT ON EUGLENOID weathering, C and N cycles, dust capture, bio- EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS availability of P and metals, decomposition, and soil THROUGH THE CHLOROPLAST stability. In addition, as these communities cover most soil and rock surfaces, they mediate almost all inputs GENOMES OF EUGLENA VIRIDIS AND (water, gases, and nutrients) and outputs (gases) to EUGLENA PROXIMA underlying strata. They also facilitate delivery of C and nutrients from the soil interspace to plants. The M. S. Bennett and R. E. Triemer direct connection between lithic communities and soil ([email protected]) surface cyanobacterially-dominated communities and Michigan State University, USA the connection between cyanobacteria living in the nutrient-rich soil surface zone and nearby vascular The chloroplast genomes of Euglena viridis and plants may be a critical process unique to dryland Euglena proxima were sequenced and analyzed. ecosystems. Intrageneric chloroplast evolution was explored with the chloroplast genome of E. viridis, and results 24 revealed that while the chloroplast genome of E. EFFECT OF PAST AND FUTURE CO viridis closely resembled that of Euglena gracilis, it 2 did show significant differences: The chloroplast EMISSION SCENARIOS AND genome of E. viridis was more compact, had a gene EUTROPHICATION ON THE COMMON cluster that was reversed in order and strand CORAL REEF ALGA CHNOOSPORA orientation, had a region that was comprised almost IMPLEXA entirely of open reading frames, and had substantially fewer introns than E. gracilis. The chloroplast genome 1 2 1 D. Bender , G. Diaz-Pulido and S. Dove of E. proxima was sequenced in order to clarify its ([email protected]) relationship to the rest of the photosynthetic 1University of Queensland, Australia 2 euglenoids. Seventy-eight chloroplast-encoded genes Griffith University, Australia from E. proxima were used in phylogenomic analyses with those from six photosynthetic euglenoids and Macroalgae are associated with the decline of coral three prasinophytes. The results of these analyses were reef ecosystems. A shift in dominance from coral to consistent with previous phylogenetic analyses, and algal dominated reefs has been associated with many supported the position of E. proxima as sister to all of factors inclusive of ocean eutrophication, acidification the Euglenaceae. These data further indicate that E. and warming. The actual response of macroalgae to a proxima does not belong in the genus Euglena, and combination of these factors has, however, not been that a new genus must be erected for this taxon. investigated. This study aimed to assess the effect of past and future CO emission scenarios (applied as 2 26 temperature and pCO2 offsets to present day conditions) in isolation and in conjunction with COMPARATIVE TRANSCRIPTOMICS OF nutrient enrichment on Chnoospora implexa. The GREEN ALGAE: RELATING SPECIES experiment was conducted twice, once in winter and INTERACTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL once in spring, to account for possible temporal GENE EXPRESSION effects. The results suggested that the timing of the experiment had a strong effect on the response B. Bentlage and C. F. Delwiche variables tested. An interactive effect between time ([email protected]) and emission scenario was observed for the biomass University of Maryland, USA data, suggesting that the greatest growth occurred in spring under pre-industrial CO2 and temperature Evolution should lead to genetic divergence and niche conditions. Nutrient enrichment led to luxury nutrient differentiation among species, so that phylogenetic uptake, had only a mild effect on dark respiration and relationships should predict the strength of competition did not affect net maximum productivity. for resources among species. As part of a highly collaborative NSF-funded Dimensions of Biodiversity

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Project, we are investigating niche partitioning in their trichomes, presence of basal heterocysts or assemblages of green algae. We reared pairs of green development of multicellular hairs at the end of apical algal species of different degrees of phylogenetic part. However, some of these characteristics, for relatedness and estimated strength of competition in example the ability of the hair formation, are common these cultures using the Lotka-Volterra model. Our in other genera and proved to be dependent on aim is to relate competition strength and phylogenetic environmental and cultural conditions. Thus, reliable distance in these experimental cultures to profiles of identification of a culture based solely on gene expression. If competition for resources is high morphological features is quite difficult. Because of among species we expect little divergence in gene this, the taxonomic status of the genus Calothrix has expression among these species. By contrast, if been discussed widely. Moreover, phylogenetic competition is low we expect to observe appreciable analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, and differences in gene expression that may be related to relationships between strains of the genus Calothrix differential resource exploitation. In order to deduced from DNA–DNA hybridization results have investigate genome-wide levels of gene expression we demonstrated a high genetic diversity in this genus. are using short, 100bp paired-end sequences, as These results point out that Calothrix is not a coherent generated by Illumina sequencing technology. By group and needs a taxonomic revision in depth, where generating unprecedented amounts of sequence data, species are redefined on the basis of the morphological Illumina, and other second generation sequencing and genetic properties. This only can accomplished technologies, have the potential to facilitate the with the application of modern and combined criteria, analysis of genome-wide gene transcription, even for following the called polyphasic approach. organisms that lack well-characterized reference genomes. We sequenced the mRNA of a set of eight 28 algal species grown in monoculture and biculture in all THE CYANOPHORA GENOME: ANALYSIS possible pairwise combinations. No reference genome OF GENE AND SMALL RNA CONTENT IN or transcriptome exists for any of our study species, so A PIVOTAL ALGAL LINEAGE that our analysis work-flow includes assembling the transcriptomes of each species de novo from the D. Bhattacharya1, J. Gross1, D. C. Price1, C. X. Chan2 sequence data we generated. Using these newly and U. Zelzion1 assembled transcriptomes as a reference, we are able ([email protected]) to estimate gene expression in our competition 1Rutgers University, USA experiments, and relate levels of gene expression to 2The University of Queensland, Australia metabolic pathways and/or other functional categories of genes. The primary endosymbiotic origin of the plastid in eukaryotes more than 1 billion years ago led to the 27 evolution of algae and plants. We generated a draft A TAXONOMIC STUDY ON CALOTHRIX – genome and transcriptome data from a member of the GROUP (CYANOBACTERIA) BASED ON anciently diverged algal lineage Cyanophora MORPHOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF THE paradoxa. Our work provides evidence for a single 16S RRNA GENE FRAGMENT origin of the primary plastid in the eukaryote supergroup Plantae (also known as Archaeplastida). C. E. Berrendero1, M. Bohunicka2, L. Stenclova1 and J. paradoxa retains ancestral features of starch H. Kastovsky1 biosynthesis, fermentation, and plastid protein ([email protected]) translocation common to plants and algae, but lacks 1University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic typical eukaryotic light harvesting complex proteins. 2University of South Bohemia/Academy of Sciences of the We also analyzed the small RNA (sRNA) pool in C. Czech Republic, Czech Republic paradoxa. RNAi (RNA interference) relies on the production of sRNAs from double-stranded RNA and The genus Calothrix Agardh ex Bornet et Flahault comprises a major pathway in eukaryotes to restrict the 1886 is characterized in the botanical literature on the propagation of selfish genetic elements. Amplification basis of morphological features such as tapering of of the initial RNAi signal by generation of multiple secondary sRNAs from a targeted mRNA is catalyzed

10 by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs). This populations can be easily manipulated to produce phenomenon is known as transitivity and is lipids by depletion of nitrogen in the medium. We will particularly important in plants to limit the spread of present the results of this work and discuss the viruses. A genome-wide approach with C. paradoxa genome-wide impacts of experimental evolution on shows that sRNAs in this species are preferentially algal biology and its potential for strain improvement. associated with mRNAs, including a large number of transcripts that encode proteins arising from different 30 functional categories. This pattern of exonic sRNAs PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY OF appears to be a general trend that affects a large GELIDIUM DIVARICATUM fraction of mRNAs in the cell. In several cases we (GELIDIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA): A observe that sRNAs have a bias for a specific strand of CANDIDATE NEW GENUS OF MARINE the mRNA, including many instances of antisense predominance. The genome of C. paradoxa encodes ALGAE FROM EAST ASIA four sequences that are homologous to RdRPs in Arabidopsis thaliana. We discuss the possibility that G. H. Boo, J. K. Park and S. M. Boo exonic sRNAs in the glaucophyte may be secondarily ([email protected]) derived from mRNAs by the action of RdRPs. If this Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea hypothesis is confirmed, then transitivity may have had an ancient origin in Plantae. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of plastid rbcL and mitochondrial cox1 sequences and detailed morphological observations on specimens of Gelidium 29 divaricatum collected in Korea, China, Japan, as well BIOFUEL CROP IMPROVEMENT USING as Hong Kong, the type locality of the species. It is EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION one of the most common mat-forming species and commonly found on rocks in the upper intertidal zone D. Bhattacharya, M. M. Perrineau, J. Gross, D. C. in East Asia. In all analyses of individual and Price and U. ZelZion combined datasets, Gelidium was segregated into four ([email protected]) different clades; i) the main Gelidium group, ii) G. Rutgers University, USA divaricatum group, iii) Capreolia/Gelidium caulacantheum group, and iv) Chilean Gelidium Improving the growth rate and providing crop group. The Gelidium divaricatum clade, is distantly protection are key targets of strain improvement with related to the main group of Gelidium, and also clearly algal biofuel candidates. Here we used a strategy of separated from the Capreolia/Gelidium caulacantheum experimental evolution with the model green alga group and the Chilean Gelidium spp. group. These Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain CC-503 to assess three groups are also geographically separated; G. the potential of strain improvement using natural divaricatum from East Asia, Capreolia/Gelidium selection with lab cultures. We evolved laboratory caulacantheum group from Australasia, and two populations of C. reinhardtii for over 1,200 Gelidium spp. from Chile. Here we describe a new generations in TAP medium under continuous light in genus and species based on specimens, previously one experiment and under continuous light and 200 referred to as Gelidium divaricatum in Korea, China, mM NaCl in another. Assessment of growth rates and Japan, and also propose the new combination for showed fitness gains during the experiment for both the taxon based on Gelidium divaricatum G. Martens. cell populations. To elucidate the basis of salt tolerance (as a proxy for crop protection) in the alga, 31 we re-sequenced the genome and generated mRNA- COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF EFFECTS seq data from the progenitor and evolved light and light + salt populations. These analyses demonstrate a OF THE ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION ON significant restructuring of the C. reinhardti CELL ORGANIZATION AND transcriptome due to adaptation to high growth rates METABOLISM IN THE AGAROPHYTE (to outgrow con-specific competitors) and to survive AND CARRAGENOPHYTE ALGAE salt stress. These fast-growing and salt resistant

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Z. I. Bouzon, F. Ramlov, M. Maraschin and E. C. understood. The Tara Oceans expedition was launched Schmidt in September 2009 for a 3-year study of the global ([email protected]) ocean ecosystem aboard the schooner Tara. A unique Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil sampling program encompassing optical and genomic methods to describe viruses, bacteria, archaea, protists The in vitro effects of UVBR were investigated in and metazoans in their physico-chemical environment apical segments of Chondracanthus teedei, Hypnea has been implemented. The project aims to generate musciformis, Gracilaria domingensis and Gelidium systematic, open access datasets usable for probing the floridanum. The plants were cultivated and exposed to morphological and molecular makeup, diversity, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 80 μmol evolution, ecology and global impacts of plankton on photons m−2 s−1 and PAR + UVBR at 1.6 W m−2 at 3 h the Earth system, as well as to explore and exploit per day for 7 and 21 days. UVBR caused changes in their biotechnological potential. Using the unique Tara the ultrastructure of cortical cells, which included Oceans dataset we are exploring diatom abundance increased thickness of the cell wall and destruction of and biodiversity in the world‘s oceans. chloroplast organization. The algae cultivated under PAR + UVBR showed a showed decrease in growth 33 rates. Furthermore, compared with control algae, RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF phycobiliprotein contents (phycoerythrin, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SPATIAL phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin) were observed to PROCESSES IN STRUCTURING STREAM decrease after PAR + UVBR. C. teedei and G. MACROALGAL COMMUNITIES domingensis showed a showed decrease in chlorophyll a levels. However, chlorophyll a levels in H. C. Z. Branco1, P. C. Bispo1, C. K. Peres2, A. F. musciformis and Ge. floridanum were not significantly Tonetto1 and L. H. Branco1 different after exposure to PAR + UVBR. Overall, ([email protected]) these results lead to the conclusion that both 1São Paulo State University - UNESP, Brazil ultrastructural damage and observable changes in 2Federal University of Latin American Integration – UNILA, metabolism occurred in four species after only 3 h of Brazil daily UVB exposure over a 7 and 21-d experimental period. Several studies have suggested that the structure of stream macroalgal communities is shaped by 32 environmental variables at a local scale. However, TARA OCEANS: COMPREHENSIVE recently it has been shown that the importance of local BIOGEOGRAPHIC INSIGHTS INTO THE environmental factors may be being overestimated, COMPLEXITY OF MARINE DIATOM suggesting that regional processes could also be COMMUNITIES relevant. In this sense, the interdependency of environment and space, based on the theory of the C. Bowler metacommunity, must be considered in determining ([email protected]) the community structure of stream macroalgae. Thus, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, France considering this perspective, we examined the relative importance of environmental characteristics (water With biology becoming quantitative, systems level temperature, conductance, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, studies can now be performed at spatial scales ranging pH, velocity, depth, total nitrogen, and total from molecules to ecosystems. Biological data phosphorous) and spatial arrangement (distance) of generated consistently across scales can be integrated 105 sampling sites from southern Brazil on taxonomic with physico-chemical contextual data for a truly composition of stream macroalgal communities. holistic approach. While the marine planktonic Partial redundancy analysis indicated that taxonomic ecosystems that diatoms inhabit comprise the base of composition was significantly explained by both space the ocean food web, and are crucial in the regulation of and environment for entire community, and for Earth‘s biogeochemical cycles and climate, their Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria, but with higher organization, evolution and dynamics remain poorly contribution of environmental factors. For Rhodophyta only space was significant. The divergence in the

12 relative contribution of spatial and environmental natural extreme variation in daylength but are predictors among the algal divisions can be ascribed to predicted to be vulnerable to OA and climate change; the differences in dispersal ability and ecological these results will be discussed in the context of tolerance of each algal group. observations from the laboratory grown cultures.

34 35 LIGHT AVAILABILITY AFFECTS THE WHAT WOULD THE WORLD BE LIKE OCEAN ACIDIFCATION RESPONSE IN WITHOUT CORALLINA: DIVERSITY, COCCOLITHOPHORES SKELETAL MINERALOGY AND MICROBIOMES OF THIS CALCIFIED L. Bretherton1, T. Lawson1, C. M. Moore2, A. 2 1 1 GENUS IN A TIME OF UNPRECEDENTED Poulton , R. Geider and D. Suggett CHANGE ([email protected]) 1 University of Essex, United Kingdom J. Brodie, R.Walker and C. Williamson 2National Oceanography Centre, United Kingdom ([email protected])

Natural History Museum, United Kingdom Ocean acidification (OA) is predicted to profoundly affect biological processes that utilize inorganic What would the world be like without coralline algae? carbon, such as calcification and photosynthesis. Much In shallow benthic ecosystems we would lose i) of the OA research upon phytoplankton has focused on genetic diversity, ii) extensive 3D habitats that greatly the globally distributed calcifying coccolithophore increase benthic diversity by providing hard substrata species Emiliania huxleyi, but the data between studies for other organisms, iii) sequestration of carbon, iv) a has been highly inconsistent, and often contradictory. skeleton whose mineralogy provides a record of sea Additional environmental factors, such as nutrient and surface temperature, and v) a microbiome whose role light availability, that can influence the OA response, has yet to be ascertained. To understand these have not been fully considered. Here we examine for organisms we are undertaking an integrated study of the first time the influence of light dose (daylength) on the calcified genus Corallina, a cosmopolitan coccolithophore‘s response to OA. Under a 14:10h rhodophyte. Molecular phylogenetic studies have L:D cycle, the growth rates of E. huxleyi strain NZEH revealed considerably more diversity than previously decreased with elevated CO (from 1.07 d-1 at 385 ppm 2 described, with our recent global analyses identifying to 0.75 d-1 at 1000 ppm), but calcification remained up to 15 undescribed species. X-ray diffraction unchanged (coccolith thickness). However, this analysis of Corallina skeletal mineralogy across the response was reversed under continuous light, where recent-past (1850 – 2005) and present-day, revealed growth rate was unaffected by CO concentration 2 temperature-dependent seasonal and latitudinal (0.93-0.94 d-1 for both CO treatments), but 2 patterns in skeletal magnesium incorporation, calcification was reduced at 1000 ppm. We examined highlighting Corallina vulnerability to climate change whether this model response applied to other E. and ocean acidification. We will also review our work huxleyi strains (isolated from different geographical using next generation sequencing to describe the locations and age), as well as two other species of Corallina microbiome. Our results will be discussed in coccolithophore, Coccolithus pelagicus and relation to patterns of species distribution, increased Gephyrocapsa oceanica. All three of the E. huxleyi sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. strains tested demonstrated a similar change in OA response with L:D cycle as the NZEH strain. Both G. 36 oceanica and C. pelagicus showed depressed growth PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF rates at 1000 ppm CO2 regardless of light regime, though calcification in G. oceanica decreased with MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA TO CO2 only under continuous light. We are currently TEMPERATURE AND CO2 testing this aim more widely upon natural phytoplankton communities (often containing M. Brown and M. Edwards significant contributions from coccolithophores) in ([email protected]) polar waters, i.e. areas of the world that experience San Diego State, USA

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Anthropogenic climate change is a major threat to 2University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA global biodiversity and ecosystem health. In the last 3Marine Biological Association/Plymouth Marine century, average global atmospheric temperatures have Laboratory, United Kingdom risen roughly 1oC, with sea surface temperatures rising concurrently. This rise has been attributed to increases The calcifying coccolithophores have been proposed as a potentially vulnerable group in the face of in global atmospheric CO2, the majority of which is driven by human activities. In addition to changing the increasing surface ocean CO2 levels. A full world‘s temperature, CO2 emissions are altering the understanding of the likely responses of this group carbon chemistry of the ocean, shifting the distribution requires better mechanistic information on pH- and of carbon between species and resulting in larger CO2-sensitive processes that underlie cell function at amounts of diffuse CO2 and a decrease in pH. All of molecular, cellular and population levels. New these factors have the potential to drastically affect the findings on the mechanisms of pH homeostasis at a health and stability of coastal ecosystems. While many molecular and cellular level in both diatoms and studies have examined the effects of climate change on coccolithophores are shaping our understanding of marine algae, much of the focus has been on how these important groups may respond or acclimate phytoplankton and coralline macroalgae, and we know to changing ocean pH. Critical parameters including comparatively little of how climate change will affect intracellular pH homeostasis and cell surface pH will non-calcifying species. For this study we chose the be considered. These studies are being carried out in giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. Macrocystis is the parallel with genetic studies of natural oceanic primary canopy-forming kelp along the southern coast populations to assess the natural genetic and of California, providing food and habitat for a large physiological diversity that will underlie adaptation of variety of species. We cultured apical tips of populations in the long term. Macrocystis for one month in laboratory mesocosms under four conditions; ambient (12oC and 500 µatm), 38 elevated temperature (15oC and 500 µatm), elevated CYANOBACTERIAL SOIL CRUSTS OF o CO2 (12 C and 1500 µatm), and elevated temperature o TROPICAL SAVANNAS – THEIR and CO2 (15 C and 1500 µatm). Growth rates were DIVERSITY AND ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL measured weekly, while photosynthesis and chemical PROPERTIES composition was measured at the end of the experiment. Kelps cultured under elevated temperature B. Büdel showed significant reductions in growth and ([email protected]) photosynthesis, while elevated CO2 had no significant University of Kaiserslautern, Germany effect on these parameters. Interestingly, kelps cultured under both factors together showed greatly Biological soil crusts (BSC) are the oldest ecosystems increased rates of photosynthesis and growth. These on the land surface of the Earth. Initially they were results suggest that Macrocystis may benefit formed by cyanobacteria and still nowadays, most physiologically from climate change, and that BSCs are initiated and often even dominated by examining individual factors in isolation may present cyanobacteria. Spreading on about 30 % of the Earth‘s an inaccurate and incomplete picture. land surface, cyanobacterial dominated BSCs especially occur in the savanna biome of the refereeing 37 continents. Cyanobacterial BSCs have been reported UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF from the savannas of Australia, South America CELL AND POPULATION RESPONSES OF (Venezuela), Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Namibia, COCCOLITHOPHORES TO CHANGING Niger, Nigeria, South Africa), and Asia (India, Sri OCEAN CHEMISTRY Lanka). Initiated by filamentous cyanobacteria of the genera Coleofasciculus, Microcoleus, Nostoc, C. Brownlee1, A. Chrachri1, A. R. Taylor2, C. Schizothrix, Symplocastrum, and Trichocoleus, these Balestreri1, S. Krueger-Hadfield1 and G. L. Wheeler3 crusts are forming a favorable habitat for other ([email protected]) cyanobacteria and green algae in later successional 1Marine Biological Association, United Kingdom stages. Among the ecosystem services of those BSCs

14 are soil stabilization and nutrient input (C, N). ([email protected]) Depending on the developmental stage of the BSCs Chosun University, Republic of Korea (initial crust, well developed crust and old crust), they contribute to the CO2 fixation of the whole savanna The genus Neosiphonia, segregated from Polysiphonia biome. In this talk I will give an overview on the by Kim & Lee in 1999, currently has 32 recognized distribution and types of BSCs in savannas worldwide species worldwide. Herein, we describe two will be given as well as information about their unidentified samples collected from Bali, Indonesia, as cyanobacterial species composition and the new species based on morphological and molecular photosynthetic properties of the resulting crust types. data. Neosiphonia sp-1 is recognized by having rhizoids cutting off from the proximal end of 39 pericentral cells, 5 pericentral cells, ecorticated axes ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF through thallus, trichoblasts and scar cells absent, ANNUAL POPULATIONS OF straight arrangement of tetrasporangia, and MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA UNDER spermatangia arisen from a basal cell. Neosiphonia sp- 2 is characterized by having rhizoids cutting off from WINTER LIGHT CONDITIONS the proximal end of pericentral cells, 4 pericentral

cells, ecorticated axes through thallus, abundant A. H. Buschmann, S. V. Pereda, D. A. Varela, M. C. trichoblasts near the apex, prominent scar cells, Hernández-González, J. Rodríguez-Maulén, A. López, exceedingly prominent apical cell, and one or two and L. González-Carvajal tetrasporangia per branch. Although, some species ([email protected]) have mixed features, the rhizoids connection is a Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile strong indicator used to delimit Polysiphonia sensu

lato species in the absence of female stage. To understand the success of recruitment, survival and Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL indicated that our early growth of annual populations of Macrocystis Neosiphonia sp-1 and Neosiphonia sp-2 are placed in pyrifera, field and experimental studies were carried genus Neosiphonia and are also distinguished from out in southern Chile. This study provides evidence other Neosiphonia species. about the environmental factors driving the recovery of the sporophytic populations in late winter and early spring by monitoring two independent kelp 41 populations, and also by using 400-L tubular ITS2 - A UNIVERSAL MOLECULAR TOOL photobioreactors with semi-controlled environmental FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES? factors. The sporophytes established on late winter/early spring are able, under high nitrogen L. Caisová, B. Marin and M. Melkonian availability, to increase their chlorophyll content ([email protected]) significantly, allowing the individuals to reduce their University of Cologne, Germany light saturation point and therefore having a higher productivity under the low light conditions existing in Species are fundamental units in biology. In protists, a late winter and early spring. These results help to commonly used method of species delineation is based explain how annual giant kelp populations can on the identification of Compensatory Base Changes successfully couple successive sporophytic generations (CBCs) in conserved regions of the ITS2 molecule (the and also emphasize the highly plastic physiology of spacer between the 5.8S rDNA and the 28S rDNA). giant kelp enabling this species to colonize diverse Recent studies on ITS2 evolution in several lineages of habitats along its large distributional range. green algae (Ulvales, Chaetophorales, Chaetopeltidales, Oedogoniales and Sphaeropleales), 40 however, revealed that CBCs are not diagnostic at the TWO NEW SPECIES OF NEOSIPHONIA species level, even genera, families and orders could lack CBCs in such regions. Moreover, we found that (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) FROM criteria/landmarks used, e.g., for automatic prediction BALI, INDONESIA of the ITS2 secondary structure, mostly fail to identify the starting points of ITS2 Helices. This often D. E. Bustamante, B. Y. Won and T. O. Cho invalidates robust identification of CBCs and thus of

15 species based on spurious CBCs. Here we present (1) the first consensus secondary structure model of the V. Cassano1, M. Machín-Sánchez2, A. I. Neto3, M. C. ITS2 molecule that can be applied to two classes of Oliveira1, A. Sentíes4, J. Díaz-Larrea4, M. Gil- green algae (Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae-Ulvales), Rodríguez2, L. Collado-Vides5, A. Medeiros1 and M. and (2) new landmarks (the spacer regions separating T. Fujii6 the ITS2 Helices) for robust prediction of the ITS2 ([email protected]) secondary structures in general. 1University of São Paulo, Brazil 2University of La Laguna, Spain 3University of the Azores, Portugal 42 4 NEW INSIGHTS IN THE DIVERSITY OF Autonomous Metropolitan University, Mexico 5Florida International University, USA THE GENUS LOBOPHORA 6Institute of Botany, Brazil (DICTYOTALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) BASED ON MOLECULAR AND The diversity of the Laurencia complex is being MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE assessed in tropical and subtropical Atlantic by an international cooperation project involving Brazil, O. Camacho1, T. Sauvage1, W. Schmidt1, D. W. Mexico, Spain (Canary Islands), Portugal (Azores and Freshwater2 and S. Fredericq1 Madeira) and USA (Florida) on the base of molecular ([email protected]) data allied to a detailed morphological study of 1University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA species. The diversity of the complex was analyzed for 2University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA the first time for the Atlantic Ocean, including specimens from all five localities, using the plastid Lobophora J. Agardh is one of the most abundant 23S rRNA gene (UPA) which has been investigated as crustose, prostrate or erect genera growing in coral potential DNA Barcode marker for photosynthetic reefs and in other tropical and subtropical eukaryotes. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I environments. Although AlgaeBase currently lists gene (COI-5P) was also used as DNA barcode for the Lobophora as comprising ten species, species diversity same set of species, and the rbcL gene was used for in this genus has proved to be underestimated much phylogenetic inferences. The range of genetic variation more than was previously thought. Chloroplast- was compared for the three markers. The UPA proved encoded rbcL and cox3 sequence analyses conducted to be more conserved; however, the same genetic on western Atlantic and Red Sea specimens indicate groups were resolved with each of the three markers newly found diversity representing four distinct confirming the six genera currently established for the species, with one unreported species each for complex: Chondrophycus, Laurencia, Laurenciella, Caribbean Colombia, Caribbean Panama, the NW Gulf Palisada, Osmundea and Yuzurua. of Mexico, and Egypt. These taxa in all likelihood correspond to new species. In addition, we propose 44 range extensions for previously unnamed Lobophora CHARACTERIZATION OF spp. reported in Sun et al. 2012. Three recently BATRACHOSPERMUM GELATINOSUM (L.) collected species from the Red Sea are conspecific DE CANDOLLE AND B. ARCUATUM with recently characterized taxa from Japan, Palau and Malaysia, and one species from the NW Gulf of KYLIN (BATRACHOSPERMALES, Mexico is conspecific with a sample from Curaçao in RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE IBERIAN the Lesser Antilles. The morphological evidence for PENINSULA 1 2 3 describing the new species of Lobophora will be I. S. Chapuis , M. O. Paiano , M. Aboal , P. M. 1 2 discussed in light of the molecular-based results. Sánchez Castillo and O. J. Necchi ([email protected]) 1 43 University of Granada, Spain 2UNESP - Campus de São José do Rio Preto, Brazil A DNA BARCODE APPROACH OF THE 3University of Murcia, Spain LAURENCIA COMPLEX (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) IN THE TROPICAL AND Freshwater red algae diversity in the Iberian Peninsula SUBTROPICAL ATLANTIC OCEAN (Spain and Portugal) has been poorly studied. The

16 purpose of this study is to approach the morphological CO2 levels. At the levels of 10, 15 and 20% CO2, and genetic variation of two most common members IMET1 outperformed 526, suggesting that IMET1 can of the Batrachospermales in the study area, to better grow in higher CO2 concentrations than strain 526. At understand their biogeographic and phylogenetic three different temperatures (10, 23 and 30ºC), IMET1 relationships in a more global context. We compared grew the best at 30ºC, and exhibited higher growth genetically six populations each of B. gelatinosum and rates than 526 in general. Under three light intensities B. arcuatum from eight different river basins, using (13, 53, 82, 132 µmol/m2/s), IMET1 showed the higher three molecular markers to evaluate genetic diversity: growth rates than 526. The growth of both strains was RuBisCo large subunit (rbcL) (fully sequenced at the photo-inhibited at the high light level. Interestingly, moment), cytochrome oxidase 2-3 spacer (cox2-3) and both strains preferred BG11 medium over ASW the barcode region of cytochrome oxidase I (cox1) medium in most cases. Our experiments suggest that (preliminary data available). For the morphological N. oceanica IMET1 appears to have wider comparison nine additional populations were included environmental tolerance capability compared to N. in the analysis. A wide morphological variation was gaditana CCMP526, and could be more suitable for observed for most vegetative and reproductive the outdoor cultivation system where environmental characters. rbcL sequences showed a relatively low conditions are rigorous. The lipid content, fatty acid genetic divergence: 98.8-100% for B. gelatinosum and composition and metabolic profile were investigating 99.9-100% for B. arcuatum. We found no correlation via different cultivation conditions. And we got a high between genetic diversity and morphological variation yield of EPA with a two-stage cultivation. We will among the populations of both species. Some present the results in the meeting. taxonomic characters are reevaluated aiming at a more reliable characterization of these species. 46 PRESENT DAY COLLECTIONS OF 45 FRESHWATER RED ALGAE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF TWO (BATRACHOSPERMALES, OLEAGINOUS MICROALGAE RHODOPHYTA) FROM HISTORICALLY NANNOCHLOROPSIS OCEANICA IMET1 IMPORTANT SITES IN FRANCE AND N. GADITANA CCMP526 UNDER DIFFERENT CULTIVATION CONDITIONS W. B. Chiasson, E. D. Salomaki, and M. L. Vis ([email protected]) Chi, Y.1, T. Yasuyuki1 and C. Feng2 Ohio University, USA ([email protected]) 1Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan An interest in freshwater red algae began in France 2University of Maryland, USA over 200 years ago. Bory de St. Vincent described new species of Batrachospermum and Lemanea from Recently, the genome sequences of Nannochloropsis Thore‘s collections made near Dax in Gascony and oceanica IMET1 and N. gaditana CCMP526 have from his own collections near Rennes in Brittany. indicated that these two algal strains have advanced Additionally, Sirodot and Gallée collected extensively lipid metabolism pathways and are promising around Rennes. These specimens formed the basis of microalgae for biofuel development. It would be Sirodot‘s seminal work on Batrachospermum in which interesting to know how these two strains respond to numerous new species were described. Since Sirodot‘s the changes of environments. Here we compared the work, there has been limited research on these growth performance of these two strains under various organisms in France. The purpose of the present levels of CO2 concentration, temperature, and light research was to revisit these historically important intensity. All the experiments were performed in two streams. In March 2008, four streams near Rennes different culture media (ASW and BG11) with six were visited yielding five freshwater red algal samples replicates. The optical density (OD600) was measured identified as two Batrachospermum and one Lemanea using a microplate reader every two days. Both strains species. In October 2011, Rennes was revisited and 45 (IMET1 and 526) had the highest growth rate with 2% streams sampled; one Paralemanea and three CO2, and their growth rates decreased with increasing Batrachospermum species were collected. In addition,

17 fifteen streams near Dax were visited providing 17 ([email protected]) Batrachospermum samples identified as five distinct 1Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Republic of species. Although there have been changes in land use Korea 2 and habitat, many of the taxa first described by French Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea naturalists are still present in the flora today. Recently, numerous studies have focused on the 47 development of high-efficiency plants for the production of biofuels. Algae such as Chlorella, MORPHOMETRIC, ULTRASTRUCTURE Dunaliella, Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus, and AND MOLOCULAR STUDY OF THE Spirogyra are known to contain large amounts (>50% GRACILARIOIDS FROM THE EAST of the dry weight) of starch. These algal starches can COAST OF THE GULF OF THAILAND be used as biomass for ethanol production after hydrolysis. Research suggests that Spirogyra has A. Chirapart important potential as a source of biofuel due to its ([email protected]) high biomass content (>43% of the dry weight) and its Kasetsart University, Thailand ability to grow rapidly under diverse growth conditions, including the winter season in fallow land Studies on the Thai seaweeds are mainly based on where fresh water is available. But, for the economical morphology, which information of fine structural and production of biomass, more productive strains should molecular aspects is scarce. This study Gracilaria sp. be developed. However, the development of improved G. firma, G. salicornia and Hydropuntia changii algae using molecular biological tools has been collected from the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand demonstrably less successful than similar efforts with were analyzed using cytology and RAPD techniques bacteria and land plants, due in part to the difficulty in associated with morphology to distinguish population transforming algae. Radiation breeding has been used of the seaweed. The results showed the decklamelle for the developing the superior bacterial strains and and outer wall in all specimens are continuous when plants. Therefore, in this work, we report research viewed with the light microscope. The transmission efforts to increase starch content for biomass electron micrographs (TEM) distinguished the production with Spirogyra varians via gamma structure of each species with floridean starch granules irradiation. The resulting mutant was evaluated with distributed around the nuclear content. G. salicornia respect to starch content, growth potential, and showed clearly chloroplasts with parallel thylakoids pigment content. The change in proteome level of the and pit plug. Anomalous chloroplasts with thylakoid mutant was also evaluated in comparison with the disorganization were found in cortical and medullar wild-type, using two-dimensional electrophoresis cells of H. changii and Gracilaria sp. The discriminant (2DE) protein profiling. The results are discussed in analysis (n=30) showed H. changii specimens close to terms of the functional differences in identified Gracilaria sp. whereas G. firma and G. salicornia proteins between the wild-type and mutant strains. were distinguished from H. changii and Gracilaria sp. The specimens were clustered by unweighted pair 49 group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA). PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP OF The cluster analysis showed that Gracilaria sp. had a VARIOUS CERAMIUM SPECIES relation closer to G. salicornia than H. changii and G. firma. The results obtained were correspondent to the (CERAMIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) FROM RAPD analysis. FLORIDA, USA

1 1 2 48 T. O. Cho , B. Y. Won and S. Fredericq DEVELOPMENT OF A MUTANT ([email protected]) 1Chosun University, Republic of Korea SPIROGYRA VARIANS STRAIN WITH 2University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA HIGH STARCH CONTENT BY GAMMA IRRADIATION BREEDING METHOD To characterize the species of Ceramium in Florida and infer their phylogenetic relationships, Ceramium M. Cho1, J. Choi2, D. H. Kim1 and S. Y. Lim1 collections were made from 2002 to 2005. An rbcL

18 dataset was compiled from over 30 samples. New Zealand. The taxonomic issues and phylogenetic Investigated species with complete or incomplete relationships of the Antarctic members of the cortication include C. nitens, C. corniculatum, C. Bangiales will be discussed. brevizonatum and some undescribed species from Florida. Each species is recognized by the number of 51 periaxial cells, development of cortication, branching A PERSISTENT BLOOM OF ANADYOMENE pattern, shape of the apex, and habit. Twelve clades J.V. LAMOUROUX (ANADYOMENACEAE, were resolved in a variety of positions within the rbcL- CHLOROPHYTA) IN BISCAYNE BAY, based phylogenetic tree and from combined molecular FLORIDA and morphological analyses.

L Collado-Vides1, S. Blair2, C. Avila2, F. Leliaert3, D. 50 4 5 Rodriguez and D. Lirman MORPHOLOGY, PHYLOGENETIC ([email protected]) RELATIONSHIPS AND DNA BARCODING 1Florida International University, USA, OF THE BANGIALES (RHODOPHYTA) 2DERM, USA 3 FROM KING GEORGE ISLAND, Ghent University, Belgium 4UNAM, Mexico ANTARCTIC AND ITS ADJACENT 5Universty of Miami, USA WATERS Green macroalgal blooms are becoming a common H. G. Choi1, S. M. Kim1, J. H. Kim1 and M. S. 2 response to increasing nutrient availability in coastal Hwang waters and estuaries. This study describes the first ([email protected]) occurrence of a persistent macro algal bloom of the 1Korea Polar Research Institute, Republic of Korea 2 genus Anadyomene Lamoroux (Cladophorales, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Anadyomenaceae) in Biscayne Bay, Florida. A Republic of Korea molecular analysis sequencing the variable C1D2

region of the large subunit (LSU) nrDNA verified the Members of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta) are morphological-based identification. Results indicate distributed worldwide from the tropics to the Antarctic that the bloom is composed of two species: and the Arctic. Three species of the Bangiales, Bangia Anadyomene stellata, previously known for Florida fuscopurpurea (as B. atropurpurea), Porphyra and Biscayne Bay, but is for the first time reported to plocamiestris and Pyropia endiviifolia (as Porphyra reach blooming abundances. The second species, A. endiviifolium), have been reported in the Antarctic. linkiana, a diminutive perforate species from the Morphological and molecular data were investigated Bahamas, represents a new record for the United for the Bangiales from the Antarctic and its adjacent States, and an expansion of its known ecological range waters. Several tens of sequences were newly from deep to shallow waters. Large patches of determined in this study for each of the SSU rDNA, Anadyomene were detected in 2005. Intensive surveys plastid rbcL and mitochondrial cox1 genes. Molecular based on a stratified random design, to visually data from about 200 taxa of the Bangiales worldwide estimate the percent cover of submerged aquatic including previously published sequences, indicated vegetation, were conducted in the bloom area once a that the genera Bangia, Dione, Pyropia, Porphyra, year from 2010 to 2012. Results show that the Wildemania and other related genera be recognized in Anadyomene bloom covered an area of approximately the Bangiales, as was found in a previous molecular 80 km2 of seagrass habitats. The Anadyomene spp. study. Bangia fuscopurpurea from the Antarctic was reached bloom densities in 2008, and has persisted different from B. fuscopurpurea from north Pacific through 2012. The spatial distribution of the bloom has (Korea and Japan) by 11-12 bp in cox1 gene sequence. been restricted to the central inshore section of the Porphyra plocamiestris growing on other macroalgae Bay, an area affected by canals and groundwater in the subtidal zone grouped into the genus discharges. The persistent 75% cover reported for Wildemania with other species having one or two cell layers. The olive green Pyropia endiviifolia allied to a several sites has caused significant negative impacts to seagrass beds. This bloom occurring adjacent to clade with P. cinnamomea and P. virididentata from metropolitan Miami, adds to the world trend of

19 increasing green macroalgal blooms occurring at Public knowledge of algae is often limited. For enriched coastal waters. example, initial reactions to the word ―algae‖ are frequently neutral to negative in tone. To gain 52 perspective into how phycology is taught to public INSIGHTS TO ALGAL EVOLUTION FROM audiences (ranging from children to adults) the THE CHONDRUS GENOME Phycological Society of America (PSA)‘s Education Committee developed and deployed an online survey J. Collén1, G. Michel1, W. Carré1, B. Porcel2, J. M. to assess how algae are curated, displayed, and Aury2, P. Wincker2 and C. Boyen1 interpreted in museums, zoos, aquariums and ([email protected]) herbariums. These data will inform the PSA Education 1Station Biologique de Roscoff, France Committee on how to improve algal education across a 2Institut de Génomique/Genoscope, France wide spectrum of audiences and knowledge bases.

Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) is a common red 54 seaweed found on rocky shores of the Northern DIVERSITY OF GRACILARIACEAE IN Atlantic. The 105-Mbp genome of this florideophyte BRAZIL BASED ON MOLECULAR has an unusual structure with gene-dense regions with MARKERS short intergenetic distances surrounded by repeat-rich regions dominated by transposable elements. Our E. S. Costa, E. C. Oliveira and M. C. Oliveira annotation of the genome predicts 9,606 genes with ([email protected]) few and small introns, 88% of genes are without University of Sao Paulo, Brazil introns. Most gene families are relatively small and some families such as sulfatases, selenoproteins, the Due to their ecological and economic importance, machinery for DNA methylation and many species of Gracilariaceae have been widely studied. photoreceptors were not found. The gene and genome However, taxonomy difficulties persist, especially in structures and gene content allowed us to propose an flattened tropical species. Here we present novel evolutionary scenario with gene loss and genome sequences of UPA and 5´cox1 for several species from compaction, including loss of introns, in an ancestral Brazil and elsewhere maintained in culture in a red alga followed by a genome expansion through germplasm bank. The rbcL gene was sequenced to activity of transposable elements. The newly enable comparison with other sequences in the sequenced genomes of two other red algae with databases. A total of 289 sequences were generated for different evolutionary history, Pyropia yezoensis and 135 samples. Molecular data indicates 19 species of Galdieria sulphuraria, permit us to test this Gracilaria and two of Gracilariopsis on the Brazilian hypothesis. coast, of which three are new records for Brazil: Gracilaria damaecornis, G. hayi and Gracilariopsis 53 silvana. Based on morphological and molecular data PHYCOLOGICAL EDUCATIONAL Gracilaria tepocensis, routinely cited for the South ENDEAVORS: ASSESSING ALGAL and Southeast of Brazil, was a misidentification of G. KNOWLEDGE IN MUSEUMS, ZOOS, isabellana previously cited for Brazil as G. lacinulata. AQUARIUMS, AND HERBARIUMS Of the analyzed samples two species remain unidentified. The use of molecular tools in the J. L. Collier1, R. Fitch2, J. Jorve3, R. Kodner4, J. F. identification and separation of flattened Muhlin5 and K. Schoenrock6 Gracilariaceae proved to be very efficient and ([email protected]) necessary, once morphological characters contribute 1Stony Brook University, USA little for the correct identification. 2Wenatchee Valley College, USA 3University of British Columbia, Canada 55 4 Western Washington University, USA THE ECTOCARPUS LIFE CYCLE IN THE 5Maine Maritime Academy, USA 6University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA FIELD SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS OF

20

NICHE SEPARATION BETWEEN 56 GAMETOPHYTES AND SPOROPHYTES ALGAL TURF SCRUBBERS: PERIPHYTON PRODUCTION AND NUTRIENT L. Couceiro1, A. F. Peters1, M. Le Gac2, H. RECOVERY ON A SOUTH FLORIDA Hunsperger3, S. Mauger1, C. Destombe1, M. Cock4, S. 4 4 1 CITRUS FARM Ahmed , S. M. Coelho and M. Valero ([email protected]) 1 2 1 1 P. E. D'Aiuto , T. J. Evens , J.P Albano and J. M. Station Biologique de Roscoff, France 1 2 Patt IFREMER Centre de Brest, France ([email protected]) 3University of Washington, USA 1United States Department of Agriculture, USA 4CNRS/UPMC, France 2Algal Solutions, LLC, USA

The brown alga Ectocarpus has become a model for There is a strong need to develop strategies that reduce the genetic analysis of haploid diploid life cycles in the nutrient loading to Florida‘s waters. The purpose of laboratory, but very little is known about the this study was to investigate the nutrient removing occurrence of different species and the succession of ability and growth rate of periphyton grown on an developmental stages in nature. We used a population Algal Turf Scrubber (ATSTM) receiving a continuous genetics approach to determine which phases of the -1 flow (227 L min ) of water from an agricultural complex Ectocarpus life cycle are exploited under drainage canal. An experimental scale ATS was field conditions. We investigated the spatio-temporal constructed (1.2 m wide x 234 m long) on a research distribution and ecological preferences of the species farm operated by the USDA in Ft. Pierce, Florida. E. crouaniorum (Ecro) and E. siliculosus (Esil) in Over an 18-month period, PO -P, NO -N, NO -N and Roscoff (France). A total of 905 individuals were 4 3 2 NH -N removal averaged 16%, 49%, 19% and 41%, sampled along a shoreline gradient during three 4 respectively. On average, the entire flow-way yielded consecutive years. Isolates were cultured in the -2 -1 -2 -1 5.5 g m day (range: 1-16 g m day ) of dry weight; laboratory for subsequent genetic identification. Using -2 -1 however the upper 60 m yielded 11 g m day (range: molecular markers, sex markers and microsatellite loci -2 -1 2-24 g m day ). Almost 50% of production occurred we aimed to determine whether sporophytes and in upper 25% of the flow-way. Growth rate increased gametophytes are found at the same place and time or during the summer months. Harvested periphyton whether they occupy different ecological niches. contained an average of 24.1% C, 3.8% N, 0.38% P, Sporophytes of Ecro were found as microscopic, and 0.003% Si, but these percentages varied epilithic thalli year-round, while male and female significantly. Bacillariophyceae dominated initially, gametophytes were only found as macroscopic thalli but overall the ATS was dominated by filamentous epiphytic on Scytosiphon lomentaria during spring. In Chlorophyta. contrast, all Esil isolates were identified as sporophytes, whether found as epilithic microscopic thalli during winter or as epiphytic macroscopic thalli 57 on various macro-algal hosts from spring to summer. THE GENUS JAAGICHLORELLA REISIGL In order to test the generality of this pattern, we (TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA) isolated 204 Ectocarpus strains from a distant region, AND ITS CLOSE RELATIVES: AN Naples (Italy). The sampling was carried out in spring. EVOLUTIONARY PUZZLE Interestingly, Esil in Naples appears to occupy a similar ecological niche as Ecro at Roscoff; the Naples T. Darienko1, L. Gustavs2 and T. Proeschold2 Esil macrothalli were mainly gametophytes epiphytic ([email protected]) on Scytosiphon, while epilithic microthalli were 1National Academy Science of Ukraine, Ukraine mostly sporophytes. These data demonstrate that the 2University of Rostock, Germany niche preferences of gametophytes and sporophytes may not only vary between species but also between The genus Chlorella (in the traditional sense) is populations of the same species. Our findings support polyphyletic and belongs to at least twelve a model of niche separation for maintenance of the independent lineages of the Trebouxiophyceae and haplo-diploid life cycle. Chlorophyceae. Most of the aquatic species belong to

21 the genera Chlorella and Parachlorella (within the so- nutrients back into the environment (Sandaa, 2008). called Chlorella-lineage of the Trebouxiophyceae), or Along with adding nutrients back into the environment to Scenedesmus and Mychonastes (within the DO- viruses affect the diversity and abundance of their host group of the Chlorophyceae) according to communities (Sandaa, 2008). Most algal viruses are phylogenetic analyses of the SSU and ITS rDNA double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the family sequences. In contrast to the aquatic species, the Phycodnaviridae, with genomes ranging from 100- terrestrial strains investigated so far form a 560kb in length. The presents of Phycodnaviridae in monophyletic lineage (Watanabea-clade) within the 17 small freshwater ponds were examined using an Trebouxia-lineage of the Trebouxiophyceae. To the established detection method of membrane filtration, Watanabea-clade belong several genera with acidification and PCR. The results showed that such Chlorella-like morphology (Chloroidium, viruses are common members of freshwater pond Heterochlorella, Watanabea, Kalinella, and ecosystems. Viridiella). We studied 22 strains isolated from soil, bark, and artificial hard substrates, which have been 59 traditionally identified as Chlorella luteoviridis. To TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE clarify the taxonomical status and intrageneric RED SEAWEED LAURENCIA diversity of this group, we used an integrated approach DENDROIDEA (FLORIDEOPHYCEAE, (molecular phylogeny of SSU and ITS rDNA RHODOPHYTA) AND ITS MICROBIOME sequences, secondary structures, DNA barcoding, morphology, and polyol production) including the L. S. de Oliveira1, G. B. Gregoracci1, G. G. Silva2, L. ecological distribution and ecophysiological T. Salgado3, G. M. Amado Filho3, M. Alves-Ferreira1, properties, which could provide survival strategies and R. C. Pereira4 and F. L. Thompson1 successful development in extreme biotops. All strains ([email protected]) investigated produce ribitol as osmolytic active 1Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil substance, and showed a low phenotypic plasticity, but 2Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil a surprisingly high genetic diversity, which could only 3Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil be resolved in complex evolutionary models based on 4Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil secondary structures. Based on these results, we re- established the genus Jaagichlorella, and proposed The red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea is an new species of Jaagichlorella, Kalinella, and important source of halogenated compounds exhibiting Watanabea. diverse potential pharmacological activities and relevant ecological roles. Despite the large amount of 58 research describing the chemical composition of A SURVEY OF AQUATIC ALGAL VIRUSES Laurencia species, the genetic knowledge regarding (PHYCODNAVIRIDAE) IN MT. PLEASANT this genus is currently restricted to taxonomic markers. MICHIGAN Host-microbe interaction is a driving force for co- evolution, but molecular studies of seaweed-associated S. R. Dawson and E. W. Linton microbial communities are still rare. We analyzed six ([email protected]) transcriptomes from specimens of L. dendroidea Central Michigan University, USA sampled in three coastal locations of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In this work, we unveiled the genes involved The field of aquatic algal viruses is a largely on the biosynthesis of terpenes and explored the understudied area, especially for small freshwater interactions between this host and its associated ponds. This is problematic given their abundance and microbiome. Functional annotations revealed effects on aquatic ecosystem, especially on the predominantly basic cellular metabolic pathways. microorganisms, both algae and bacteria, that make up Bacteria were the dominant active group in the approximately 95% of the biomass in the oceans and microbiome of L. dendroidea, notably nitrogen fixing produce half of the accessible oxygen on Earth Cyanobacteria and aerobic heterotrophic (Sandaa, 2008). It is estimated that viruses lyse Proteobacteria. Bacterial sequences were mainly approximately 50% of microorganisms daily, releasing related to glycolysis, lipid and polysaccharide breakdown, and also recognition of seaweed surface

22 and establishment of biofilm. Eukaryotic transcripts, involving morphology, ecology, life cycle and 16S on the other hand, were associated with rRNA phylogeny. photosynthesis, synthesis of carbohydrate reserves, and defense mechanisms. We provided the first 61 transcriptomic profile of L. dendroidea, increasing the PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS IN FINDING molecular knowledge from Florideophyceae. Our data THE DINOFLAGELLATE TREE OF LIFE suggest an important role for L. dendroidea in the primary production of the holobiont and the role of C. F. Delwiche1, D. W. Coats2, S. U. Lin3, T. R. bacteria as consumers of organic matter and possibly Bachvaroff4 and B. S. Leander5 also as nitrogen source. Furthermore, this seaweed ([email protected]) expressed sequences related to terpene biosynthesis, 1University of Maryland, USA including the complete mevalonate-independent 2SERC, USA pathway, which offers new possibilities for 3University of Connecticut, USA biotechnological applications using secondary 4IMET, USA metabolites from L. dendroidea. 5University of British Columbia, Canada

60 Dinoflagellates are challenging organisms for CYANOBACTERIA FROM TWO UNUSUAL phylogenetic study for several reasons. They are an ancient and monophyletic lineage that occurs in HABITATS – HOT SPRINGS AND CAVES diverse habitats ranging from ephemeral puddles to

1 2 freshwater lakes to estuaries to the open ocean, and M. Debnath and P. Bhadury have diverse trophic modes including parasitism, ([email protected]) 1Hooghly Mohsin College, India phagocytosis, myzocytosis, photosynthesis, or a 2Indiain Institute of Science Education and Research- mixture of these. Their organellar genomes are highly Kolkata, India modified and lack genes useful for phylogenetic purposes, and their nuclear genomes are very large, Cyanobacteria are the primary oxygen-evolving with few, if any, single-copy genes. The ultimate goal colonizer in any habitat of this Earth because of their is a phylogeny of dinoflagellates that reflected the full high adaptability. Twenty-one species of cyanobacteria diversity of the lineage, and that incorporated multiple belonging to six heterocystous and three non- nuclear-encoded genes. We used a combination of heterocystous genera were identified. Seven morphological analysis, gene-targeted PCR, cyanobacterial strains belonging to four genera were environmental sampling, and high-throughput isolated from three hot springs and two caves situated sequencing (including of environmental samples). This in four distantly placed states of India. pH, temperature work emphasized the great diversity of dinoflagellates, and light were limiting factors of these two habitats. both photosynthetic and heterotrophic. High- Studies on growth rates, biomass production and mode throughput DNA sequencing methods (e.g., Illumina, of nutrition were carried out using limiting factors like 454) are highly promising for the study of both pH, temperature and light. Strains isolated from caves cultured and uncultured species, and flow cytometry were slow growers. Heterotrophic and can help with efficient analysis of natural photoheterotrophic growth (light + DCMU) were also communities. However, a robust and universal recorded in two hot spring strains and two cave strains. phylogeny of dinoflagellates remains a work in Cave strains showed better growth under progress. photoheterotrophic conditions. Cyanobacterial responses to environmental changes such as 62 temperature and light, focusing on the expression and THE ORGANELLAR GENOMES OF THE function of molecular chaperones (HSPs) were also MESOPHILIC RED ALGA GRATELOUPIA studied in order to better understand the mechanism of TAIWANENSIS (HALYMENIACEAE, adaptation of these strains in such unusual habitats. RHODOPHYTA) Identification of these strains was validated using a polyphasic approach and the ‗Bacteriological Code‘

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M. S. DePriest1, D. Bhattacharya2 and J. M. Lopez- was reached after five weeks colonization; we Bautista1 observed no effect due to the nature of the substrate. ([email protected]) Further work consist of the definition of species 1University of Alabama, USA optimal growth conditions, with a non-obvious relation 2Rutgers University, USA between species densities and nutrients concentrations due to their quick consumption by organisms, We have sequenced and annotated the plastid and particularly in coral reef environments. mitochondrial genomes of the red seaweed Grateloupia taiwanensis S.-M. Lin & H.-Y. Liang 64 (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta). The plastid genome EVIDENCES FOR THE EXISTENCE OF comprises approximately 191 kbp and encodes 233 TWO CRYPTIC SPECIES IN THE protein-coding genes, including 34 novel ORFs. After PYLAIELLA LITTORALIS COMPLEX comparing this genome with other red algal chloroplast genomes currently available, we have (ECTOCARPALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) determined a "core" set of approximately 140 genes, C. Destombe1, A. Geoffroy1, S. Mauger1, L. Le Gall2 found in all red algae and thought to be essential for 1 plastid function. The mitochondrial genome comprises and M. Valero ([email protected]) approximately 29 kbp and encodes at least 21 protein- 1 coding genes, all of known function. Additionally, we Station Biologique de Roscoff, France 2Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, France have found that the gene sequence coding for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coxI) includes a During the last century, many authors have described a Group II intron. multitude of species, varieties or forms in the genus of

Pylaiella according to their morphology, their life 63 history and/or their ecology; nevertheless no clear STEPS TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT consensus has been reached. In the present study, we OF A BENTIC DIATOM INDEX IN THE investigated the occurrence of cryptic species in REEF ENVIRONMENT Pylaiella littoralis complex along the Brittany coast using DNA barcoding, multilocus and population C. Desrosiers1, J. Leflaive1, A. Eulin2 and L. Ten- genetic analyses. Spatio-temporal sampling was Hage1 conducted to detect genetic variations among ([email protected]) populations as well as possible phenological difference 1Unversité Paul Sabatier, France between populations. We sampled 180 individuals 2 Asconit Consultants, Martinique from 8 sites located along the Brittany coast between Saint-Malo and Quiberon (450 km) from March to Using benthic diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) as a tool October. Two genetic entities were clearly for the evaluation of coastal water quality deserves distinguished based on mitochondrial sequences particular attention since those microalgae are showing a minimum of 2.2% divergence between successfully used in freshwater for their bioindication them. These two entities were also highly genetically capacity. In marine environment, the main asset of differentiated based on microsatellites loci suggesting benthic diatoms is to grow in all types of ecosystems that they may correspond to putative cryptic species. from temperate to tropical areas. Steps toward a In addition, a strong geographical clustering was marine diatom index for a routine use in biomonitoring observed among populations within each of these two consist in: i) developing a standard sampling protocol; taxa. Instead the analysis of chloroplast and nuclear ii) defining species sensitivities; iii) choosing indicator sequences revealed a single group which may be species and metrics. In an eight weeks experiment in explained by a recent differentiation of the two taxa. Martinique (FWI), we collected biofilm on three types These two putative sibling species were found in the of artificial substrates, placed vertically at three meters same environment; however their growths were shifted depth. Fives sampling sites were chosen to in time according to seasons. This phenological shift characterize a large range of water chemistry and provides an ideal framework for exploring questions morphological conditions. A mature community, represented by a high diatom density and diversity,

24 concerning adaptive divergence as possible The genus Asparagopsis is known for being invasive mechanisms of speciation. in several regions of the world. Until now, two species have been formally described: A. taxiformis, originally 65 described in the Red Sea and widely distributed across SEAWEED – CORAL INTERACTIONS IN A tropical and temperate zones, and A. armata, described from the western coast of Australia and displaying HIGH CO2 WORLD: VARIABILITY IN OUTCOMES AND COMPETITIVE today a worldwide distribution, although preferentially in cold temperate regions. Previous molecular data MECHANISMS reported 4 divergent mitochondrial lineages in A.

taxiformis while no structure characterized A. armata. G. Diaz-Pulido1, C. Del Monaco1, M. E. Hay2, P. This study aimed at carrying out a detailed Gartrell1, C. Barron1, A. Ordonez Alvarez1 and B. examination of the distribution of the previously Lewis1 described lineages over a global scale, with a special ([email protected]) focus in New Caledonia. Sequencing results of 1Griffith University, Australia 2Georgia Institute of Technology, USA mitochondrial, nuclear and chloroplastic markers revealed two major results: 1) A new lineage for A. Space competition between seaweeds and corals is an taxiformis present only in New Caledonia, Kermadec important ecological process structuring coral reef Islands (North of New Zealand) and Australia (West) communities. It has been hypothesized that the increasing again the list of cryptic taxa within this competitive strength of seaweeds over corals will specific epithet. 2) Even more unexpected was the increase under projected human-induced ocean finding of a second lineage within the taxa A. armata acidification scenarios, tipping the competitive balance in Australia (West) and Tasmania. This study in favour of the seaweeds. However, the variability of exemplifies the importance of cryptic diversity in algal competitive outcomes, and the mechanisms by which species. seaweeds may outcompete corals under high CO2 conditions are unknown. We conducted ocean 67 acidification experiments in the Great Barrier Reef, CYST FORMATION AS A VIRAL EVASION Australia, and explored the roles of 1) seaweed STRATEGY IN HETEROSIGMA AKASHIWO allelopathy and 2) coral stress (caused by high CO2) as DURING INFECTION WITH HAV possible mechanisms involved in the interactions. We found that competitive outcomes vary considerably J. E. Dingman and D. G. Durnford depending on the species of seaweed involved in the ([email protected]) interactions. The combination of allelopathy and University of New Brunswick, Canada elevated CO2 conditions on the corals contributed to reduced coral photosynthetic efficiency and increased Heterosigma akashiwo belongs to a small group of coral mortality. These results suggest that seaweeds harmful, bloom-forming algae (Raphidophyceae) that will continue to overgrow and out compete reef corals cause toxicity in sea urchins, oysters and finfish. under future ocean acidification projections. Blooms are difficult to predict because the marine genera in this group have a two-phase life-history: an 66 active vegetative phase and quiescent cyst phase. THE CRYPTIC DIVERSITY OF THE Unlike other raphidophytes, Heterosigma does not GENUS ASPARAGOPSIS (RHODOPHYTA, require a mandatory dormancy period before cyst BONNEMAISONIALES) germination, allowing it to quickly switch phases as nutrient, temperature and light conditions change. We

1 1 2 observed cell death, cyst formation and a small L. Dijoux , C. Payri and F. Viard number of surviving, free-swimming cells in ([email protected]) 1IRD, New Caledonia Heterosigma cultures subsequent to viral infection 2CNRS-UPMC, France with HaV. Surviving, vegetative cells were immune to future infections with HaV, suggesting HaV- resistance. Cyst formation was a significant outcome

25 of viral infection but these cells were still susceptible K. Doi1, K. Matsumoto2, M. Ueda1 and D. Honda2 to the virus after germination, implying a temporary ([email protected]) evasion mechanism. Cultures treated with a caspase 1Graduate School of Natural Science, Japan inhibitor (z-VAD-FMK) prior to infection had fewer 2Faculty of Science and Engineering, Japan cysts and more cell death. Our evidence suggests that while a large majority of vegetative cells die during Labyrinthulomycetes, the ubiquitous marine infection, many cells evade viral infection through heterotrophs, are the candidates for commercial encystment, a process possibly involving caspase-like production of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA enzymes. and squalene. Especially the members of genus Aurantiochytrium are promising in the high 68 productivity. Presently this genus comprises two TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT species, A. limacinum and A. mangrovei. However, it has not been investigated whether the taxonomy of the MODIFICATIONS OF THE species corresponds to molecular phylogeny, because GALACTOLIPID PROFILES OF HASLEA the ex-type strain of A. mangrovei had been lost. We OSTREARIA AND PHAEODACTYLUM isolated the strains from Goa, India, the type locality TRICORNUTUM of A. mangrovei; the morphological features of strain SEK-414 corresponded to the diagnosis of this species. V. J. Dodson and J. D. Leblond The molecular phylogeny of 18S rDNA clearly shows ([email protected]) that the strains of Aurantiochytrium separate into three Middle Tennessee State University, USA independent monophyletic groups. SEK-414 and IFO- 32693 (ex-type of A. limacinum) are divided into two We have previously determined that the chloroplast groups, whose strains show the characteristic features membrane galactolipid profile of the ―blue‖ diatom of A. mangrovei and A. limacinum, respectively. On Haslea ostrearia contains primarily C18/C16 (sn-1/sn- the other hand, the strains of the third group have the 2) and C18/C18 forms of mono- and distinguishable morphological features in zoospore digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, formation and amoeboid cell motility from two respectively). We also examined the galactolipid described species. In conclusion, we propose a new profile of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum species of Aurantiochytrium for this group. tricornutum, which contained primarily C16/C16 and C20/C20 forms of MGDG and DGDG. In this 70 experiment, two species of pennate diatoms were grown at 20° and 30°C to determine what SPECIES DIVERSITY OF INTERTIDAL modifications were made to fatty acids attached to MACROALGAE IN NORTHWEST COAST these photosynthetically important lipids. Previous OF YELLOW SEA: USING MORPHOLOGY studies on effects of temperature on fatty acid length COMBINED WITH DNA BARCODING and saturation have been performed numerous times on different organisms; however, to our knowledge no G. Du and Y. Mao such study has been conducted on diatoms. At 20°C, ([email protected]) H. ostrearia and P. tricornutum are rich in Ocean University of China, China eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) at the sn-1 position and C16 fatty acids at sn-2 position of MGDG and DGDG. Although macroalgae in the intertidal zone are H. ostrearia also contained a large number of MGDG important biologically, ecologically and sociologically, and DGDG forms with C18 fatty acids at sn-1 whereas species diversity of intertidal macroalgae along the P. tricornutum contains primarily C16 fatty acids at coast of Yellow Sea has been hardly investigated since sn-1 of its other MGDG and DGDG forms. the end of the 1980‘s. Using DNA barcoding to assist morphological identification, investigations were 69 carried out in the northwest coast of Yellow Sea since TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS April 2011. Related reference collections, including AURANTIOCHYTRIUM herbarium and slices of detail structure, were made at the same time. Until the end of 2012, a total of 808 (LABYRINTHULOMYCETES )

26 samples were collected, covering 5 orders, 6 families, approximately contains 280 Mb (50% of the assembly) 9 genera and 18 species of green algae (Chlorophyta); of repetitive sequences and characterizes with a 7 orders, 19 families, 47 genera and 59 species of red heterozygosity rate of 0.65%. Preliminary genes algae (Rhodophyta); and 9 orders, 10 families, 13 prediction showed that there are over 9600 genes in S. genera and 17 species of brown algae (Phaeophyta). japonica genome. The draft genome sequence is DNA barcoding greatly helped species identification, expected to facilitate the understanding of the especially with morphologically similar species, metabolic pathways, genetic adaptation and confirmed that some species are identical in molecular domestication through human selection, and concept, and found some new phylogenetic improvements of good-quantitative varieties in kelp. relationships. However, due to drawbacks of each applied marker and the incomplete gene database in 72 Genebank, at least two markers are recommended as TRADE-OFFS OF SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL mutual complement. Above all, traditional methods LIFE CYCLES IN MASTOCARPUS based on morphology are still indispensable. PAPILLATUS: HOW COMPLEX LIFE Generally, the diversity of intertidal macroalgae presented high seasonal variation, and evidently had CYCLES CONFER ECOLOGICAL decreased according to previous literature. However, ADVANTAGE IN CHANGING cryptic species or invasive species which have never ENVIRONMENTS been recorded in this area also emerged during our 1 2 study. The activity will contribute to baseline data on S. R. Dudgeon , S. A. Krueger-Hadfield and J. 1 coastal macroalgae in northwest Yellow Sea, Kübler knowledge on habitat types and typically associated ([email protected]) 1CSU-Northridge, USA macroalgal flora, and the discovery of cryptic and 2 invasive species. Marine Biological Station of the UK, United Kingdom

Species with complex life cycles serve as models to 71 test hypotheses of conflict or cooperation between the DRAFT GENOME SEQUENCES OF stages of a life cycle (e.g., sexual versus asexual, SACCHARINA JAPONICA gametophyte versus sporophyte). The conflict between

1 1 1 2 sexual and asexual reproductive modes is hypothesized D. L. Duan , X. L. Wang , J. T. Yao , D. Y. Liu , W. to be resolved through poor performance of asexuals 2 1 2 1 G. Hong , Z. M. Hu , Y. H. Xia , Z. R. Shao , Q. Y. caused by accumulated mutations and low genetic 1 1 Li and J. Zhang diversity relative to sexual counterparts, relegating ([email protected]) them to peripheral, often marginal habitats. Yet, in 1Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 2 Mastocarpus papillatus, asexual fronds are more Beijing Biomarker Tech. Co. Ltd, China abundant and distributed more widely than sexual

fronds across tidal elevations in California in all Saccharina japonica has received increasing attention habitats. Although the reproductive effort of asexuals due to its primary productivity, edible human food, is less than that of sexuals during peak reproduction, and eco-systematic contribution. Since the introduction asexuals reproduce throughout the year and output is into China in the late 1920s from Japan, this less sensitive to environmental variation. Surprisingly, intensively selected kelp has gradually evolved into genetic diversity in asexual lineages of M. papillatus is the maricultural backbone in China, and so far more comparable to that in the sexually reproducing lineage than 10 cultivars have been applied in the production. at microsatellite loci tested thus far. These data suggest However, its biological processes and genomic that the sexual and asexual life cycles of M. papillatus architecture are yet to be understood. Here we report may not be in conflict, but represent an adaptive the draft genome sequence of a wild S. japonica strain combination for ecological success. using next-generation sequencing platform. Two 180 bp and two 3K insert libraries were sequenced, which generated approximately 90-fold sequencing reads, with sequencing depth of 30X and 15X, respectively.

The assembled genome is about 550 Mb,

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73 valuable polysaccharides (carrageenan, alginate, etc.) SENESCENCE IN CHLAMYDOMONAS AND that became so important in the last 60 years. This THE DETERMINANTS OF LONGEVITY IN relationship continues, with the Irish Seaweed BATCH CULTURE Research Group (ISRG) still assisting industry with applied research, which now includes the large-scale D. G. Durnford cultivation of Alaria esculenta and Saccharina ([email protected]) latissima for food and biofuel. Taxonomic studies are University of New Brunswick, Canada combined with molecular screening techniques to identify bioactive compounds from native seaweeds In batch culture, microalgae such as Chlamydomonas for the development of new high-value products. Other reinhardtii undergo predictable changes in growth rate projects, such as salmon-seaweed fish feed trials and as nutrient levels decline over time. Previous work Integrated Multi-Tropic Aquaculture research ensure from my lab (Humby et al. 2013, J. Phycol 49, 389- collaboration with the wider aquaculture industry. 400) examined the molecular changes that occur as Education and outreach activities are also of great Chlamydomonas cultures age in stationary phase and importance to the ISRG, aimed at the phycological proposed the hypothesis that these biochemical community (Algaebase), the seaweed industry (‗how- changes are an attempt to prolong survival until to‘ cultivation manuals) and the general public conditions improve. Stationary phase is a complex (SeaSearch seaweed identification workshops, and interaction of nutrient limitation, cell density effects, harvesting fact-sheets). and cell age where the conditions experienced affect long-term survivability of the culture. Limiting gas 75 exchange is a key effector of longevity in stationary IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL phase where the age-related accumulation of starch is BIODIVERSITY FOR MONITORING, inhibited. This lack of a carbon sink likely contributed SURVEYING, AND CONTROLLING to the observed negative correlation of light-intensity CYANOBACTERIAL HARMFUL ALGAL with longevity. In stationary phase there is a light BLOOMS IN SOUTHERN FLORIDA intensity-dependent decline in longevity that is likely due to the production of reactive oxygen species that N. Engene, S. P. Gunasekera and V. J. Paul cause cell damage leading to death, in line with ([email protected]) proposed age-related effects in animals. This work will Smithsonian Institution, USA discuss these effects and other determinants of Cyanobacteria of the genus Lyngbya seasonally form longevity in microalgae and explore the strategies used extensive blooms in Southern Florida. The prolific to enhance culture survival. production of bioactive secondary metabolites of many of these bloom-forming Lyngbya can be hazardous for 74 humans and the natural environment. In our efforts to FEAMAINN: FROM FOOD TO FUEL – provide taxonomic clarity, we show phylogenetically CURRENT PHYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH that several of the most prevalent Lyngbya specimens IN IRELAND in Southern Florida, in fact, represent novel cyanobacterial genera. Here we characterize and M. D. Edwards compare the ecology, morphology, evolutionary ([email protected]) history, and secondary metabolism of these new National University of Ireland, Ireland taxonomic groups. These taxonomic descriptions are important for monitoring, predicting, or possibly In Ireland, seaweed (‗Feamainn‘ in Irish) has been controlling potentially harmful cyanobacterial blooms used for many generations to improve poor soils and in Southern Florida. provide incomes for rural coastal families in areas with few other economic advantages. Phycological research 76 has always gone hand in hand with the development of ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF the Irish seaweed industry, contributing to the PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA SPP. BLOOM knowledge of sustainable harvesting practices and the DYNAMICS AND PARTICULATE DOMOIC

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ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN THE BAY OF sustainable biodiesel producers. However, an SEINE (ENGLISH CHANNEL, FRANCE) improvement in oil producing capabilities is required to make microalgae biodiesel production economically J. Fauchot1, M. Thorel1, M. Schapira2, R. Legendre2 attractive. In this project the fatty acid synthase and P. Claquin1 inhibitor cerulenin was used to select cerulenin ([email protected]) resistant mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. 1Normandie Université, France These mutants were characterized by quantifying the 2Ifremer - LERN, France amount of lipid produced and by determining the fatty acid composition. Experiments are being conducted Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are globally distributed marine using both Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and planktonic diatoms. Some species of this genus are Nannochloropsis oceanica in order to study the domoic acid (DA) producers and are therefore metabolic response to stress. Cerulenin is used to responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). In inhibit fatty acid synthesis and ethyl-2-bromo- France, several ASP events occurred in the Bay of octanoate is used to inhibit triacylglycerol synthesis. Seine (English Channel) since 2004. In order to Initial results show inhibition of neutral lipid identify environmental factors controlling these toxic accumulation in C. reinhardtii when cells are blooms, the dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. natural subjected to cerulenin as visualized by fluorescence populations and concentrations of particulate DA were microscopy and measured by flow cytometry. In followed during one year. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. contrast, neutral lipids accumulate in N. oceanica. blooms occurred in spring and autumn. Particulate DA concentrations were not related to total Pseudo- 78 nitzchia spp. abundance. This result confirms the ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ON THE importance of a species specific approach in Pseudo- COCCOLITHOPHORE EMILIANIA nitschia studies. Individual Pseudo-nitzschia species HUXLEYI were identified in natural populations using transmission electron microscopy. Pseudo-nitzschia Y. Feng, M. Y. Roleda, P. W. Boyd and C. L. Hurd natural populations were characterized by an important ([email protected]) species diversity and species specific bloom dynamics. University of Otago, New Zealand High particulate DA concentrations were related to the presence of P. australis and particulate DA The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi isolated from concentrations appeared to be also controlled by the Pacific Chatham Rise (New Zealand) was environmental conditions, especially nutrient subjected to a series of diagnostic fitness response concentrations. This study gives an insight into the experiments in the laboratory. Photosynthesis, relationship between Pseudo-nitzschia bloom phases calcification, and growth response curves were and DA production in natural populations. constructed relative to different levels of pCO2, temperature, irradiance, phosphate and nitrate. The 77 experimental results showed insignificant effects of INHIBITION OF LIPID ACCUMULATION phosphate on all response variables measured, IN MICROALGAE indicating high phosphate affinity of the E. huxleyi strain tested. Nitrate and light limitations significantly C. E. Favrholdt, C. Gjermansen and A. Brandt decreased growth, photosynthetic and calcification ([email protected]) rates. The calcification to photosynthesis ratio was Technical University of Denmark, Denmark significantly higher under limiting irradiance, but not affected by nitrate concentration. The relative Triacylglycerides, energy storage compounds in plants importance of these environmental factors to the and microalgae, are a preferred substrate for the physiology of E. huxleyi was ranked using canonical chemical conversion of plant and microalgae-derived correspondence analysis (CCA). Temperature and oil to biodiesel. When subjected to nutrient limitation irradiance were the main environmental factors or stress conditions, some microalgae accumulate large controlling growth and photosynthetic rates; and amounts of triacylglycerides. Due to their rapid growth nitrate was the main factor controlling calcification and fatty acid content, microalgae have potential as

29 rate. Based on the above observations, different M. E. Ferrario1, G. O. Almandoz1, A. O. Cefarelli1, combinations of two- and three-factorial experiments V. Sastre2 and N. Santinelli2 are underway to determine the interactive effects of ([email protected]) relevant environmental factors on this ecologically- 1Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina important species. 2Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Argentina 79 MARINE MACROALGAE FROM THE The Southwestern Atlantic Ocean is recognized as one of the most productive areas in the world and supports PACIFIC OF CENTRAL AMERICA: PAST, a very rich fishery. In order to study the biodiversity PRESENT AND FUTURE and seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in Argentinean continental shelf and slope waters, a C. Fernández-García1, R. Riosmena-Rodríguez2, B. 3 4 cooperative research project has been established Wysor and O. L. Tejada (GEF- Patagonia, Argentina). As part of this project, ([email protected]) 1 both qualitative and quantitative samples collected Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica during spring 2005, were examined using light and 2Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Mexico 3Roger Williams University, USA scanning electron microscopy. An extensive bloom of 4Universidad de El Salvador, El Salvador a small Thalassiosira bioculata var. rariprora was observed along shelf waters from 39-48°S, reaching 6 The history of algal exploration through the Central concentrations up to 4.5 x 10 cells per liter and American Pacific can be divided into three stages: 1) representing more than 90% of total phytoplankton regional exploration and documentation, 2) species abundance. Thalassiosira bioculata var. rariprora is a checklists by country, and 3) sampling for DNA-based taxon initially analyzed by Gaarder and Hasle, but diversity assessments. By the end of the second stage, never validly published (Hasle personal species records represent 70% of the known number of communication). In this work its ultrastructure is algal species, and form the basis of a taxonomic list analyzed and described for the first time and this which has not been updated for more than 50 years. In variety is recognized as valid for science. The a first attempt to document and update the previous observed specimens are small (8.5-12.0 µm), solitary, account of marine algal species in the region, a rectangular in girdle view, and with numerous discoid checklist of the marine macroalgae of the region was chloroplasts. The valve face shows a single strutted published. A total of 410 species were regarded as process slightly subcentral, with an additional ring of currently valid names. For decades, it has been strutted processes located between the valve face and proposed that the marine flora of this region is scarce mantle (3-4 per valve). The strutted processes are and inconspicuous. However the results of a series of externally surrounded at their base by areolae with recent studies aimed at establishing the true algal robust walls, and internally have four satellite pores diversity in the region, indicate a different scenario. and long tubular extensions. One labiate process is The taxonomic evaluation of three common genera situated adjacent to the subcentral strutted process. The (Caulerpa, Dictyota and Padina) based on areolae pattern shows a tendency toward fasciculation morphology and gene sequence data has led to 3 range (20-23 in 10 μm), sometimes with radial ribs. The extensions and 2 new species, suggesting a promising cingulum is composed of numerous copulae with future for the elucidation biodiversity in the region. vertical rows of pores and a valvocopula with a similar ornamentation. The morphological features of these 80 specimens are compared with related taxa, including an evaluation of the main morphological ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THALASSIOSIRA characteristics useful to differentiate them. BIOCULATA VAR. RARIPRORA IN THE ARGENTINE SEA SLOPE, A FIRST RECORD FOR THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

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81 transcription), up-regulation of genes involved in lipid SILICEOUS PLANKTON AND THE and carbohydrate metabolism, intracellular trafficking, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF SILICON defense and stress response, as well as down- regulation of photosynthesis was found in grazed Z. V. Finkel seaweed. These findings indicate short-term temporal ([email protected]) variation in defenses and that modified gene Mount Allison University, Canada expression patterns arise at the same time when grazed seaweed pieces show reduced palatability. Several The concentration and availability of silicon (Si) genes with putative defensive functions and cellular influences the morphology and physiology of siliceous processes potentially involved in defence, such as plankton, phytoplankton community structure, and the reallocation of resources from primary to secondary biological carbon pump. It has been hypothesized that metabolism, were revealed. over geological time the evolution and radiation of siliceous plankton may have been influenced by 83 changes in the availability of Si as well as influencing GENOME SEQUENCE OF BIOFUEL the marine silicon cycle. I will summarize what is CANDIDATE ALGA PROVIDES INSIGHTS known about the availability of Si in the sea over INTO STRESS ADAPTATION geological time and how changes in the marine silicon cycle are related to observed macroevolutionary F. Foflonker1, B. Palenik2 and D. Bhattacharya1 changes in the size and morphology of siliceous ([email protected]) plankton, with a focus on Cenozoic diatoms and 1Rutgers University, USA silicoflagellates. 2Scripps Institute of Oceanography, USA

82 In the search for renewable and sustainable energy MOLECULAR SUPPORT FOR TEMPORAL sources, marine microalgae show great promise DYNAMICS OF INDUCED ANTI- because of their ability to thrive in brackish or HERBIVORY DEFENSES IN THE BROWN seawater. This reduces the competition for fresh SEAWEED FUCUS VESICULOSUS drinking water and provides some natural crop protection. We sequenced the 13.2 Mbp genome

(7,367 genes) of a highly robust and halotolerant, C. R. Flöthe1, M. Molis1, I. Kruse2, F. Weinberger2 biofuel candidate green alga, Picochlorum. When and U. John1 compared to Ostreococcus tauri, a non-halotolerant ([email protected]) green alga of similar genome size, transporter analysis 1Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Germany reveals an abundance of transporters in Picochlorum. 2Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany Many of these transporters may play a role in halotolerance and are related to sodium transport, Grazing by the isopod Idotea baltica induces chemical sugar transport, and drug efflux. Evidence of defenses in the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. A horizontal gene transfer in Picochlorum was found for combination of a 33 day induction experiment, feeding 33 genes, most of which are related to DNA repair, choice assays and functional genomic analyses was lipid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. We used to investigate temporal defense patterns and to propose that horizontal gene transfer may play a key correlate changes in palatability to changes in gene role in the adaptation of Picochlorum to high salinity expression. Despite permanent grazing, seaweed and a variety of other environmental stresses. palatability varied over time. Controls were significantly more consumed than grazed pieces only 84 after 18 and 27 days of grazing. Relative to controls, A REVISED PHYLOGENY OF THE RED 562/402 genes were up-/down-regulated in seaweed ALGAL FAMILY PEYSSONNELIACEAE pieces that were grazed for 18 days, i.e. when defense (PEYSSONNELIALES) induction was detected. Reprogramming of the regulative expression orchestra (translation,

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S. Fredericq1, D. Krayesky2, T. Sauvage1, D. Gabriel3, production. Trichomes submitted to treatment without T. Schils1, S. Draisma4, W. Gardiner1 and W. E. phosphorus and nitrogen appeared well fragmented Schmidt1 and producing clumps compared to control. Our results ([email protected]) showed that the nitrogen and phosphorous deficiency 1University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA can promote the increase of akinete and heterocyst 2Slippery Rock University, USA synthesis and could explain one of the strategies of 3Universidade dos Açores, Portugal 4 Anabaena survival under deficiency of these nutrients. University of Malaya

86 The generic concepts of the crustose family SOME ASSEMBLY REQUIRED: THE Peyssonneliaceae will be critically assessed in a revised worldwide phylogeny of the family on the GREEN ALGAL TREE OF LIFE basis of phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast-encoded 1 1 1 rbcL and tufA, chloroplast 23S UPA and K. Fucikova , L. A. Lewis , P. O. Lewis , K. G. Karol2, R. M. McCourt3, C. F. Delwiche4, J. D. Hall3, mitochondrial cox1 sequences derived from 336 5 3 samples worldwide representing 172 species and J. Lopez-Bautista and E. D. Cooper twelve genera. Type of diagnostic vegetative and ([email protected]) 1University of Connecticut, USA reproductive morphological characters will be 2 documented. The significant contribution of crustose New York Botanical Garden, USA 3Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, USA Peyssonneliaceae in the formation of rhodolith beds in 4University of Maryland, USA the offshore hard banks of the northwestern Gulf of 5University of Alabama, USA Mexico at 45-85 m depth will be highlighted. A handful of green algal lineages have been studied 85 intensively for decades. Phylogenetically, however, INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND these represent a small fraction of the group‘s diversity PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY ON AKINETE and relationships among major clades remain AND HETEROCYST PRODUCTION IN THE unresolved. Most prominently, seven deeply diverging CYANOBACTERIUM ANABAENA SP. lineages are lumped into the paraphyletic Prasinophyceae, but even well-studied, taxon-rich C. S. Freire-Nordi and R. B. Dextro clades contain taxa of uncertain placement. ([email protected]) Additionally, new lineages are discovered as unusual University of São Paulo/Campus of Diadema, Brazil habitats are surveyed and modern techniques employed. Morphological traits are informative in The genus Anabaena is one of the cyanobacterial taxa some groups but utterly misleading or lacking in that dominate the majority of Brazilian eutrophic others. Therefore, systematic challenges are best reservoirs. The dominance of Anabaena could be approached from a molecular phylogenetic angle. The explained by the production of special cells such as GrAToL covers the phylogenetic breadth of green akinetes and heterocysts. The aim of this study was to algae and plants, including many previously ignored verify the capacity of Anabaena sp. to synthesize taxa by compiling and analyzing large amounts of akinetes and heterocysts under nitrogen and targeted single-gene and next-generation DNA phosphorous deficiency. This study was performed sequence data. As we work towards resolving the using Anabaena cultures under controlled conditions green tree of life, we find unexpected diversity among and AA culture medium (Allen and Arnon, 1955). The algae with simple morphologies, but also surprising cultures were submitted to three different conditions: relationships in algae with different and complex Medium AA complete (Control), Medium AA without morphologies. High-throughput methods revealed nitrogen and Medium AA without phosphorous lineage-specific patterns in the evolution of organellar source. The comparison among the three growth genomes, including rampant mitochondrial and curves showed a decrease in cells growth with chloroplast rearrangements, and deep transcriptome nutrients deficiency. The largest heterocyst‘s synthesis sequencing yielded hundreds of putatively informative was observed with treatment without nitrogen, and the nuclear homologs. phosphorous deficiency promoted the highest akinetes

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87 P. W. Gabrielson1, G. W. Maneveldt2 and M. Sissini3 MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR ([email protected]) 1 EVIDENCES SUGGEST A NEW University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA 2University of the Western Cape, South Africa COMBINATION FOR LAURENCIA 3 COELENTERATA (CERAMIALES, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil

RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE TROPICAL Recent molecular studies of nongeniculate corallines ATLANTIC OCEAN have implied that some widely distributed species are

1 2 3 really different species passing under one name. M. T. Fujii , A. J. Capote , A. Sentíes , J. Díaz- However, only by sequencing topotype specimens, or, Larrea3, V. Cassano4, L. Collado-Vides5 and A. 6 much preferred, type specimens themselves, can Areces names be assigned unequivocally. A psbA sequence ([email protected]) obtained from a topotype specimen of Heydrichia 1Institute of Botany, Brazil 2 woelkerlingii (Sporolithales) from South Africa differs University of Oriente, Cuba by over 8.7% from a New Zealand specimen under 3Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico 4University of São Paulo, Brazil that name in GenBank. An rbcL sequence from type 5Florida International University, USA material of Spongites yendoi (Corallinales) from Japan 6Institute of Oceanology, Cuba & Federal University of differs by over 15% from specimens given this name Pernambuco, Brazil in South Africa. An rbcL sequence from type material of Mesophyllum erubescens (Corallinales) from Isla As part of an international project in collaboration, Fernando de Noronha off Brazil) is an exact match to morphological and molecular analyses were carried only one of four species passing under this name from out on Laurencia coelenterata, a small sized species of Brazil; it differs by over 8% in psbA from New red alga found in the seagrass bed at Verraco Beach, Zealand specimens under that name in GenBank. We Santiago de Cuba. A detailed taxonomical question all reports of nongeniculate coralline species investigation conducted on these specimens has said to be widely distributed based on anatomical/ revealed vegetative and reproductive characteristics morphological features. Our DNA sequencing results belonging to Osmundea, such as two pericentral cells strongly imply that the number of extant species of per each axial segment instead four, tetrasporangia cut both geniculate and nongeniculate coralline algae has off randomly from cortical cells, instead tetrasporangia been substantially underestimated. originated from a particular fertile pericentral cells, and filament-type spermatangial branches developed 89 in a cup-shaped spermatangial pit. These EVIDENCE OF CELLULOSE IN characteristics are in disagreement with the original EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES ISOLATED circumscription of the species. The phylogenetic FROM ATACAMA DESERT position of the present species was inferred by analysis CYANOBACTERIA of the chloroplast-encoded rbcL gene sequences complemented by plastid 23S rRNA gene (UPA). The A. Galetovic, N. Fernandez, T. Caimanque, H. range of genetic variation found in the analysis also Olivares, J. Araya and B. Gomez-Silva supports the new taxonomical assessment for L. ([email protected]) coelenterata. Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile

88 Cellulose is a raw material for the production of ARE THERE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED biofuels since its degradation provides glucose that can NONGENICULATE CORALLINE SPECIES be fermented to ethanol. Six species of five genera of (CORALLINALES AND SPOROLITHALES, cyanobacteria have been shown to contain cellulose. RHODOPHYTA)? INSIGHTS FROM Also, cyanobacteria from desert environments SEQUENCING TOPOTYPES OR TYPE synthesize high levels of exopolysaccharides (EPS) as SPECIMENS an adaptive mechanism against desiccation. Our

33 results suggest the presence of cellulose in total protein concentration. Supported by IANAS Seed cyanobacteria from the Atacama Desert and our goal is Grant Fund to AG; Universidad de Antofagasta to demonstrate that some of these Atacama CODEI 5394 to BG. cyanobacteria may be new unconventional biofuel sources. The Atacama cyanobacteria isolates studied 91 showed EPS content in the range of 4-9 g per liter of PHOTOSYNTHETIC PERFORMANCE OF culture. These EPS were substrates for commercial THE OBLIGATE EPIPHYTE, VERTEBRATA cellulase rendering 340-420 micromoles of glucose per LANOSA (RHODOPHYTA) WHEN min in a two-enzyme (cellulase plus cellobiase) ATTACHED OR DETACHED FROM ITS reaction system, indicating the presence of a cellulose- HOST, ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM like polymer in those cyanobacteria EPS. We were able to show the presence of the cellulose synthase (PHAEOPHYCEAE) gene, a key enzyme for cellulose biosynthesis, in the genome of only two Atacama isolates. Supported by D. J. Garbary, A. G. Miller and R. A. Scrosati CONICYT/FIC-R 4603; Universidad de Antofagasta ([email protected]) CODEI-5394. St. Francis Xavier University, Canada

Vertebrata lanosa is an abundant and obligate 90 epiphyte of Ascophyllum nodosum that forms part of a EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE EFFECT ON THE complex and highly integrated symbiotic system that ISOLATION AND SCYTONEMIN includes the fungus Mycophycias ascophylli. As part CONTENT OF CYANOBACTERIA of ongoing studies to resolve interactions among INHABITING HALITES FROM THE species in the symbiosis, we evaluated photosynthetic ATACAMA DESERT processes both in situ and in the laboratory by measuring effective quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and A. Galetovic1, N. Fernandez1, H. Olivares1, J. electron transport rate of photosystem II. The primary DiRuggiero2 and B. Gomez-Silva1 question we addressed was as follows: Is the ([email protected]) ecological integration of these species reflected in a 1Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile corresponding physiological integration involving 2Johns Hopkins University, USA photosynthetic process? Accordingly, in laboratory culture we measured changes in quantum yield over a Evaporitic sodium chloride rocks (halites) are one of seven-day period in thalli of both species when the most extreme habitats in our planet where the type cultured in isolation, and when cultured together either of inhabiting microorganisms and their survival attached or detached from each other. While quantum strategies can be addressed. Halites from the Atacama yield of A. nodosum showed no significant variation Desert are colonized by a non-culturable among conditions, V. lanosa showed increasing cyanobacterium of the genus Halothece. The quantum yield in the following conditions: (1) V. cyanobacterium uses exopolysaccharides (EPS) to lanosa alone, (2) V. lanosa in the same culture, but not tolerate long desiccation periods and we took attached to A. nodosum, and (3) V. lanosa attached to advantage of this property during our isolation A. nodosum. These results are consistent with a strategy. Morphology, integrity and slow division were separate experiment where electron transport rate was maintained for at least five months on agar plates reduced in V. lanosa cultured alone vs. attached to A. supplemented with commercial alginate and/or EPS nodosum. Values for quantum yield measured in situ from heterotrophic and phototrophic microorganisms in fully moistened thalli were similar to those isolated from various habitats in the Atacama Desert, measured in the laboratory; however, slightly Chile. However, increase in growth rate was not desiccated thalli exposed to air for several hours had obtained under these improved conditions. Scytonemin greatly reduced Fv/Fm. These results provide concrete diminishes the deleterious effects of ultraviolet light. evidence of a physiological association of the epiphyte In our cyanobacterium, the scytonemin to chlorophyll and its host that reflects the known ecology. ratio was 15-20 times higher in epilithic cells than endolithic cells. Similar results were obtained using

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92 complex evolutionary history involving vertical and LAURENCIA NATALENSIS KYLIN horizontal transmission. Here we examine the (CERAMIALES): A NEW RECORD FOR evolutionary history of well-conserved, nitrogen THE ATLANTIC OCEAN assimilating enzymes to determine if a similar complex history is observed. Phylogenetic analyses G. C. Garcia-Soto and J. M. Lopez-Bautista suggest that genes encoding nitrate reductase and ([email protected]) glutamine synthetase (GS) III in the prasinophytes University of Alabama, USA evolved by horizontal gene transfer from a member of the chromalveolates. In contrast to GSIII (which is We report for the first time the species Laurencia predicted to be localized to the mitochondria or natalensis Kylin (Ceramiales) for the Atlantic Ocean. chloroplast), GSII was found only in Micromonas and Once thought to be restricted to the Indian Ocean, the appears to function in the cytosol. Phylogenetic presence of this species in the Atlantic is confirmed in analyses place the Micromonas GSIIs in a larger this study by molecular analysis of the plastid-encoded chlorophyte/vascular plant clade; a similar topology large subunit ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/ was observed for the ferredoxin-dependent nitrite oxygenase gene (rbcL). Samples were collected in the reductases from both Micromonas and Ostreococcus. Paraguana Peninsula (Falcon), Venezuela in the Thus genes encoding the nitrogen assimilating intertidal zone during a collection made on January enzymes in Micromonas and Ostreococcus have been 2012. Specimens were preserved in formaldehyde for differentially lost and also recruited from several anatomical studies and in silica-gel for molecular different evolutionary lineages, suggesting that the analysis. After DNA extraction, the rbcL sequence was regulation of nitrogen assimilation in prasinophytes obtained using different primer combinations. An differs from other green algae. alignment (1,210 bp.) was made with the Venezuelan sequence and 71 taxa (from the Tribe Laurenciae) 94 available in GenBank. Molecular phylogenetic SULFUR: AN UNDERESTIMATED FOCAL analyses were performed using Bayesian Inference and POINT IN ALGAL EVOLUTION AND Maximum Likelihood. A well supported clade was ECOLOGY recovered (100% posterior probability) unequivocally placing our specimen as conspecific of L. natalensis M. Giordano1, S. Ratti1, L. Whitney1, L. Prioretti1 and from Africa. Based on the results of the phylogenies, A. H. Knoll2 we discuss some insights about the molecular ([email protected]) phylogeny of the Laurencia complex with emphasis on 1Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy its generic circumscription. Further anatomical studies 2Harvard University, USA are required to contribute to a comprehensive During the Mesozoic Era, phytoplankton with description of L. natalensis. chloroplasts derived from secondary endosymbiosis with red algae (algae of the red lineage) became 93 prominent primary producers in continental shelf waters, succeeding an earlier biota in which green MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF algae and cyanobacteria were more abundant. This NITROGEN ASSIMILATORY PATHWAYS transition occurred concomitantly with an increase in IN SELECT MARINE PRASINOPHYTES the sulfate concentration of seawater. We hypothesized that the progressive increase of sulfate availability S. Ghoshroy and D. L. Robertson facilitated the evolutionary transition in marine ([email protected]) phytoplankton. To test this hypothesis we cultured a Clark University, USA number of algal species grown at different sulfate concentrations. Overall, the algae of the red lineage Nitrogen assimilation is a highly regulated process appeared to be more sensitive to low sulfate requiring metabolic coordination of enzymes and availability. Also the organic and elemental pathways in the cytosol, chloroplast, and composition of cells was affected by the sulfate mitochondria. Previous studies of prasinophyte concentration used for growth, affecting the interaction genomes revealed that nitrogen transporters have a of phytoplankton with their grazers. Collectively, our

35 results suggest that increase in seawater sulfate were dominant with Diploria spp. and Porites spp. concentration through geologic history may have while at the southwest filamentous algae and facilitated the evolutionary expansion of cyanophytes were dominant with Montastrea phytoplankton of the red lineage, but probably not to faveolata. In some sites we found evidences of a direct the exclusion of other biological and environmental contact coral-algae and senescent mortality and in the factors. In order to assess what is the mechanism central area of ARNP, coral living tissue was bleached. behind these differential responses of phytoplankton, we are now studying the sulfate assimilation pathway 96 in a cyanobacterium, a green alga, a diatom and a OPTIMIZING MICROALGAL GROWTH IN dinoflagellate. Although some obvious differences WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS emerge among these organisms, the results are not easily interpretable with respect to the evolutionary J. M. Graham1 and L. Novoveska2 trajectories of phytoplankton. However, the data ([email protected]) obtained reveal unexpected features of sulfate 1University of Wisconsin, USA assimilation. The ensemble of our results will be 2Algae Systems, LLC, USA discussed with reference to ecology and evolution. Microalgae can potentially produce 30 times more 95 liquid fuel oil per hectare than terrestrial plants without CHARACTERIZATION OF THE competing for agricultural land. If microalgal INTERACTION MACROALGAE – CORAL production is carried out in wastewater, algal biomass IN THE ALACRANES REEF NATIONAL production could outperform terrestrial crops while PARK, SOUTHERN GULF OF MEXICO offering the prospect of effluent bioremediation. Production and sale of algal feedstock for biofuels D. J. González Vázquez1, I. Ortegon Aznar1, H. Leon could offset increased costs of wastewater treatment Tejera2, A. A. Morales Guadarrama1 and A. Aguilar associated with new N and P reduction mandates. Perera1 Algal production in wastewaters, however, presents a ([email protected]) number of challenges. To be economical for biofuel 1Autonomus University of Yucatán, Mexico feedstock, microalgae must be grown to high density 2National Autonomus University of Mexico, Mexico (> 1.5 g dry weight/liter) at a rapid rate. Resistant algal species may be isolated from effluents to overcome Macroalgae outcompete with corals for space, which is potential pathogens, competitors, and predators. promoted by nutrient loading, and reduction of Micronutrients such as magnesium and iron can herbivores. Information on interactions between become in such short supply that growth is severely macroalgae and corals is practically unknown in study reduced, even with abundant N and P. Furthermore, site. This work documents those interactions in the microalgae use a hundred atoms of carbon for each Alacranes Reef National Park (ARNP). Data were atom of phosphorus. Ambient carbon dioxide at about collected in seven sampling sites within 5 quadrants 400 ppm is not sufficient to achieve a maximum along two 25 m transects at three areas: northwest, growth rate. Carbon dioxide must be provided in the center and southwest. Algal cover by functional form, range of 25,000 ppm or greater. total coral cover, type of interaction (macroalgae/ cyanophyta/coral), and state of living/dead tissue were 97 recorded. Seven algae functional forms and 16 stony AN OVERVIEW OF EUTROPHICATION – coral species were recorded overall, with the following INDUCED HYPOXIA AND COASTAL DEAD percentage cover: algae (36%), living hexacorals ZONES (27%), calcareous rock (29%), and other benthic organisms (8%). Concerning major algal groups and L. E. Graham functional forms distribution and cover we found ([email protected]) several differences: At the Northwest zone, Lobophora University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA spp. and Dictyota spp. were dominant altogether with Montastrea spp. At the central area, Halimeda spp.

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Eutrophication-induced hypoxia (EIH), reduction of plant attributes. Methanotrophs, nitrogen-fixers, dissolved oxygen (DO) to levels incompatible with nitrogenases of diverse types, and vitamin synthesis survival of coastal populations of fish and benthic pathway genes were present. Algae-associated fauna, is a consequence of increased phytoplankton methanotrophs may prove useful in technologies for production that is decayed by microbial respiration. converting methane to liquid fuels; streptophyte EIH also fosters shifts toward microbial dominated nitrogen-fixers might aid efforts to improve the N2- ecosystems in which sulfate reduction generates the fixation capacity of agricultural plants, and poisonous gas hydrogen sulfide. The occurrence of microbiome information can facilitate technological EIH is linked to global increases in the number and use of algal systems to safely remove nutrients from persistence of coastal dead zones having reduced wastewater effluents, thereby improving fisheries production and consequently is of societal environmental quality and at the same time generating concern. The strength of the association between industrially useful products. coastal dead zones and anthropogenic fertilization of nearshore waters is indicated by geographic 99 occurrence at sites where watersheds deliver large TRENTEPOHLIALES (ULVOPHYCEAE, quantities of nutrients into coastal oceans and near CHLOROPHYTA) FROM COASTAL major population centers, and by cases of documented SOUTH CAROLINA recovery when fertilization rates have decreased, by reducing sewage effluents, for example. Although M. S. Green1, B. Ball2, F. Lutzoni2, H. Zi-Min3 and J. multiple factors, including global climate change, López-Bautista3 foster the occurrence of EIH, the key to reducing dead ([email protected]) zones is to prevent the movement of fertilizers into 1Tennessee Technological University, USA coastal oceans, thereby reducing the over-production 2Duke University, USA of organic C whose decay consumes DO. 3University of Alabama, USA

98 The Trentepohliales is an order of algae that occurs in TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF subaerial habitats and sometimes in symbiosis with FRESHWATER GREEN ALGAL lichenized fungi. The trentepohlialean algae are most MICROBIOMES abundant in warm humid climates, however they can be found in cooler temperate zones. Most ecological

research with this order has occurred outside the L. E. Graham, J. J. Knack, J. M. Graham, M. continental United States with emphasis on free-living Piotrowski and B. D. Smith subaerial epiphytes. This research project investigated ([email protected]) the diversity and ecology of subaerial and lichenized University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Trentepohliales from selected coastal forests of South

Carolina. Species identifications were based on Algae are known to perform globally significant microscopic observations, culture collections and biogeochemical functions. Recent observations reveal molecular sequencing of the chloroplast-encoded large that algae also provide extensive substratum rich in subunit of the ribulose-1,5-bisphoshate/oxygenase oxygen and organic carbon for diverse epibiontic (rbcL) gene. Several different species of free-living microorganisms that aid host growth and extend algal Trentepohlia, Printzina, and Cephaleuros were ecological functions in surprising ways, including documented. Phycobiont diversity was explored methane oxidation and nitrogen fixation. We among four distinct fungal classes which represented compared microbiomes derived from Roche 454 seven different genera of lichen forming fungi: shotgun sequencing and 16S amplicon analysis for [Arthoniomycetes (Herpothallon)], [Dothideomycetes green algal taxa having ecological and/or evolutionary (Astrothelium and Trypethelium)], [Eurotiomycetes, significance: A) the widespread, nuisance bloom- (Pyrenula and Strigula)] and [Lecanoramycetes forming, periphytic chlorophyte Cladophora – recently (Graphis, Phaeographina and Phaeographis)]. The characterized as an ecological engineer; and B) several streptophyte algae, known to be closely related to the use of rbcL primers to amplify genetic sequences of this plastid gene has continued to aid in the ancestry of land plants, therefore revealing ancient phylogenetic analysis of this algal group. Only

37 recently have researchers begun to move toward 101 revealing the rich diversity of this elusive order. In THE FUTURE OF SEAWEED agreement with previous research, the results of this CULTIVATION study indicated that taxonomic schemes produced from morphological characters previously used for J. T. Hafting1, D. B. Stengel2, M. D. Edwards2, R. R. classification are not congruent with phylogenetic trees Loureiro3, J. S. Craigie4 and A. T. Critchley1 inferred from gene sequence information. ([email protected]) 1Acadian Seaplants Limited, Canada 100 2National University of Ireland, Ireland VARIETY OF LIFESTYLES – LIKENESS 3Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4 OF TRAITS: AN INTEGRATIVE CASE National Research Council Canada, Canada STUDY ON THE GENUS COCCOMYXA Industrial-scale seaweed cultivation has been (TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA) instrumental to the globalization of the seaweed

industry since the 1950s. The domestication of L. Gustavs1, T. Darienko2, A. Eggert1, W. Wolf1, U. 1 1 seaweed cultivars in the 1940s ended the reliance on Karsten and T. Pröschold natural cycles of raw material availability for some ([email protected]) species. Efforts to cultivate domesticated seaweeds 1University of Rostock, Germany 2 were driven by market demands that far exceeded the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine available supplies. The success of seaweed cultivation

is unrivaled in mariculture, with 94% of annual The genus Coccomyxa belongs to a group of green seaweed biomass utilized globally derived from algae (Trebouxiophyceae), which plays an important cultivated sources. In the last decade, phycological role in various terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They research has confirmed seaweeds as rich sources of occur as photobionts of asco- and basidiolichens, as potentially valuable, health promoting, compounds; endosymbionts in certain ciliates or free-living in resulting in a partial shift away from the production of aerial biofilms and as phytoplankton in aquatic commodities (food and hydrocolloids) towards the habitats. In the present study we investigated more production of value-added seaweed biomass. than 40 Coccomyxa strains from different ecosystems Consumer demand will ultimately drive the and lifestyles. To discover functional biodiversity of development of a new seaweed industry based on this common small green alga we combined molecular functionality and efficacy. Most existing seaweed with morphological and ecophysiological data in an cultivars and current cultivation techniques have been integrative approach. We focus on the ability to developed for the production of commoditized accumulate ribitol as major stress metabolite in free- biomass, and may not be optimized for the production living species and as important energy source in of bioactive compounds of high value. The future of symbiotic associations, respectively. Phylogenetic the seaweed industry will include the development of results based on SSU and ITS rDNA sequences high value markets for functional foods, nutraceuticals, showed that strains of Coccomyxa belong to at least and pharmaceuticals. Entry into these markets will three independent lineages within the Elliptochloris- require a level of standardization, efficacy, and clade of the Trebouxiophyceae. Surprisingly, two of traceability that has not been demanded of seaweeds in these subclades contain strains of different habitats the past. Both internal concentrations and composition (free-living and photobionts of lichens) demonstrating of bioactive compounds can fluctuate seasonally, the versatility of the investigated algae. To geographically, bathymetrically, and genetically even discriminate Coccomyxa at species level, we used the within individual species. History has shown that secondary structures of ITS-2 rDNA sequences as successful expansion of seaweed products into new DNA barcode marker. markets requires the development of domesticated

seaweed cultivation, but future demands put on a new

industry based upon efficacy and standardization will

require the domestication of new species, further

selection of improved cultivars, a refinement of

38 existing cultivation techniques and improved quality Fronds of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum remove control. colonizing epiphytes by intermittently shedding parts of the surface into the aqueous environment. This 102 shedding involves epidermal cells dividing without MOLECULAR BASIS FOR COMPATIBLE mitosis to produce an outer layer of small, anucleate SOLUTE ACCUMULATION IN cells which then detach in localized patches along with CYANOBACTERIA AND RED ALGAE the colonizing organisms. Fronds were collected weekly between June and August to monitor frond M. Hagemann growth, shedding and to collect tissue for microscopy. ([email protected]) Hand sections of living fronds were used to establish a University of Rostock, Germany method for reliably permeabilizing the epidermal cells with fluorescent dyes to stain nuclei and other cell Changing or high concentrations of inorganic salts components for light, fluorescence and confocal laser (salt stress) represent one of the main environmental scanning microscopy. Previously fixed and resin- factors determining the occurrence of organisms in embedded tissue was sectioned to examine cell size, different habitats. Salt stress includes at least two shape and patterns of cell division in the epidermis. primary stress components: the high amounts of Weekly sampling revealed that shedding occurred inorganic ions exhibit direct toxic effects and the high throughout the summer. No specific pattern in the osmotic potential in the surrounding soaks water out of distribution of shedding at the tips of the fronds was the cell abolishing the capability of growth. Therefore, detected. Thick sections of fixed and embedded fronds the cellular salt acclimation includes the active export revealed some remnants of the previously shed layer of inorganic ions and the accumulation of non- on the thick outer cell walls of the popcorn-shaped charged, low molecular organic compounds epidermal cells. The red fluorescent DNA-binding dye (compatible solutes) keeping water inside the cell. propidium iodide was selected to track the location of These acclimation strategies were studied among epidermal cell nuclei during the shedding process. cyanobacteria with laboratory strains of different salt Fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning tolerance levels defining genes and proteins involved microscopy confirmed that the shed layers seldom in the acclimation to high external salinities. In my contained nuclei. Moreover, re-examination of talk, I will summarize the current knowledge and electron microscope images of shed layers confirmed illustrate how mining of cyanobacterial genomes that the cells are incomplete. A typical shed cell revealed novel insights in salt acclimation strategies consists of an outer cell wall and the adjoining side among marine cyanobacteria. Eukaryotic algae also walls, but it is wall-less on the side where it detached accumulate different compatible solutes to thrive in from the underlying the epidermal cell layer of the waters of different salinities, but the molecular basis of frond. Shedding occurs continuously during the their syntheses is less well known. Applying our summer and efficiently removes adhering strategy to study cyanobacterial compatible solute microorganisms through a modified form of accumulation, we were able to identify the gene for cytokinesis that results in a minimal loss of cell isofloridoside synthesis in the unicellular red alga contents. Galdieria sulphuraria. 104 103 PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF A SELF-CLEANING SEAWEED: CELL THE UNICELLULAR GREEN ALGA DIVISION WITHOUT MITOSIS IN CYLINDROCYSTIS ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM (ZYGNEMATOPHYCEAE, CHAROPHYTA)

1 2 3 L. S. Halat, M. E. Galway and D. J. Garbary J. D. Hall , J. C. Adair and R. M. McCourt ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 1 St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Academy of Natural Sciences, USA 2 Drexel University, USA 3Academy of Natural Sciences and Drexel University, USA

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Taxonomy of the polyphyletic genus Cylindrocystis is oxygen and carbon production and net carbon complicated by a lack of structural characteristics in production were independent of nutrient limited the vegetative cells. Formation and ornamentation of growth rate. In contrast, all measures of photosynthetic the zygospores are important for the identification of efficiency were strongly dependent on nutrient species. However, zygospores are rarely encountered availability in M. pusilla. This marked difference was in field material and the true distribution of most accompanied by a diminished relationship between species is poorly understood. To better understand Chl:C and growth rate. Our results suggest that taxonomy in the genus, we investigated dozens of energetic requirements for motility may cause this strains from public culture collections as well as difference and that a different model describing strains isolated from North America. Mating photosynthetic energy utilization is needed for experiments were performed to obtain mature spores phytoplankton with strong energetic demands for for identification. In addition, two genes were motility. sequenced from each strain and subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses. Strains with vegetative 106 morphology consistent with the widely reported DIFFERENCE OF GENE EXPRESSION species Cylindrocystis brebissonii were found in BETWEEN THE MALE AND FEMALE multiple lineages within the phylogeny. In addition, GAMETES IN A BROWN ALGA, new lineages of Cylindrocystis were discovered. Based SCYTOSIPHON LOMENTARIA on phylogenetic placement and reproductive characteristics, two species new to science were 1 1 1 J. W. Han , T. A. Klochkova , J. B. Shim , T. discovered. 2 2 1 Motomura , C. Nagasato and G. H. Kim ([email protected]) 105 1Kongju National University, Republic of Korea CONTRASTING STRATEGIES OF 2Hokkaido University, Japan PHOTOSYNTHETIC ENERGY UTILIZATION IN ECOLOGICALLY The fusion of isogamous gametes of Scytosiphon IMPORTANT PICOEUKARYOTES lomentaria is the most primitive form of mating. This system could be used to analyze differences between

the male and female sexes in algae. Proteomes of male K. H. Halsey, J. E. Berkstresser and M. J. Behrenfeld and female gametes were compared to isolate sex ([email protected]) related proteins. 2-DE analyses showed that most Oregon State University, USA proteins (~700 protein spots in total) were expressed in

both gametes. Only 12 proteins were expressed as sex- The efficiency with which absorbed light is converted specific, which is <1% of the total number of detected to net growth is a key property for estimating global protein spots. The most reliable proteins from each gel carbon production. We previously showed that, despite were selected and sequenced. Male-specific protein considerable evolutionary distance, Dunaliella was identified as a GTP-binding protein, which is tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae) and Thalassiosira known to be involved in signal transduction. Female- weissflogii (Bacillariophyceae) share a common specific protein was identified as succinate- strategy of photosynthetic energy utilization and nearly semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADHD), which is identical light energy conversion efficiencies. These involved in energy metabolism pathway in findings suggested that a single model might be mitochondria. The expression levels of the genes appropriate for describing relationships between before and after fertilization were analyzed using q- measures of phytoplankton production. This PCR method. High-expression of both genes was conclusion was further evaluated for Ostreococcus observed in each sample before fertilization, whereas tauri and Micromonas pusilla (Chlorophyta, during the development of zygotes it was reduced. Prasinophyceae), two picoeukaryotes with contrasting geographic distributions and swimming abilities. Mitochondrial gene and signal transduction related genes were analyzed using 454-pyrosequencing Nutrient-dependent photosynthetic efficiencies in O. method. The role of sex-specific genes is discussed in tauri were similar to the previously-studied larger this study. algae. Specifically, absorption-normalized gross

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107 function. Field measurements have shown that cellular MACROALGAL COMPONENT OF A brevetoxins vary from 1‒68 pg/cell but the source of NOVEL MARINE RECIRCULATING LAND- this variability is uncertain. The carbon:nutrient BASED INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC balance hypothesis, which was originally developed AQUACULTURE SYSTEM for terrestrial plants, predicts that nutrient-limited growth will be accompanied by a diversion of fixed

carbon into increased levels of carbon-based defensive M. D. Hanisak and P. S. Wills compounds or structures. Consistent with this ([email protected]) Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic hypothesis, data from various harmful algal bloom University, USA species have shown that nutrient limitation increases cellular toxin content. Historically, however, the effect In integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), of nutrients on K. brevis toxicity has been macroalgae may serve as the assimilative component controversial. This study was undertaken to examine to utilize nutrients from the system‘s animal wastes. A the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) prototype of a new concept in land-based marine limitation of growth rate on cellular brevetoxins in closed-system IMTA has been developed that uses a geographically diverse K. brevis strains. N- and P- centralized filtration system to deliver controlled limited cells had 2- to 3-fold higher PbTx per unit of volumes of selected pretreated waste streams to each cell volume or cell carbon. The percent of total cellular system component and potentially resolves water carbon associated with brevetoxins (%C-PbTx) was 1- quality and flow distribution issues related to 4% in N-replete cultures and 5-9% in the N-limited traditional serial-flow closed-system IMTA designs. cells. Similarly, %C-PbTx in P-replete isolates ranged Production and nitrogen and phosphate removal were from 0.7 to 2.1% in P-replete cells, but increased to compared during the past year in side-by-side 1.6‒5% under P-limitation. Because PbTxs are potent comparisons (three 11.1-m2 tanks per species), for two anti-grazing compounds, this increased investment in species of macroalgae, Gracilaria tikvahiae and Ulva PbTxs should enhance cellular survival during periods lactuca; both have been in outdoor cultivation for of nutrient-limited growth. The %C-PbTx for all decades and are capable of sustained productivities isolates was also found to be inversely related to (ca. 25 g dry weight m-2 d-1). Both species had high specific growth rate, which is consistent with an productivity and nutrient removal rates, but after evolutionary tradeoff between carbon investment in several months Gracilaria became increasingly PbTxs and other grazing defenses, and carbon epiphytized due to continuous high enrichment. Ulva investment in growth and reproduction. These results outperformed Gracilaria at the elevated pH (>9) in the suggest that N- and P-limitation are important factors system. The next step is to refine culture conditions in regulating cellular toxicity and contribute to the the protoytpe with the goal of developing Ulva as the adverse economic and human health effects caused by primary macroalgal species in this system. K. brevis blooms.

108 109 WHEN HUNGRY, KARENIA BREVIS GOES SEASONAL AND SPATIAL TRENDS IN AN TOXIC EPIPHYTIC MACROALGAL COMMUNITY IN A MANGROVE BASIN FOREST D. R. Hardison1, W. G. Sunda1, D. Shea2, P. A. Tester1 and R. W. Litaker2 C. S. Hargenrader and K. S. Beach ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 1NOAA, USA The University of Tampa, USA 2North Carolina State University, USA Mangals provide hard substrates that host many Karenia brevis is the dominant toxic red tide species in species of macroalgae. These communities the Gulf of Mexico. It produces potent neurotoxins contribute significant amounts of fixed carbon to (brevetoxins [PbTxs]), which negatively impact human these systems. Trends in primary production, and animal health, local economies, and ecosystem biomass, and stress tolerance have received

41 limited attention despite the prevalence of this from French Atlantic sites. This highly invasive community type in mangal intertidal zones. This species is already established in the central Atlantic study examines the variation in ecophysiology and coast of Morocco and may spread towards nearby biomass of epiphytes in a basin forest in Tampa areas, affecting both the structure and composition of Bay, Florida, over seasonal as well as horizontal benthic populations. Phenological and ecological data of S. muticum in the Atlantic Morocco new sites are (m) and vertical (cm) spatial scales. With described. Guidelines for prevention of further increased distance into basin forest, expansion of this allochtonous species along the pneumatophore density and height increased African shorelines and nearby oceanic archipelagos are providing a greater amount of hard substrate for discussed. the attachment and growth of epiphytes. Biomass per pneumatophore surface area was lowest in 111 winter and fall, increased in the spring and was GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE BROWN highest in summer. Distribution of the biomass ALGAL GENUS CLADOSTEPHUS was spatially complex with variations driven by (SPHACELARIALES) vertical and horizontal trends that altered with season. Chlorophyll a concentrations varied by S. Heesch season with peaks both in the summer in ([email protected]) conjunction with the highest algal biomass and in National University of Ireland, Ireland winter when biomass was low but the community The macroalgal genus Cladostephus (Sphacelariales, composition appeared to have a greater abundance Phaeophyceae) is found world-wide along coasts in of chlorophyte algae. temperate regions. Four of its valid species are considered endemic in South America, whilst 110 specimens from the rest of the world are currently SARGASSUM MUTICUM ON THE attributed to a single, cosmopolitan species, C. ATLANTIC COAST OF MOROCCO: NEW spongiosus (Hudson) C. Agardh. However, RECORD AND RISKS OF ITS POTENTIAL comparisons of molecular markers from samples EXPANSION ALONG AFRICAN SHORES within the geographic range of C. spongiosus, AND NEARBY AREAS including Europe, North America and the Southwest Pacific, suggest that at least three genetic entities are

1 2 2 2 treated under this name, requiring the reinstatement of R. Haroun , S. El Atouani , A. Reani and B. Sabour Cladostephus species which have been previously ([email protected]) 1University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain synonymised with C. spongiosus based on 2Chouaib Doukkali University, Morocco morphology.

A new brown macroalga was discovered in the 112 shoreline of Doukkala (Casablanca – El Jadida) in TRANSCRIPTOMIC ACCLIMATION IN November 2011. Later surveys discovered new SACCHARINA LATISSIMA populations in tide pools and shallow subtidal areas along the Moroccan Atlantic coast. The species was S. Heinrich, K. Valentin, S. Frickenhaus and C. identified as the highly invasive Sargassum muticum, Wiencke which was introduced into Europe along both the ([email protected]) Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts from Far East Asia Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, in the mid-1970s, in association with transfers of Germany oyster spats. Since then, S. muticum has expanded its distributional range in the European continent and has Kelps, brown algae of the order Laminariales, been reported along its Atlantic shores from Norway to dominate rocky shores of cold-temperate regions. The Portugal. The vector of introduction in Morocco was distribution of kelps is constrained by abiotic factors identified again as the transfer of oyster spats coming like light including UV radiation, and temperature.

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Future global environmental changes could therefore represented as a rhodolith-forming species, entirely have a potentially significant impact on geographic subtidal and only rarely observed as a crust. Crusts distribution patterns, vertical zonation, and primary currently called L. incrustans matched the sequence of productivity of kelp. We established a cDNA library of the type of L. hibernicum, historically known only as a Saccharina latissima consisting of 400,503 ESTs, rhodolith-forming species. Finally, L. dentatum which were assembled to 28,803 contigs. Sporophytes appears to be restricted to the Mediterranean Sea. Our of S. latissima were exposed in multifactorial results indicate that the diversity of Lithophyllum in experiments to combinations of light intensities, UV Atlantic Europe has been underestimated and radiation and temperatures. Subsequently microarray additional type specimens of European species of hybridizations were performed to determine changes in Lithophyllum need to be sequenced before we can fully gene expression patterns. S. latissima responds to apply species names with confidence. abiotic stress with a multitude of transcriptional changes. Expression profile changes in several 114 metabolic pathways included, e.g., carbohydrate CELLULAR ORIGIN OF TERPENES AND metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid CORPS EN CERISE IN THE RED SEAWEED metabolism. Additionally several stress responses LAURENCIA DENDROIDEA known from green plants like induction of ROS scavengers and induction of HSPs could be found. L. J. Hill1, L. S. Oliveira2, J. M. Assis1, F. L. Thompson2, Another critical component of the molecular R. C. Pereira3, G. M. Amado-Filho1 and L. T. Salgado1 acclimation mechanisms to excessive light in ([email protected]) Saccharina latissima is the induction of vitamin B6 1Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil biosynthesis. 2Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil 113 THE GENUS LITHOPHYLLUM In Laurencia dendroidea, terpenes are primarily stored (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) IN in organelles called corps en cerise (CC). These ATLANTIC EUROPE: MOLECULAR terpenes can be synthesized by two pathways, the DIVERSITY, SPECIES DELINIATION AND mevalonate (in cytosol, ER or Golgi derived vesicles), and the non-mevalonate (within chloroplasts). Thus, TAXONOMY we aimed to identify the cellular origin of CC and the role of mevalonate pathway in terpene synthesis. A J. J. Hernandez-Kantun1, F. Rindi2, V. Peña3 and P. 4 cytochemical assay was performed to localize active 3- W. Gabrielson hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, from ([email protected]) 1 mevalonate pathway. To determine the role of Golgi National University of Ireland, Ireland apparatus (GA) in traffic and storage of 2Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy 3Ghent University, Belgium terpenes/precursors, algae spores were treated with 4University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA Brefeldin A, a GA destabilizing drug. Then, spores were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Lithophyllum is the most diverse genus in the Order Immunofluorescence and transcriptomic analysis were Corallinales and family Corallinaceae with 110 performed to localize and identify bromoperoxidases. morpho-species. We analyzed the molecular diversity As main results, it was revealed the occurrence of of this genus in Atlantic Europe using psbA and rbcL vesicles containing terpenes precursors (mevalonate sequences obtained from new collections and type pathway), depending on GA activity. Peroxidases were specimens. The molecular data were also combined localized inside the CC (with halogenated elements), with anatomical, ecological and distributional data. indicating the occurrence of bromoperoxidases within Type specimens of L. incrustans, L. dentatum and L. CC. Bromoperoxidases sequences (cDNA) were hibernicum were successfully amplified, resulting in identified in L. dendroidea. Therefore, we suggest that 0% matches with names traditionally used for those vesicles containing terpenes (from mevalonate species. Lithophyllum incrustans is distributed from pathway) merge to form the CC, where North Atlantic Europe to the Mediterranean, bromoperoxidases act in the final step of terpene synthesis.

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115 1University of British Columbia, Canada 2 MOLECULAR ASSISTED ALPHA University of California, Berkeley, USA 3University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA TAXONOMY REVEALS PSEUDO-CRYPTIC

DIVERSITY AMONG SPECIES OF As oceans become more acidic, calcifying coralline BOSSIELLA (FLORIDEOPHYCEAE) IN algae are expected to decline. Recent molecular CANADA analyses have revealed our inability to differentiate species morphologically, to quantify extant diversity, 1 2 3 K. R. Hind , P. W. Gabrielson and G. W. Saunders and thus to detect shifts in species abundance in the ([email protected]) future. Using morphological measurements, 1 University of British Columbia, Canada contemporary DNA sequences, and historical 2University of North Carolina, USA 3 sequences from type specimens, we characterize the University of New Brunswick, Canada geniculate coralline alga Bossiella plumosa, the

generitype of Bossiella, plus eight additional species A floristic survey of the red algal genus Bossiella was that are often confused with B. plumosa. DNA conducted using molecular assisted alpha taxonomy extracted from the generitype of Pachyarthron, a (MAAT) and comparison to historical type specimens. genus traditionally confused with Bossiella, resolves in The MAAT approach uses gene sequence data to the genus Corallina. We recognize B. frondifera, a assess species diversity followed by additional study species previously placed in synonymy under B. including detailed morphological observations to plumosa but genetically distinct. We describe a B. delimit species. Currently, four species are recognized plumosa species complex, consisting of four in the genus Bossiella in the northeastern Pacific. genetically distinct but morphologically During a genetic screen using a DNA barcode marker, indistinguishable entities. We transfer Corallina mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI- frondescens to Bossiella based on clear generic 5P), we found evidence of 19 species groups, 17 of affinity. Finally, we describe three new Bossiella which have ranges that extend into Canada. Due to the species that are likely lurking under the name B. large number of species requiring taxonomic plumosa. Our results highlight the fact that we cannot assessment, we focused this study on those species rely solely on morphology to differentiate coralline with dichotomous branching (B. californica and B. algal species and that we have underestimated the orbigniana). We describe a new species (Bossiella sp. diversity of corallines worldwide. nov.), return the subspecies Bossiella californica subsp. schmittii to species status (Bossiella schmittii 117 (Manza) H.W. Johansen), and resurrect the species Bossiella dichotoma (Manza) P.C. Silva. This is the PITFALLS OF THE GENERAL MIXED first paper in a series that will attempt to elucidate YULE-COALESCENT MODEL FOR species diversity for the coralline algae of the AUTOMATIC SPECIES DELIMITATION IN northeastern Pacific by combining historical type PROTISTS material sequence data and contemporary collections. K. Hoef-Emden 116 ([email protected]) University of Cologne, Germany CONTEMPORARY AND HISTORICAL DNA SEQUENCES REVEAL EXTENSIVE The GMYC model has been proposed previously as a CRYPTIC SPECIES DIVERSITY IN THE possibility for automatic species delimitation in GENICULATE CORALLINE GENUS metazoa. As an advantage over other methods it was BOSSIELLA emphasized that no prior knowledge about biogeographic distribution would be required. Studies K. Hind1, P. T. Martone1, M. Young1, K. A. Miller2 have been published using GMYC in several animal and P. W. Gabrielson3 groups, in macroalgae and even in bacteria. GMYC ([email protected]) merges two models into one, the Yule process (speciation) and coalescence (intraspecific variation), to identify in a maximum likelihood approach a

44 threshold between the two processes and to set species GREEN ALGAE TO DESICCATION AND limits. Since partial nuclear LSU rDNA has been UV IN ARCTIC-ALPINE HABITATS proposed previously as a DNA barcode marker, a data set of sequences (approx. 900 nt) from A. Holzinger1, K. Herburger1 and U. Karsten2 morphologically and genetically characterized ([email protected]) Cryptomonas species is used here to demonstrate 1University of Innsbruck, Austria problems inherent in this method, but also inherent in 2University of Rostock, Germany protists. Green algae are widely recognized as aquatic 118 organisms, however, several members of the NITROGEN BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND Klebsormidiophyceae and Zygnemophyceae DIAZOTROPHIC CYANOBACTERIA: (Streptophyta) occur under terrestrial conditions. They LESSONS LEARNT IN AN AUSTRALIAN grow either on rocks, bark of trees, in soils as COASTAL LAGOON SYSTEM biological soil crusts or in habitats that fall dry occasionally. Living outside aquatic conditions these

green algae are regularly exposed to high ultra violet D. P. Holland, R. J. Woodland, J. Beardall and P. (UV) radiation and desiccation in their high alpine or Cook polar habitats. We investigated molecular- ([email protected]) taxonomically characterized Klebsormidium sp., as Monash University, Australia well as Zygnema sp. and Zygogonium ericetorum.

Upon experimental desiccation photosynthetic Fertilizer production and fossil fuel burning have performance decreased to a minimum, but after greatly increased the amount of bioavailable nitrogen rehydration initial levels were fully or partly gained, entering water bodies, leading to increased depending on the strain. High osmotic values (low eutrophication, algal blooms and coastal water ‗dead osmotic potential) were measured in Klebsormidium zones‘. Nitrogen is a dynamic and transient element sp. contributing to a pronounced water holding that has a major influence on phytoplankton growth capacity leading to desiccation tolerance. In Zygnema and population dynamics, and, conversely, sp. osmotic values were lower. Organelle integrity of phytoplankton has a major influence on the nitrogen chloroplasts and the nucleus was maintained during cycle. This influence is most dramatically illustrated desiccation as investigated by TEM. In Klebsormidium by the nitrogen fixing capacity of diazotrophic sp. cell walls were particularly flexible and followed cyanobacteria. A cyanobacterial bloom introduces vast the shrinkage process, which allows maintaining a amounts of nitrogen into the water, which is then turgor pressure even under water loss. Chemical and cycled through the food web and eventually removed immunological assays of the cell wall of via sequestration or denitrification. The toxic N-fixing Klebsormidium indicated, that the cross walls cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena (Mertens) particularly contain callose detected by aniline blue occurs in brackish water and blooms sporadically in test and with an antibody to (1-3)-ß-glucan. In the Gippsland Lakes in southeast Australia. These addition, the hemicelluloses (1-3, 1-4)-ß glucan, (1-4)- blooms are strongly influenced by catchment inflows ß-mannan and galacto-(1-4)-ß-mannan were detected. in winter-spring and subsequent biogeochemical In Zygnema sp. mostly pectin-like carbohydrates were cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus through the lake localized. High solar irradiation might also be a sediment. During a bloom, newly fixed nitrogen problem for aeroterrestrial algae. Experimental moves through the food web not through direct exposure of Zygnema sp. and Zygogonium ericetorum consumption by zooplankton, but rather through to enhanced UV and PAR radiation did not lead to consumption of bloom-associated bacteria. 200 years drastic ultrastructural and physiological changes. of European settlement have had a major impact on Large amounts of phenolics and hydrolysable tannins bloom occurrence in these lakes. were detected in sun-exposed field samples of both

species, which likely have protective capacities. 119

ADAPTATION STRATEGIES OF TERRESTRIAL STREPTOPHYCEAN

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120 diverse array of sand-dwelling dinoflagellates have DNA BARCODING OF THE ORDER been discovered. Here, we report on three new species BRYOPSIDALES (CHLOROPHYTA) from this particular habitat, one from each of the genera Prorocentrum, Pyramidodinium and J. Hong, H. Lee and M. Kim Testudodinium. The Prorocentrum species is ([email protected]) characterized by having an asymmetrical kidney- Jeju National University, Republic of Korea shaped cell, just like P. panamense. It is, however, distinguished from the latter by having a different type DNA barcoding has proven to be a useful tool for of surface ornamentation. Pyramidodinium sp. is resolving taxonomic problems on imprecise similar to the type species, P. atrofuscum, in having a delimitation morphologically and reaching a new pyramid-shaped non-motile form, but differs by discovery in macroalgae. The order Bryopsidales can possessing longer spines. Testudodinium sp. possesses be difficult to identify due to its very simple structure a typical morphology for the genus, but it can be and high morphological variation. In Korea, 5 genera distinguished from other species by lack of dorsal ribs with 46 species of Bryopsidales are reported, but the and by forming an unusual floating mass of non-motile taxonomy of each taxon still remains unclear. To cells. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on SSU confirm species diversity of Bryopsidales, especially rDNA revealed that the assignation to genus of each Bryopsis, Caulerpa, and Codium, we amplified and species was correct. In addition, the distinction sequenced rbcL exon 1 and tufA region known as between them and their nearest relative by virtue of useful marker for Chlorophyta. Both rbcL exon 1 and morphology was confirmed at the molecular level. tufA have sequenced with highly successful rates (more than 90 %) and provided good resolution for 122 identifying Korean Bryopsidales. These markers MACROMOLECULAR COMPOSITION helped to correct wrong identifications of Bryopsis and VARIES SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN Caulerpa species and to discover some cryptic species. GENETIC CLADES OF SYMBIODINIUM We confirmed 9 Codium, 3 Bryopsis, and one MICROADRIATICUM Caulerpa species. One cryptic species of Codium, having crustose and prostrate habit, is detected as M. Howes, B. H. Stuart and P. J. Ralph forming a monophyletic clade with Japanese ([email protected]) specimens. The specimens identified as Bryopsis University of Technology, Australia plumosa in the field are grouped with an Argentine specimen, but separated with a French specimen from Understanding the mechanisms involved in the process collecting near the type locality. It is necessary to of coral bleaching, and predicting its effect on the accumulate DNA barcoding data, such as rbcL and coral reefs of the world, has long been the focus of a tufA sequences, continuously in Bryopsidales to vast amount of research. However there is much more increase the accuracy of species delimitation. information available on the photosynthetic processes rather than its associated biochemistry. This could be 121 due to methodology; analysis of the macromolecular DEEP (30 – 50 M) SAND-DWELLING content of environmental organisms relies largely on MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES time consuming assays that sometimes underestimate the concentrations of proteins, carbohydrates and T. Horiguchi1, N. Yamada1, R. Moriya1 and R. lipids. This area of research could benefit greatly from Terada2 the development of a fast, accurate and comprehensive ([email protected]) screening technique that focuses on the system as a 1Hokkaido University, Japan whole. FTIR Spectroscopy is a method whereby a 2Kagoshima University, Japan ―biochemical snapshot‖ of a system can be obtained with very little sample preparation and in a very short The seafloor, at a depth of 30-50 m, off the Satsunan time. Here we demonstrate its ability to distinguish Islands, in subtropical Japan, consists of coral reef between clades of cultured Symbiodinium sands. By culturing the sand samples from this area, a microadriaticum grown under identical conditions,

46 based on their biochemical composition. The CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII UNDER development of various statistical models based on HIGH- AND LOW-LIGHT CONDITIONS FTIR spectra data could result in an effective screening method to assess coral health, and add to T. Ito1, M. Nishikawa2, K. Nakahigashi1, K. Ogawa2, current knowledge of the mechanisms of coral T. Soga2 and M. Tomita1 bleaching. ([email protected]) 1Keio University, Japan 123 2RIBS, Japan WIDE-RANGE INVASIVE SUCCESS DESPITE SEVERE POPULATION Microalgal TAG is expected for a next-generation GENETIC BOTTLENECK: A STUDY CASE biofuel feedstock, and C. reinhardtii has become a model for understanding mechanisms of TAG- OF RED SEAWEED GRACILARIA accumulation. Oil-rich green algae generally VERMICULOPHYLLA accumulate starch and TAG under nutrient deficient or other stress conditions, but they rapidly grow with Z. M. Hu1, M. S. Depriest2, D. L. Duan1 and J. 2 minimal storage materials under normal conditions. Lopez-Bautista However, the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase over- ([email protected]) 1 expressor strain (GSH1 ox) of C. reinhardtii Chinese Academy of Sciences, China accumulates starch during growth phase under 2University of Alabama, USA nitrogen sufficient conditions. In this study, GSH1 ox

and its parent strain CC-503 were autotrophically Introduced seaweeds have caused detrimental impacts grown in flat-flasks with aeration. Continuous on marine environment and ecology. Based on illumination of high (180 μmol/m2/s) – or low (30 extensive specimen collection (125 localities, 608 μmol/m2/s) – light was supplied for culture. Under specimens), we compiled mtDNA Cox1 data of the both conditions, metabolome (mainly ionic metabolites invasive Gracilaria vermiculophylla, a red seaweed and glycerolipids) analyses by using capillary reported to invade North American and European electrophoresis- and liquid chromatography-mass coastlines from Asia-Pacific during the past few spectrometry were performed for exponentially decades, aiming to understand the possible invasion growing cells. There were significant differences pathways and population genetic divergences. Genetic between two strains in amounts of TAGs, glycolipids analyses indicated two regions as the most probable and pigments. The other metabolic profiles between sources for the global invasion, south coast of South two strains under high- or low-light conditions were Korea, and Japan. Biogeographic distributions of also determined. unique haplotypes reveal six introduction routes as follows: three primary routes from Japan to Northeast Pacific, West Atlantic, and East Atlantic, respectively; 125 three additional routes representing separate FLAGELLAR APPARATUS OF introductions from the Far East, Russia to the SCHIZOCHYTRIUM AGGREGATUM Northeast Pacific, West Atlantic and East Atlantic. In (STRAMENOPILES, addition, Virginia, USA, and Brittany, France, likely LABYRINTHULOMYCETES) served as the invasive bridgehead and played a crucial role in shaping the range expansion via secondary I. Iwata and D. Honda introduction. We also illustrated that invasive ([email protected]) populations of G. vermiculophylla underwent a severe Konan University, Japan population bottleneck effect, with extreme low genetic diversity in most of the secondary invaded areas. The Labyrinthulomycetes are characterized by an ectoplasmic net system originating from a unique 124 organelle, the bothrosome. The stramenopiles are a METABOLOME ANALYSIS OF THE major eukaryotic group, which includes not only GAMMA-GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE photosynthetic but also heterotrophic organisms such SYNTHETASE OVER-EXPRESSOR as phagotrophs, osmotrophs, and parasites. These

47 heterotrophs, including the Labyrinthulomycetes, are growth as well as feed intake, whereas L. digitata highly diverse, branching at an early stage. Therefore, markedly reduce it in comparison to Ulva rigida and molecular phylogenies have not provided enough Gracilaria cornea. The high nutritional value of P. information about the relationships among these palmata was mainly associated to its protein and groups. In this study, we investigated the ultrastructure carbohydrate composition. of Schizochytrium aggregatum, with a special focus on a comparison of the flagellar apparatus of zoospores to 127 reveal its morphological affinity with other PHYLOGENY OF SOME MICROSCOPIC stramenopile groups. S. aggregatum shared the DELESSERIACEAN SPECIES INCLUDING following morphological features with the ACROSORIUM (DELESSERIACEAE, phagotrophic flagellates, placidideans and bicosoecids: RHODOPHYTA) a paranuclear body located between the posterior part of the nucleus and the mitochondrion; dense vesicles S. Y. Jeong, B. Y. Won and T. O. Cho beneath the cell membrane; R2 extended posteriorly ([email protected]) and forming a split between the microtubules; a Chosun University, Republic of Korea mitochondrion associated with R2. It is suggested that the labyrinthulomycetes evolved from a phagotrophic 16 Acrosorium species are listed worldwide. Over 30 ancestor, and gained the abilities of decomposer samples of Acrosorium were investigated based on through the evolution of an ectoplasmic net system morphological and molecular analyses. Three major with a bothrosome. clades are recognized in our phylogenetic tree using

rbcL sequence data: A. polyneurum clade, A. yendoi 126 clade, and Acrosorium ciliolatum. Although previously NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF ULVA RIGIDA, only A. ciliolatum has been recognized by the presence GRACILARIA CORNEA, LAMINARIA of hooked branches, we observed different DIGITATA AND PALMARIA PALMATA FOR morphologies of hooked branches in A. polyneurum EUROPEAN ABALONE and A. yendoi. We also collected several microscopic blade species of Cryptopleura, Delesseria, M. Izquierdo, M. P. Viera, G. Courtoise de Vicoise, Erythroglossum, Haraldiophyllum, Hypoglossum, R. Haroun and H. Fernández-Palacios Martensia, and Schizoseris. A total of 43 taxa were ([email protected]) sequenced for rbcL and their phylogenetic analyses University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain were inferred from molecular data sets and morphological evidence. Different species of macroalgae form part of the natural food for abalone; some of them are used as 128 feed for the commercial production of these and other AN EXPLORATION OF SPONGIOCHRYSIS invertebrates. Since these macroalgae frequently (CHLOROPHYTA) AND THE SUBAERIAL belong to different families and environments, their MICROALGAL COMMUNITIES OF biochemical composition can markedly differ among them. Thus, the type of macroalgae fed to abalone can COASTAL HAWAIIAN CASUARINA TREES significantly affect their growth, covering different proportions of the nutritional requirements of this E. T. Johnston and A. R. Sherwood animal. In the present study, the nutritional quality of ([email protected]) Ulva rigida and Gracilaria cornea was compared to University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA that of Laminaria digitata and Palmaria palmata. Spongiochrysis hawaiiensis, a single-celled subaerial Protein, lipid, minerals, amino acid and fatty acid alga, was first described as a genus and species in composition were compared among the different algae. 2006 from a sample collected from the ocean-side bark These species were fed to Haliotis tuberculata for 176 of coastal Hawaiian Casuarina trees. Based on 18S days. Survival rates were very high (93-100%), (nuclear) sequence data, this species was placed in the regardless the macroalgae fed. However, feeding P. Cladophorales, representing the first subaerial species palmata significantly (P<0.05) improved abalone described within the order. This previous study used

48 material collected directly from the field to generate OF SARGASSUM HEMIPHYLLUM VAR. their sequence results, since unialgal cultures were not CHINENSE IN HONG KONG SAR, CHINA successful. However, subaerial communities are complex matrices that may contain many taxa, and Y. I. Kam and P. O. Ang definitively linking the morphology of S. hawaiiensis ([email protected]) with the sequence results obtained through these The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China methods is difficult. Additionally, the community structure of Hawaiian subaerial communities has not Physiological responses of the holdfast (HFS), slow yet been fully investigated and the diversity of these growing (SGS) and rapid growing stages (RGS) of communities is unknown. A two-pronged approach Sargassum hemiphyllum to different temperature and was taken as a step towards answering these questions: salinity stresses were examined. For temperature, all first, cells of topotype material were investigated stages showed a higher growth rate at a temperature morphologically using light microscopy and isolated 4oC lower than the field ambient. Adverse growth was for single-cell PCR of the 18S V4 region. Secondly, observed at warmer temperature (≥4oC above ambient the V4 region was sequenced from environmental temperature) and most individuals died at extremely samples using Roche 454 technology. high temperature (≥8oC above ambient temperature). A retarded growth was observed at lower temperature 129 (≤4oC below ambient temperature) and extremely low BIOASSESSMENT OF PETROLEUM (≤8oC below ambient) for SGS and RGS respectively. PRODUCTS‟ MIXTURES USING Moreover, SGS individuals exposed to 18-26oC MICROALGAE developed reproductive structures one month earlier than the field populations. For salinity, the optimal M. O. Kadiri and S. Isagba growth and survivorship were observed at normal ([email protected]) salinity (35‰) for all stages and a decreasing trend of University of Benin, Nigeria growth was observed with a drop in salinities. This study revealed variations in physiological tolerance at The effects of mixtures of water soluble fractions of different environmental stresses across algal life- refined petroleum products on the growth of three history stages and Hong Kong appears not to be the microalgae were assessed for the purpose of optimal place for them to grow. This species may not establishing the potential toxicity or stimulation of the be able to tolerate large temperature increase and may fuel oils. The refined petroleum products used were shift its range of distribution northward should the petrol, diesel and kerosene, at various concentrations trend of global climate change continues. of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% WSF and the test algae were Chlorella vulgaris, Desmodesmus 131 quadricauda and Ankistrodesmus falcatus. The MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND treatments investigated were singles, double mixtures TAXONOMY OF THE EUTREPTIALES, A and triple mixtures. Comparatively, the interactive and GROUP OF PHOTOTROPHIC EUGLENIDS combined effects of triple mixtures had the highest WITH ANCESTRAL TRAITS inhibition or growth retardation on the test algae, followed by the double mixtures while the single (no A. Kawaguchi1, T. Shiratori1, N. Yubuki2, B. S. combination) was least. Of the single mixtures, there Leander2 and T. Nakayama1 was growth stimulation of the test algae at lower ([email protected]) concentrations and growth inhibition at higher 1University of Tsukuba, Japan concentrations. In conclusion, D. quadricauda and C. 2University of British Columbia, Canada vulgaris were stimulated in many cases by the hydrocarbons studied. The Eutreptiales and the Euglenales are the two main clades of phototrophic euglenids. Members of the 130 Eutreptiales have two flagella that emerge from the TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY EFFECTS canal. The Eutreptiales currently includes two genera, ON DIFFERENT LIFE-HISTORY STAGES Eutreptia and Eutreptiella, separated only by the

49 relative lengths of the two emergent flagella. An structures such as mucilage grand cell/mucilaginous improved understanding of the phylogenetic duct, pneumatocyst, branching of stipe, etc., relationships within the Eutreptiales is important for Aureophycus retains most primitive morphological elucidating the earliest evolutional stages of features of the derived laminarialean taxa. Because of phototrophic euglenids. Therefore, we performed the unique morphological features of the sporophyte detailed molecular phylogenetic analyses of several morphology and independent phylogenetic position in new 18S and 28S rDNA sequences using the the order, we propose a new family to accommodate mixotrophic Rapaza viridis as an outgroup in order to the monotypic species. demonstrate that (1) Eutreptiella is paraphyletic and (2) the Eutreptiales consists of four main subclades. 133 From these data, we recommend that Eutreptiella PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF should be divided into three genera that are consistent BATRACHOSPERMUM GELATINOSUM with distinctive traits associated with the chloroplasts. (BATRACHOSPERMALES, This research also showed that the condition of two RHODOPHYTA) IN EUROPE emergent flagella with unequal lengths is an ancestral trait not only for the Eutreptiales but also for 1 1 2 3 E. J. Keil , T. R. Macy , J. Kwandrans , P. Eloranta , photosynthetic euglenids as a whole. By contrast, a 4 5 1 P. Tomas , M. Aboal and M. L. Vis single emergent flagellum and two emergent flagella ([email protected]) with equal lengths are traits that evolved secondarily 1 Ohio University, USA within phototrophic euglenoids. 2Institute of Nature Conservation, Poland 3University of Helsinki, Finland 132 4Laboratorio de Ensayos Tecnicos ENSAYA, Spain 5 SORUS FORMATION ON THE BASAL Universidad de Murcia, Spain SYSTEM IN AUREOPHYCUS ALEUTICUS The freshwater red alga Batrachospermum (LAMINARIALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE), AND gelatinosum (L.) DC. inhabits streams of Europe and ITS TAXONOMIC REVISION AT North America having been collected frequently on FAMILIAL RANK both continents. A study of this species showed little genetic variation throughout its range in eastern North H. Kawai1, T. Hanyuda1, K. Holser2 and L. M. 3 America. This study was initiated to investigate its Ridgway phylogeography throughout Europe. Specimens were ([email protected]) collected from Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, 1Kobe University, Japan 2 Poland, Great Britain, France, and Spain. Of the 37 St. George Island Research Institute, USA specimens analyzed, there were 8 COI haplotypes that 3Oceanus Alaska, USA differed by 1-8 bp. In addition, ITS variation was

surveyed and showed twice as many haplotypes and A second locality of the recently discovered kelp more base pair variation. A haplotype network of COI species Aureophycus aleuticus is found in St. George data showed most haplotypes were closely related but Island, the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea. New molecular those from Spain were more distant. For the ITS data, phyloengetic analyses using 8 chloroplast and the network had a star appearance and the specimen mitochondrial genes showed that A. aleuticus was from Spain differ little from the others, but two most basal among the so-called derived Laminariales haplotypes from Finland and Latvia were quite (i.e., Alariaceae/ Costariaceae/ Laminariaceae/ different. Compared to North America, there are more Lessoniaceae) and sister to Chordaceae. The species haplotypes present in Europe and the relationship was newly shown to form sorus of unilocular among haplotypes is more complex. The geographic zoidangia on the surface of the basal system (discoid distribution of haplotypes in relation to glaciation holdfast), a unique feature in Laminariales. The events will be explored. developmental process and anatomy of the sorus was similar to those of other derived kelps. Considering that Aureophycus is annual, and unlike any other derived laminarialean species, lacking any additional

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134 analysis of the DGDG synthase gene was consistent COMPARATIVE STUDY OF with a red algal origin. GALACTOLIPID COMPOSITION AND THE BIOSYNTHETIC GENE FOR 135 DIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL A PUTATIVE NEW SPECIES IN THE SYNTHASE IN VITRELLA FRESHWATER DIATOM GENUS BRASSICAFORMIS AND CHROMERA DIDYMOSPHENIA (BACILLARIOPHYTA) VELIA IN A RIVER IN CONNECTICUT, U.S.A

1 2 1 D. A. Khan-Bureau1, M. S. Beauchene2 and L. A. M. Khadka , J. L. Dahmen , M. Salem and J. D. 1 Leblond1 Lewis ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 1 1 University of Connecticut, USA Middle Tennessee State University, USA 2 2University of Missouri, USA Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental, USA

Vitrella brassicaformis belongs to the recently erected In 2011, a stalk-forming diatom closely resembling phylum Chromerida, and is another close Didymosphenia geminata was observed blooming in photosynthetic relative of non-photosynthetic the Farmington River, Connecticut. The mats formed apicomplexans described after Chromera velia. To by the bloom were washed away during two date, no studies have been published regarding the significant late summer storms, eliminating the algal biochemical study of its plastid lipids that could be blooms for 2011. Monitoring continued throughout useful for making a chemotaxonomic inference 2012 with no observations of Didymosphenia between V. brassicaformis and C. velia, and to the geminata until late November when a bloom occurred. presumed plastid ancestor of chromerids in general. In The cells were viewed with light microscopy and this study, we used a positive-ion electrospray further examinations performed because of the unusual ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) and compressed morphology of the diatom. Partial ESI/MS/MS approach to elucidate the fatty acid sequences of the 18S rRNA gene were obtained using regiochemical composition of two major plastid lipids, direct PCR of single cells isolated from an monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and environmental sample. The cells walls used in the PCR digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), in V. reaction were then recovered and viewed using SEM brassicaformis in order to provide a comparison with for verification. This observed diatom produces the forms of MGDG and DGDG as found in C. velia. copious mucilaginous stalks, forming mats that cover Additionally, a genomic approach using RNA-seq data the substrate and has the triundulate frustule was used to identify the gene for morphology similar to that of D. geminata although digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, which encodes considerably smaller at a consistent range of 50- 55 the enzyme responsible for converting MGDG to µm. Morphological and DNA analyses support that DGDG. V. brassicaformis primarily contained this is a new diatom species, which will be described C20/C14, C20/C16 and C20/C18 fatty acid elsewhere. components attached to the glycerol moiety of MGDG and DGDG; these forms of MGDG and DGDG 136 synthesized by V. brassicaformis are different and DIETARY EFFECT OF ALGAL FEED ON structurally more diverse than the previously identified THE GROWTH, CARCASS COMPOSITION C20/C20 forms that compose nearly the entirety of C. AND PIGMENTATION OF LABEO ROHITA velia‘s MGDG and DGDG. This biochemical AND CARASSIUS AURATUS difference is consistent with previously observed ultrastructural and pigmentation differences between N. Khatoon and R. Pal V. brassicaformis and C. velia, and agrees with their ([email protected]) classification under different orders, Vitrellaceae and University of Calcutta, India Chromeraceae, respectively. However, phylogenetic

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Feed has become the most important component of the cereals. Furthermore, Trxh may be involved in cellular culture system from the viewpoint of both fish protection against oxidative stress, modulation of production and cost. Due to the scarcity and escalating redox-dependent signaling cascades, and carbon and cost of fish meal algae are now considered as efficient nitrogen metabolism. Thus, this protein is likely to be feed ingredient due to its high nutritional values. A 12 involved in antioxidant systems, signaling pathways, week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the as well as developmental processes. Limited suitability of four unconventional algal genera, viz., information is available on the expression and specific Phormidium tenue, Nostoc ellipsosporum, functions of algal Trx during oxidative stress caused Synechocystis pevalekii and Rhizoclonium fontinale as by gamma irradiation. Radiation acts mainly through fish feed supplement for Labeo rohita and Carassius radiolysis of water molecules and induces the auratus. Market available fish meal was considered as production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which control feed. Algal biomass was mixed (40% for rohu cause extreme oxidative stress in cells. In the present and 70% for goldfish) with the control feed to study, proteomic changes were examined in Spirogyra formulate algae based value added feed. The varians following gamma irradiation. The S. varians proximate composition of feeds and experimental Trxh (SvTrxh) gene was isolated using internal fishes were analyzed. The specific growth rate, feed primers based on the partial amino acid sequence from intake rate and protein efficiency ratio recorded in both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of the experimental fish improved significantly when fed flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). with algal meal. Carcass protein, lipid and glycogen Characterization of SvTrxh revealed disulfide content increased for the algal diet. Colorimetric and reduction activity and differential expression patterns HPLC data showed increased amount of β-carotene in response to gamma irradiation. Moreover, the and astaxanthin in goldfish. The new composite algal results from this study suggest a potential function of meal can serve as an alternate replacement to the SvTrxh in protection of biomolecules from oxidative costly conventional fish feed. stress of gamma irradiation.

137 138 CLONING SPIROGYRA VARIANS COMPARATIVE TRANSCRIPTOME THIOREDOXIN H INDUCED BY GAMMA ANALYSIS OF THE REGENERATING IRRADIATION AND ENZYMATIC PROTOPLASTS OF BRYOPSIS PLUMOSA CHARACTERIZATION G. H. Kim, T. A. Klochkova and J. W. Han D. H. Kim1, J. Choi2, S. Y. Lim1 and M. H. Cho1 ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Kongju National University, Republic of Korea 1Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Republic of Korea 2Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea The protoplasm extruded from the injured cells of the green alga Bryopsis plumosa can generate numerous Thioredoxins (Trxs) are small ubiquitous proteins new cells in seawater. The cell organelles aggregate containing a conserved active site, WCGPC, which rapidly in seawater and become covered with a reduces disulfide bridges in target proteins. Trx plays a gelatinous envelope within 15 min. A lipid-based cell role in a wide variety of physiological process by membrane developed inside the gelatinous envelope acting as a general disulfide reductase. Initially, Trx about 12 h after wounding. The gene expression and the specific NADPH-dependent enzyme during the regeneration of cell membrane was studied thioredoxin reductase (NTR) were purified from using RNAseq and Microarray analysis. Three large Escherichia coli as a hydrogen donor system for EST databases were constructed using ribonucleotide reductase. However, Trx has not been pyrosequencing. The profile of transcriptome isolated from other algal species, and is not as dramatically changed over the time course of characterized as in bacteria and higher plants. Trxh is protoplast regeneration. GO analysis showed involved in multiple processes, with the best- numerous stage-specific gene groups which are documented function of Trxh being its role in reserve involved in various cellular processes including breakdown that sustains early seedling growth in antioxidative activity, signaling process and

52 photosynthesis. Comparative analysis of ESTs Freshwater treatment helped to overcome the fouling databases using PESTAS software revealed groups of problem. genes which were newly expressed during the regeneration of cell membrane. The genes involved in 140 cellular lipid and polysaccharide catabolic process and COMPLETE MITOCHONDRIAL glycerolipid biosynthetic process were expressed at 6h GENOMES OF TWO GELIDIALEAN after protoplast regeneration. At 12h after protoplast SPECIES, GELIDIUM ELEGNAS AND regeneration, the genes involved in glycerolipid GELIDIUM VAGUM (RHODOPHYTA) metabolic process and signaling pathways were specifically expressed. Microarray analysis showed the K. M. Kim1, E. C. Yang2, G. H. Boo3, S. M. Boo3 and transcriptome profiles shifted from one stage to 1 another. Bioinformatic methods used for adjusting H. S. Yoon ([email protected]) consistency between RNAseq and microarray datasets 1 were discussed. Results indicated that there are several Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea 2Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Republic of Korea specific signal pathways turn on and off at each stage 3Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea of protoplast regeneration in Bryopsis plumosa. Gelidium J.V. Lamouroux, the largest genus of the 139 order Gelidiales, is distributed globally. The diverse MULTI-CROPPING SEAWEED uses of this genus as food, agar, biofuel and paper pulp GRACILARIA TIKVAHIAE WITH OYSTERS have increased interests in its member species. Two FOR NUTRIENT BIOEXTRACTION AND agar-producing species, Gelidium elegans and G. SEA VEGETABLES IN WAQUOIT BAY, vagum, are commonly found in Korea, China, and MASSACHUSETTS Japan. We sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genomes of two Gelidium species using J. K. Kim1, S. Lindell2, E. Green-Beach2, M. Peach2, next-generation genome sequencing methods. Genome M. Beals2 and C. Yarish1 size and GC content of G. elegans and G. vagum were ([email protected]) slightly different as 24,922 nt vs. 24,901 nt, and 29.5% 1University of Connecticut, USA vs. 30.4%, respectively. Forty-four genes of G. elegans 2Marine Biological Laboratory, USA were identified including 23 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 19 tRNA genes, while 43 genes A native red seaweed, Gracilaria tikvahiae, was including 23 protein-coding, 2 rRNA, and 18 tRNA cultivated on an oyster farm to investigate the dual genes were encoded in the mitochondrial genome of purposes of nutrient bioextraction and production of G. vagum. The gene synteny was very similar between edible sea vegetables. Gracilaria was grown in the G. elegans and G. vagum, but the trnH gene was spring of 2012 to facilitate a first planting in June absent in G. vagum. There were gene length 2012. Gracilaria was planted at two sites (with and differences in rrl, rps3, trnL, sdh2, sdh3, trnS, trnC, without oyster cages), at two depths (0.2 m and 0.6 m), nad5, trnA, trnK, secY, rps12, and rrs, which were at two stocking densities (20 g bundles planted every made genome variations between two species within 10 cm and 20 cm), and at two harvest intervals (every the genus Gelidium. It will contribute to further study 2 weeks and every 4 weeks). Gracilaria grew very about red algal mitochondria genome diversity and well at both locations. Best yields per unit area have evolution. been found at the shallower depth (0.2 m), at high stocking density (10 cm) and at two-week harvest 141 intervals. We estimated approximately 50 kg of N per DISCOVERY OF CRYPTIC SPECIES IN growing season (June to October) can be removed by Gracilaria in a hypothetical one hectare farm with 3 m NEOSIPHONIA (CERAMIALES, spacing between longlines. However, fouling (e.g., RHODOPHYTA) FROM KOREA BASED ON primarily tunicates) were a problem, especially when MOLECULAR EVIDENCE Gracilaria was cultivated longer than weeks.

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M. Kim1, B. Kim1 and J. Lee2 observations. A detailed high-resolution map ([email protected]) integrating all structural components of the brown 1Jeju National University, Republic of Korea algal basal apparatus was needed, and we decided to 2Dong-A University, Republic of Korea reinvestigate it using electron tomography. This technique allowed us to define connections and The genus Neosiphonia was established by Kim and positional relationships between the structural Lee in 1999 and reported 30 species from the tropical components. Additionally, several unknown bands to cold temperate regions. Species boundaries, based were found. Fertilization in some brown algae takes on morphological discontinuities and the typological place by fusion of isomorphic gametes. Female species concept, have been considered problematic gametes settled down on surface and release because of substantial morphological variation. In the pheromone. Afterwards, male gametes are attracted to past decade, molecular analyses have been applied to the female. Using high-speed video microscopy, we clarify the taxonomic status of red algal species. In observed the flagellar motion of male gametes during Korea, approximately 12 species haqve been described fertilization. based on morphological characteristics only. To confirm species diversity of the genus Neosiphonia 143 from Korea, we sequenced the plastid protein-coding PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IN rbcL gene for species-level phylogenetic questions and PHOTOACCLIMATION OF THE GIANT mitochondrial COI gene for DNA barcoding. A total KELP MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA of eight Neosiphonia species, including three cryptic species recognized by molecular evidence: N. (LAMINARIALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) japonica, N. harlandii, N. yendoi, N. sphaerocarpa, N. ALONG A DEPTH GRADIENT teradomariensis, Neosiphonia sp1, Neosiphonia sp4, K. Koch1, M. Thiel2, W. Hagen3, M. Graeve4 and K. and Neosiphonia sp5. The three unidentified species 1 are characterized by having multi-pericentral cells Bischof (over 4) and living in the subtidal zone. Molecular ([email protected]) 1University of Bremen, Germany sequence analyses strongly supported that the genus 2 Neosiphonia has cryptic species diversity from Korea. Universidad Catolica del Norte, Chile 3University of Bremen, Germany 4Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, 142 Germany ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF FLAGELLAR APPARATUS AND ANALYSIS The giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera can grow up to 60 OF FLAGELLAR MOTION IN BROWN m long and may span the entire water column. Hence, ALGAE the single sporophyte is exposed to a large vertical gradient of radiation quality and quantity. To cope N. Kinoshita, G. Fu, T. Ito, C. Nagasato and T. with these differences in light conditions, M. pyrifera Motomura exhibits a high capacity and plasticity for ([email protected]) photoacclimation. While the importance of Hokkaido University, Japan photosynthetic pigments in photoacclimation is already known, the contribution of lipids (especially Swarmers of heterokont algae have two fatty acid composition) as well as phlorotannin and morphologically and functionally heterogeneous antioxidant concentrations is largely overlooked. To flagella. In addition, the flagellar apparatus is complex, close this gap, we conducted a 14-day field study in consisting of microtubular flagellar rootlets and the Bay of Coquimbo, Chile. During summer 2011/12 several bands. These features are well conserved in and winter 2012, apical tips of M. pyrifera sporophytes heterokont algae and closely related to cytoskeletal were tethered at 3 different water depths (0.2, 2 and 4 organization and flagellar motility. In this study, we m). As expected, apical tips tethered near the surface showed (1) ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus and represented the largest xanthophyll cycle pigment pool (2) the flagellar beat pattern of male gametes of brown and de-epoxidation state (DPS), displaying acclimation algae. Ultrastructure of flagellar apparatus has been to high-irradiance conditions. This photoprotection reported, but these data were from conventional TEM response was particularly pronounced in summer. The

54 different light climates in the 3 water depths resulted freshwater microalgal contractile vacuoles (CVs) in slightly higher total lipid contents in summer than in constantly expel excess water taken up due to the winter. hyptonic environment. We have investigated the physiology and molecular cellular biology of the CVs 144 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. An insertional TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS mutagenesis approach was used to identify proteins HERPOSIPHONIA (CERAMIALES, involved in osmoregulation. In addition the role of RHODOPHYTA) FROM KOREA aquaporins in the CV function was investigated using GFP-fusion proteins. We will present new results Y. Koh and M. Kim regarding the regulation and cell biology of the CV in ([email protected]) Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Jeju National University, Republic of Korea 146 The red algal genus Herposiphonia is composed of CHROMERA VELIA – APICOMPLEXAN about 50 species and is widely distributed throughout ALGA WITH PECULIAR PHOTOSYNTHESIS tropical and warm-temperate regions of the world. Herposiphonia is distinguished by morphological E. Kotabová1, R. Kana1, J. Jarešová1, M. Lukeš1, R. characteristics, such as the branching pattern, shape of Sobotka1, D. Bína2, J. Janouškovec3, M. Oborník1, A. determinate branches, number of pericentral cell, Quigg4, and O. Prášil1 position of the cystocarp, and frequency and ([email protected]) arrangement of the vegetative trichoblast. We 1Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Czech Republic confirmed species diversity of Herposiphonia on the 2Biological Center ASCR, Czech Republic 3University of British Columbia, Canada basis of morphology and molecular analyses using 4 plastid rbcL and mitocondrial COI genes. In the result Texas A&M University, USA of molecular analyses, Herposiphonia is distinctly separated by five species; H. fissidentoides, H. We describe photosynthesis, its regulation and insidiosa, H. parca, H. secunda, and H. subdisticha. In capacity for photoacclimation in Chromera velia, a the morphological study, the pattern of determinate (d) recently discovered alga belonging to the group of and indeterminate (i) branches is d/d/d/i in most mostly parasitic apicomplexans. Although the alga has species, except H. secunda having d/i. Shape of been isolated from coral tissues, it probably does not determinate branches is usually terete, but H. form standard symbiosis like dinoflagellates, but lives fissidentoides is ligulate. The number of pericentral mixotrophically on the surface of the corals. Chromera cell is 6 to 8 in H. insidiosa, 10 to 12 in H. subdisticha, has simple pigment composition. The only chlorophyll 14 to 16 in H. fissidentoides, and 8 to 10 in others. present is chl a. Interestingly, it is synthesized like in Vegetative trichoblasts are lack in most species, but H. heterotrophs from glycine using the Shemin pathway. parca and H. secunda have short ones at the terminal Dominant light-harvesting carotenoids are of determinate branches. We are conducting the isofucoxanthin and violaxanthin, the latter is also research on taxonomy of Herposiphonia to confirm involved in highly effective photoprotective energy species diversity and phylogenetic relationships. dissipation pathway. Chromera is the only known alga where the PsaA protein from the reaction center of 145 Photosystem I has two subunits coded on a linear plastid. When grown under constant high irradiance, OSMOREGULATION IN Chromera becomes chronically photoinhibited. CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII However, no photoinhibition is detected when similar light dose is provided under sinusoidal light regime K. Komsic-Buchmann and B. Becker simulating natural irradiance dynamics. The sinusoidal ([email protected]) light regime induces strong uncoupling between the University of Cologne, Germany net oxygen evolution and carbon fixation that is not

observed when cells are grown under constant The maintenance of water homeostasis irradiances. The uncoupling results in low values of (osmoregulation) is vital for all life. In many the photosynthetic quotient measured during the

55 photoperiod (PQ 0.7 at noon). We hypothesize that this study is that species assigned to the genera uncoupling is caused by pronounced oxygenase Cryptonemia, Grateloupia and Halymenia in Australia activity of the type II Rubisco present in Chromera do not form monophyletic groups and will require and the associated excretion of carbohydrates during taxonomic revision. Phylogenic placement of photorespiration. In addition, Chromera is also subject Australian members of the genera Aeodes and to strong chromatic adaptation that modulates the Pachymenia indicates taxonomic clarification is composition of its isofucoxanthin containing light required; similarly, the only Australian Grateloupia, harvesting complexes, stoichiometry of photosystems G. ovata, resolves outside of that genus and requires and composition of membrane lipids. We show how revision. the photoacclimation in Chromera affects different estimates of the primary productivity that are based 148 either on the variable fluorescence parameters, oxygen THE DEVONIAN CUTINIZED THALLOIDS evolution or carbon fixation. ORESTOVIACEAE AS A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN HIGHER ALGAE AND 147 INCIPIENT TERRESTRIAL FORMS SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF THE RED ALGAL ORDER HALYMENIALES V. A. Krassilov (FLORIDEOPHYCEAE, RHODOPHYTA) IN ([email protected]) AUSTRALIA University of Haifa, Israel

L. G. Kraft and G. W. Saunders The thickly cutinized thalloid plants of the Orestovia ([email protected]) group are an archaic-looking, perhaps a ‗Lazarus‘ University of New Brunswick, Canada group of Devonian vegetation. They are widespread in the Middle Devonian of northern Laurasia, forming Current taxonomic perspectives regarding the extensive cuticular mats and coal seams. The cruciate Australian benthic marine red algal flora suffer from a spore tetrads found in the mats and sometimes residual bias towards European species, as European abundantly preserved on the cutinized thalloids are references were used to identify most of the flora in similar to the Silurian tetrads supposedly produced by the early days of Australian marine Botany. One incipient higher plants. On account of these findings, substantial order of red algae, with an almost the previously postulated liverwort affinity of the ubiquitous presence on Australian coasts, is the tetrad producers seems unlikely. Vascular strands and Halymeniales. Using the DNA barcode, molecular stomata have been described in the typical Orestovia, phylogenetics and traditional alpha taxonomy, the whereas the morphologically similar forms with species diversity of this order is being investigated. gametangial conceptacles lacking genuine stomata Cluster analysis of barcode data indicates that our may represent aquatic gametophytes. Hypothetically, collections have already expanded the order past the the origin of isomorphic alternation cycle might have known species diversity as represented in the been related to amphibian life style in incipient higher literature. Molecular and morphological data indicate plants, with sexual and asexual generations playing that both completely novel and overlooked species are different roles in colonization of terrestrial habitats. contributing to this spike in observed biodiversity. Constant occurrence of fungal fruiting bodies in the Novel diversity has been found within the genus conceptacles of orestoviacean plants may suggest Tsengia, as well as for a species, ‘Verona peltiformis’, symbiotic relationships like in extant brown algae and of a putatively novel Tasmanian genus. Cryptic the ascomycete Mycosphaerella. diversity is prevalent in the morphologically diverse genera Cryptonemia, Grateloupia and Halymenia, 149 while Carpopeltis, Gelinaria and Polyopes display TO BE THE SAME OR MAYBE CLOSE: some cryptic members. The work of accurately GENETIC DIVERSITY IN AN EMILIANIA describing the morphology of this flora will be HUXLEYI BLOOM AND IMPLICATIONS important for revising and understanding the unique FOR PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATION biodiversity of the region. A further finding of our GENETICS

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documented for many calcareous species. Here, we S. A. Krueger-Hadfield1, C. Balestreri1, J. L. estimate the relative effects of ocean acidification Schroeder1, A. C. Highfield1, K. T. Lohbeck2, U. (OA) and eutrophication on noncalcifying macroalgae, Riebesell2, T. B. Reusch2, R. E. Rickaby3, J. Young4 based on the mechanisms of inorganic nutrient uptake and S. Cook5 and available data for photosynthetic and/ or growth ([email protected]) rate effects of changing dissolved inorganic carbon 1Marine Biological Association of the UK, United Kingdom concentration [DIC]. Our analysis predicts 2 groups of 2GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research, Germany seaweeds that are likely to have enhanced productivity 3 Oxford University, United Kingdom under ocean acidification. (1) The nonbicarbonate 4University College London, United Kingdom 5 using species, having no mechanism of active uptake University of Tasmania, Australia of dissolved inorganic carbon. Those species were predicted to have increased productivity via direct Coccolithophores, haptophyte microalgae covered alleviation of inorganic carbon limitation. (2) Those with small calcareous scales that contribute ~30% of species with inducible inorganic carbon concentrating pelagic carbonates, are central to the process of carbon mechanisms are predicted to have enhanced cycling between the different compartments of the productivity under OA via an indirect energetic benefit biosphere. The application of either microsatellites or of elevated [DIC]. Eutrophication in acidified coastal single genes have previously been undertaken to habitats will alleviate nitrogen-limited growth that genotype clonal isolates of Emiliania huxleyi, a could result from enhanced production caused by the dominant coccolithophore in modern oceans, from added carbon availability. Acidification of inorganic different oceanic basins, years and bloom events. Five nitrogen sources, may additionally reduce energetic of the ten previously published microsatellite loci were cost of nitrogen uptake. Our analysis predicts changes validated for single-locus genetic determinism and in physiological performances of macroalgae that may repeatability under asexual reproduction. With these affect their demography, interspecific interactions and markers and the coccolithophore morphology motif the composition of ecosystems. (CMM) genetic marker, a total of 109 clonal isolates collected from across the world, including 49 from a 151 single North Sea bloom event, were genotyped. There SAILING IN DEEP WATERS: ALGAL were 32 different multilocus gentoypes (MLGs, or 63.5%) from the bloom event. Despite the small PHYTOCHROMES INFORM OUR sample size, there were many more repeated genotypes UNDERSTANDING OF PHYTOCHROME than previously reported for other bloom-forming EVOLUTION AND OF PHOTORECEPTOR phytoplankton species, including a previously ADAPTATION FOR MARINE genotyped E. huxleyi bloom. This study provides new ENVIRONMENTS insights into the genetic structure within a bloom event as well as demonstrating the necessary precautions for J. C. Lagarias1, C. Bachy2, J. van Baren2, D. the interpretation of phytoplankton genetic diversity. Duanmu1, S. S. Martin1, N. C. Rockwell1, S. Sudek2 and A. Z. Worden2 150 ([email protected]) 1 WHO BENEFITS FROM OCEAN University of California at Davis, USA 2Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, USA ACIDIFICATION? PREDICTION OF ACIDIFICATION AND EUTROPHICATION A single primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF gave rise to the three lineages of the Archaeplastidae: MACROALGAE glaucophytes (such as Cyanophora paradoxa), rhodophytes (red algae), and Viridiplantae (including J. F. Kübler and S. R. Dudgeon land plants). Phytochromes are critical regulators of ([email protected]) shade avoidance, photomorphogenesis, and other CSU-Northridge, USA responses in land plants. Bioinformatics techniques implicate a fusion between a cyanobacterial The negative effects of changing ocean chemistry are phytochrome photosensory core (5′ end of the gene)

57 and a pre-existing host histidine kinase (3′ end), giving genera Kumanoa and Psilosiphon were placed in the rise to plant phytochromes. Both plant and second clade as well. A single species, Balliopsis cyanobacterial phytochromes exhibit photoconversion prieurii, could not be placed into either of the between red- and far-red-absorbing forms; this red/far- aforementioned clades based on the inferred red photocycle is also found in phytochromes from phylogeny. Currently, all taxa have been placed into a desmid algae. Similarly derived phytochromes are single family, the Batrachospermaceae, however our present in C. paradoxa, implicating early evolution of results suggest the erection of two new families for the plant phytochrome in Archaeplastidae. Phytochrome Batrachospermales based on the aforementioned has been lost in extant rhodophyte genomes and in clades. algal members of the Viridiplantae such as Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Bathycoccus, and 153 Ostreococcus. Peculiarly, phytochromes are found in FACTORS CONTROLLING SPATIAL AND cryptophyte algae, which acquired photosynthesis via TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF DRIFTING secondary endosymbiosis of a rhodophyte. We have MACROALGAE IN PATOS LAGOON now characterized phytochromes from the cryptophyte ESTUARY (RS, BRAZIL) Guillardia theta and the green algae Micromonas and

Nephroselmis. Strikingly, all three photosensors do not M. Lanari, M. Wallner-Kersanach and M. Copertino exhibit the classic red/far-red photocycle. Instead, ([email protected]) these newly identified phytochromes all exhibit an Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil orange/far-red photocycle that we hypothesize is an adaptation for the marine environment. We therefore In the Patos Lagoon estuary (PLE), temporal changes expect that such an adaptation will also have arisen in in the structure of benthic primary macroproducers brown algal phytochromes, which have independently have been observed, with phases dominated by evolved in the marine environment. opportunistic green macroalgae. This study investigates the variability of macroalgae occurrence 152 in shallow areas of PLE and how hydrological and PHYLOGENY OF THE meteorological factors affect their distribution and BATRACHOSPERMALES abundance. The results of monthly monitoring show a (FLORIDEOPHYCEAE, RHODOPHYTA) very high variability in the macroalgae abundance composed mainly of drifting mats of Ulva and D. W. Lam and M. L. Vis Cladophora spp. Peaks of biomass and coverage were ([email protected]) observed in early summer and autumn during periods Ohio University, USA of high water temperature and low turbidity. Analysis of spatial distribution showed that the highest biomass A multigene phylogeny of the strictly freshwater order values were associated to sites where inorganic Batrachospermales was inferred via maximum nutrients in the water and sediment organic matter likelihood. The phylogeny was based on a nucleotide were higher. In addition, differences in drifting mats dataset comprised of five plastid genes, two coverage among sites were related to their exposure to mitochondrial genes, and two nuclear genes. The winds and waves (Wave Exposure Index), which taxon-rich phylogeny included all major groups within causes biomass accumulation in shallow subtidal and the Batrachospermales and represents the most intertidal areas. Further analysis of nitrogen and inclusive analysis for this order to date. Nearly all carbon contents in algal tissue and sediments will be batrachospermalean taxa were placed into two well- conducted to elucidate the role of sediments as nutrient supported clades. One clade was composed of the source and sink controlling algal-dominated phase sections Batrachospermum, Helminthoidea, and states. Setacea. Additional taxa in this clade included the "Australasian Group", Lemanea, Paralemanea, 154 Petrohua, Sirodotia, and Tuomeya. The second clade EUTROPHICATION AND MACROALGAL was comprised of the sections Acarposporophytum, BLOOMS IN COASTAL WATERS OF Aristata, Macrospora, Turfosa, and Virescentia. The

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SOUTH FLORIDA: TAXONOMIC new avenues for deriving proxies of in situ primary COMPOSITION AND N:P RATIOS productivity from measurements of electron transfer rates (ETR). The approach, however, suffers from the B. E. Lapointe and L. W. Herren limitation that FRR fluorometers determine ([email protected]) productivity in a photosynthetic 'currency' of electrons Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic produced by the splitting of water at PSII whereas University, USA most aquatic disciplines are interested in carbon- specific rates of primary productivity. Thus, ETR must Coastal waters of South Florida have experienced be converted to carbon-specific primary productivity unprecedented blooms of benthic macroalgae with rates via a conversion factor, that is the ratio of increasing eutrophication during the past several ETR:carbon fixation (units: mol electrons/mol carbon decades. In coral reef environments off Monroe, Dade fixed). This variable, however, is dependent upon the and Broward counties in South Florida, blooms of the physiological state of phytoplankton. Here, we present phaeophytes Dictyota spp., the calcareous results of a comprehensive laboratory study examining chlorophytes Halimeda spp., and the cyanobacterium the effect of nitrogen availability on the variability of Lyngbya have developed. On more northern coral reefs the conversion factor in model phytoplankton species off Palm Beach County, extensive blooms of the from coastal and open ocean waters. Our results show chlorophytes Codium isthmocladum and Caulerpa spp. a strong uncoupling of electron transfer and carbon have recurred since 1990. In Lee County off Florida‘s fixation leading to large intraspecific and interspecific southwest coast, massive blooms of the drift variability in the relationships between these two rhodophytes Gracilaria, Hypnea, and Agardhiella variables. emerged in 2003. Measurements of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in the water column and elemental 156 C:N:P ratios in algal tissues indicated that the spatial OBSERVATIONS ON THE TAXONOMY OF taxonomic shifts in these macroalgal blooms was CRYPTOPHYTES OF THE TELEAULAX- related to N:P ratios. Relatively high N:P ratios (35:1- COMPLEX 70:1) occurred in Monroe, Dade and Broward counties, compared to lower values in Palm Beach A. Laza-Martinez1, J. Arluzea2, I. Miguel3 and E. County (33:1) and Lee County (20:1). These Orive1 differences in N:P ratios and N- vs. P-limitation result ([email protected]) from variation in geological substrata (carbonate-rich University of the Basque Country, Spain vs. siliciclastic) as well as anthropogenic nutrient enrichment from the watersheds. Teleaulax and Plagioselmis species are among the 155 most common marine cryptophytes. They are regarded ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIPS as non-monophyletic genera and, together with the BETWEEN ELECTRON TRANSFER AND monospecific Geminigera, form a natural group CARBON FIXATION IN NITROGEN characterized by a thylakoid disposition different from LIMITED MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON other cryptophytes. To gain insight into the taxonomy of this genera-complex, new isolates are being studied, E. Lawrenz1, M. Huete-Ortega2, D. J. Suggett2 and R. as a result of which two new species, T. gracilis and T. J. Geider2 minuta, were recently described. Due to the apparent ([email protected]) non-monophyletic nature of the genera, observations 1Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic on the type species are especially important. Strains 2University of Essex, United Kingdom consistent with Butcher‘s description of Cryptomonas acuta, the basionym of the type species of Teleaulax, Primary productivity is essential to describing are suggested to be also consistent with T. amphioxeia structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. sensu Hill, and different from T. acuta sensu Hill. Development of bio-optical sensors, such as fast repetition rate (FRR) fluorometers, have opened up

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157 TRACK PHOTOMOVEMENT OF THE STUDY OF TROPICAL PLANKTON SPIROGYRA VARIANS APPEARANCE IN EAST SEA, KOREA J. W. Lee, J. W. Han and G. H. Kim J. Lee, M. R. Kim and M. Chang ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Kongju National University, Republic of Korea KIOST, Republic of Korea The filamentous green alga Spirogyra varians shows Global warming has resulted in lots of environmental two track photomovement; a positive phototropic changes. This study was conducted to determine the movement to blue light and an irregular twisting biological adjustment to changes in the ocean movement to red light. The reversal of red light ecosystem such as new tropic plankton appearances in movement by a short exposure (<30s) to far-red light a temperate climate area. Therefore, in this study, we implied that phytochrome is involved in focused on appearance of tropical plankton and the photomovement too. Two phototropin genes and three extent of adaptations for increases in water phytochrome isoforms were isolated and characterized temperature. We conducted sampling at 16 stations for the first time in Spirogyra. Both photoreceptor from 28 May to 3 June and 35 stations from 5 August genes showed high homology with land plants but to 10 August 2012. Several tropic species were found each isoforms of phototropin and phytochrome near the Dokdo, which is located in the eastern part of contained some unique structures. Real time PCR Korea. Their presence near the Dokdo is probably analysis showed that the expression level of each related to the Kuroshio Current, which affected their isoform was differently affected by the prolonged influence from spring to the summer in East Sea. The exposure of filaments to blue and red light. Previous 5 species, Cochlodinium sp., Dinophysis caudata, studies showed that the blue and red light responsive Gonyaulax spinifera, Ostreopsis sp., Phalacroma movements are controlled through different signaling mitra were observed at 9 of the 16 stations. The 4 pathways. Seven different GTPase genes were isolated species other than Cochlodinium sp. were observed at and the expression level was compared before and 7 of the 35 stations. 8 genera were observed during after exposure to red and blue light. Among them, the May but only 4 genera were observed; most of the Rop (Rho small GTPase of plants) family of small observed species in August were diatoms. When we GTPase genes showed dramatic response to change of compared biomass based on the cell counting, the light condition. The potential molecular mechanisms numbers were similar in spring (30.6~252.6 cells L-1) of Rop GTPase signaling involved in cell motility and summer (35.0~260.0 cells L-1) in 2012. The were discussed together with the role of actin and dominant species were Chaetoceros curvisetus, tubulin as machineries. Chroomonas sp., Corymbellus aureus, Leptocylindrus minimus, Proboscia alata, and Prorocentrum balticum 159 in spring and Chaetoceros affinis, Ch. curvisetus, THE GEOGRAPHIC SCALE OF Gymnodinium sp., Leptocylindrus minimus, Nitzschia SPECIATION IN THE MARINE RED ALGA sp., Rhodomonas sp., Thalassiosira sp. in summer. PORTIERIA Based on this study, even though, the water temperatures were higher in summer than in spring in F. Leliaert, D. A. Payo and O. De Clerck this general temperate climate area, a similar number ([email protected]) of tropical species were observed spring season. It Ghent University, Belgium could be the explanations of the seasonal effect of Kuroshio Current in East Sea, Korea. The role of geographic isolation in marine speciation has been contested because of the high dispersal 158 potential of marine species and the apparent lack of CHARACTERIZATION OF dispersal barriers in the sea. Compared to marine PHOTORECEPTORS AND THEIR invertebrates and fish, most seaweed species are MACHINERIES INVOLVED IN TWO considered poor dispersers. This limited dispersal capacity may reflect on diversity patterns and the

60 spatial scale at which speciation takes place. We on the use of delta-15N signatures in seaweed tissues assessed species diversity, distribution patterns and to identify the sources of nitrogen. Five naturally phylogenetic relationships within the marine red algal occurring seaweeds (Ulva sp., Fucus vesiculosus, F. genus Portieria based on multilocus data and analyses serratus, Chondrus crispus and Porphyra sp.) were combining phylogenetic and population genetic collected at two sites (Baie des Veys and Courseulles- principles. In stark contrast with the current sur-Mer) at two-monthly intervals in 2012. Isotopic morphology-based assumption that the genus includes signatures ranged from 5.79 ±1.13‰ to 14.16 ±0.38‰ about seven species, including one widely distributed at the 17 sampling points distributed between the two species in the Indo-West Pacific (P. hornemannii), sites. Seasonal variations in isotopic signatures were DNA-based species delimitation resulted in the observed with low delta-15N values in spring (5.79 recognition of more than 90 species. Species ±1.13‰ to 9.37 ±0.39‰) and high delta-15N values in distributions were found to be highly structured with summer, autumn and winter (8.18 ±0.19‰ to 14.16 most species having narrow ranges. Our results ±0.38‰). Differences in delta-15N signatures were indicate that speciation in the marine environment may detected between sampling points and in the different act at much smaller geographical scales than is species of seaweeds. commonly assumed. The most likely explanation to account for the observed diversity is a peripatric model 161 of speciation, involving founder events resulting from EXTENSIVE CHLOROPLAST GENOME long distance dispersal and subsequent differentiation REARRANGEMENTS AMONG SPECIES OF of the established populations. Temporal analyses of THE GENUS ELLIPTOCHLORIS diversification indicate a gradual pattern since the (TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA) Eocene, and long term persistence of ancient lineages within confined regions of the Indo-Pacific. The Indo M. R. Letsch and L. A. Lewis Malay archipelago (IMA or Coral Triangle) was found ([email protected]) to be particularly diverse. Our phylogenetic data University of Connecticut, USA indicate that this diversity resulted from a combination of species accumulation via island integration through Chloroplast genomes of green algae are highly tectonic movement, in combination with speciation variable in architecture within and across major within the IMA as a result of increased geographical taxonomic groups. To investigate the evolution of complexity of the region from the Miocene to chloroplast genomes at a shallow phylogenetic depth, Pleistocene. we used a nextgen approach to sequence the

chloroplast genomes of Elliptochloris marina and 160 Elliptochloris reniformis. The two genomes vary in BIOINDICATORS OF MARINE size, the E. reniformis genome is 110 kb and E. marina ENVIRONMENTS: USING SEAWEEDS AS is 145 kb. Extensive chloroplast gene rearrangements A TOOL FOR BIOMONITORING THE are found between the two species. In contrast, these QUALITY OF COASTAL WATERS taxa have very low pairwise sequence divergence in RESPONSE TO A PROBLEM OF MASSIVE orthologous genes. Like the majority of published SEAWEED BEACHING trebouxiophyte chloroplast genomes, these species have no inverted repeats. They also share similarities S. Lemesle, I. Mussio, A. M. Rusig and P. Claquin with the published genome of Coccomyxa ([email protected]) subellipsoidea, having large spacer regions, and a high Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, France GC-bias. Pairwise sequence divergence of Coccomyxa and the two Elliptochloris species is twice as great as In the context of massive seaweed beaching during that found between the Elliptochloris species. summer along the French coast of the English Channel However, the amount of chloroplast genome in the region of Calvados, the aim of this study was to rearrangement is relatively consistent among all three use the seaweeds to understand the environmental species. This study demonstrates extensive chloroplast conditions responsible for this phenomenon. The architectural rearrangements among congeneric evaluation of eutrophication of coastal waters is based Chlorophyta, while also illustrating of some shared

61 genome features among this closely related group of has yielded surprising amounts of incongruence among green algae. gene trees even in the same genomic compartment. For example, no single tree topology was sampled for any 162 2 of 7 genes in independent Bayesian analyses despite NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GREEN considerable sharing of particular clades. Bayesian ALGAE-SALAMANDER SYMBIOSIS concordance analysis (BCA) was constrained in this case to conclude, with certainty, that the minimum L. A. Lewis1, C. Lo1, M. C. Urban1, K. Schwenk1, C. number of topologies is 7 and to return a consensus of Xue1 and T. Landberg2 the pooled trees from all 7 analyses as the concordance ([email protected]) tree. Such an extreme position appears to result from 1University of Connecticut, USA not considering data from more than one gene 2Murray State University, USA simultaneously. Recent improvements in marginal likelihood estimation now make it possible to estimate Green algae form symbioses with diverse organisms, a Bayes Factor (BF) for combinability, which uses including fungi, ciliates, embryophytes, invertebrates, posterior samples from a combined analysis in and vertebrates. Oophila amblystomatis was described addition to separate single-gene analyses to determine in 1909 for green algae that colonize salamander eggs. the odds in favor of combinability. In contrast to the Recent studies indicate an intimate cellular association BCA results, we show that leaving out just 1 of 7 between the algae and salamander embryos. An genes is enough to tilt the odds in favor of important step in understanding the natural history of combinability. this symbiosis is to assess the level of variation found in the algal symbionts, and the possible source(s) of 164 the algae. We tested the hypothesis of monophyly of DETECTING SALINITY ECOTYPES IN salamander algae at different hierarchical levels, from GAMETOGENESIS IN THE KELP ALARIA among eggs of a single clutch, clutches within ponds, MARGINATA ponds from different geographic regions, and between salamander species. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL R. J. Lewis, J. Jo, J. J. Lee and T. J. Kohlhepp sequence data from algae isolated from multiple eggs ([email protected]) of one clutch show monophyly and near sequence Wheaton College, USA identity. However, algae associated with eggs at different spatial scales show variation and form Reducing salinity has been found to increase distinct lineages in Volvocales, Chlorophyceae. Our gametogenesis in some species of kelps. The optimal analysis also indicates that algae grown from salinities for both oogenesis and spermatogenesis were spermatophores deposited in lakes by adult males are determined for gametophytes of three morphospecies similar to those found within eggs. Our results raise of A. marginata. Morphospecies Alaria marginata and intriguing questions regarding the specificity and A. nana were collected from the west coast of evolution of the algal-salamander symbiosis. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, with salinities of 27-30 psu. Alaria tenuifolia was collected 163 at the city of Vancouver, with salinities of 24-28 psu. BAYES FACTOR FOR DATA Isolated female and male gametophytes were COMBINABILITY: APPLICATION TO THE fragmented and cultured at a controlled density in PHYLOGENY OF SPHAEROPLEALES seawater medium with salinity ranging from 12 to 33 (CHLOROPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA) psu. Eggs were counted after 14 days. Sperm were released after 14 days using medium containing the P. O. Lewis, K. Fucíková and L. A. Lewis pheromone lamoxirene from fertile female ([email protected]) gametophytes, and counted. Oogenesis was highest at University of Connecticut, USA 27 psu for A. marginata and 18-21 psu for A. tenuifolia. Spermatogenesis was highest at 21-27 psu Sequencing nuclear and plastid genes from taxa in the for A. nana and 15-21 psu for A. tenuifolia. The order Sphaeropleales as part of the GrAToL project optimal salinity for gametogenesis in these

62 morphospecies reflects differences in salinity in the basically H-shaped plastid, lateral sterna, finely porous habitats from which they were collected, indicating conopeum, external terminal fissures curved or hooked ecotypic differentiation in regards to salinity. in the same direction, small helictoglossae located at two distal ends of raphe internally, etc. The pattern of 165 the canal system (lumen between primary silica layer EUSTIGMATOS CF. POLYPHEM and conopeum) in Fallacia generally resembles that in (EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE), A POTENTIAL Diploneis. The depressed lateral sterna and conopeum MICROALGA FOR BIODIESEL compose a longitudinal or lyre-shaped canal with pore or slit openings on both sides of terminal fissures. The PRODUCTION uniseriate stria with lateral virgae and conopeum

compose an elongated chamber, which open to canal at A-F. Li, H. Juan Han and Z. Chengwu Zhang proximal terminal. The canal system open to outside ([email protected]) via the openings and fine pores of conopeum. The Jinan University, China protoplasm could communicate with exterior via the

canal system or a number of areolae on the mantle of Eustigmatos cf. polyphem is a yellow-green spherical valve in some species. The cingulum is composed of unicellular soil microalga belonging to two bands, a valvocopula and a thin pleura, in most Eustigmatophyceae. The maximum biomass cases only ligula was observed. concentration obtained in batch cultures with modified -1 BG-11 medium reached 7.91 g L . This microalga could accumulate massive storage lipids. The total 167 lipid content was up to 62% of dry biomass under low PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF SPECIES IN THE concentration of nitrogen supply. The major MAZZAELLA OREGONA CLADE component of total lipids was neutral lipid, namely, (GIGARTINACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) IN triacylglycerol (TAG ). The major fatty acid profiles of THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC E. cf. polyphem were palmtic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1), and eicosapentaenoic S. C. Lindstrom1 and M. Hervieux2 acid (C20:5); the sum contents of these four fatty acids ([email protected]) in biomass attained 81.50% of total fatty acids (TFA). 1University of British Columbia, Canada The main pigment compositions of E. cf. polyphem 2PolyTech Clermont Ferrand, France were composed of chlorophyll a, violaxanthin, vaucheriaxanthin, zeaxanthin and β-carotene. Our We examined genetic variation among isolates of studies demonstrate that E. cf. polyphem could be a species in the Mazzaella oregona clade: M. oregona, promising oil-producer for commercial biodiesel M. parksii, M. phyllocarpa, and Mazzaella sp. (this production due to its fast growth, high lipids species has been described, but a new combination has productivity and defined fatty acid profiles. yet to be made in Mazzaella) using the nuclear ribosomal ITS region, the chloroplast rbcL gene, and 166 the mitochondrial COX1 ―barcoding‖ gene. Based on MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF our own and published results, Mazzaella oregona is FALLACIA SPECIES IN JAPAN distributed from southern California to Kodiak Island, Alaska. There is little genetic variation in populations

1 1 2 1 from California to Alaska except for a distinctive Y. Li , H. Suzuki , T. Nagumo and J. Tanaka genotype found in individuals from the eastern Strait ([email protected]) 1Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan of Juan de Fuca in southern British Columbia and 2The Nippon Dental University, Japan northern Washington and near Prince Rupert in northern BC. Mazzaella parksii is distributed from Eight Fallacia species including F. tenera, F. Mendocino Co., CA, north and westward to at least the litoricola, F. fracta, F. hodgeana comb. nov. and four westernmost Aleutian Island, Attu, Alaska. unidentified species collected from intertidal area and Populations show significant differentiation between river mouth in Japan were observed in detail. These southeastern populations (from southern Oregon to the species share common characteristics such as one Kodiak archipelago, Alaska) and northwestern

63 populations (from the Kodiak archipelago to Attu occurrences should be placed within the context of Island, Alaska). Mazzaella phyllocarpa is recorded long-term drought/flood conditions that have changed from Russia to Southeast Alaska and north to St. in the eastern Gulf over the past 30 years. Lawrence Island in the northern Bering Sea. Although there is genetic variation among specimens from 169 Alaska, there is no geographic pattern to this variation. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ABUNDANCE Mazzaella sp. is distributed from the Commander AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE KELP Islands, Russia, to northern Vancouver Island, British SACCHARINA GROENLANDICA IN THE Columbia. Although there is variation among ATLANTIC OCEAN, EMPHASIZING individuals, there is little geographic pattern to this NORTH AMERICA variation. These results resemble those found for other intertidal marine organisms in the northeast Pacific in C. M. Longtin and G. W. Saunders that the high intertidal species showed the most ([email protected]) phylogeographic differentiation, and a biogeographic University of New Brunswick, Canada break appears in the northwestern Gulf of Alaska for at least one of the species. Until recently, two members of the Laminariaceae

were reported from the Maritime Provinces of Canada 168 (Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata); EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND however, a third species, S. groenlandica, was NUTRIENT LOADING ON PLANKTON revealed using molecular techniques. In the Pacific BLOOMS AND TROPHIC ORGANIZATION Ocean S. groenlandica displays either the non-digitate IN PERDIDO BAY (NORTHEASTERN (S. latissima-like) or digitate (L. digitata-like) GULF OF MEXICO) morphology. As a result of its likeness to both of the Atlantic species, S. groenlandica has gone undetected R. J. Livingston and has been incorrectly lumped with either S. ([email protected]) latissima and/or L. digitata in previous studies. Our Florida State University, USA objective was to determine the relative abundance of S. groenlandica and whether it expresses the non-digitate In the Perdido system, high nutrient concentrations and digitate phenotypes across a wave exposure from pulp mill effluents during drought conditions gradient in the Maritime Provinces as observed in stimulated extensive blue-green (Merismopedia Pacific populations. We found that digitate S. tenuissima) algae blooms in a receiving creek whereas groenlandica comprised ~¼ of all individuals sampled the combination of high nutrient concentrations and and is more abundant than L. digitata. We are high nutrient loading during episodic high flow currently working to determine the seasonality and conditions led to sustained blooms of damaging phenology of all three kelp species as previous reports, raphidophyte (Heterosigma akashiwo) populations in especially for L. digitata, will be based on data from the bay. Climatological conditions along with more than one species. We are also determining the ecological characteristics of individual plankton geographic range of S. groenlandica in the North species affected bloom initiation. The response of food Atlantic Ocean. webs to blooms should be placed within the context of habitat distribution relative to the point of loading, 170 species-specific bloom composition, and temporal FIRST ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIVE aspects of drought occurrence. The resilience of the ABUNDANCE OF MAERL-FORMING bay relative to the repetitive nature of the plankton CORALLINE ALGAE WITH DNA blooms and the bloom sequences is dependent on BARCODES complex temporal changes (natural and anthropogenic) that occurred in both the creek and the bay over L. Lopez, B. Carro, V.Peña, I. Bárbara and R. interannual periods. Repetitive blooms had cumulative, adverse impacts on food web organization Barreiro ([email protected]) through time in both the creek and the bay. Such Universidade da Coruña, Spain

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taxonomic entity. The morphological results showed Under the assumption that they are major components that the Mexican specimen share morphological of maerl beds in Europe, two non-articulated coralline characteristics with D. canariensis like the presence of red algae (Lithothamnion corallioides and square-like pigmented patches near the apices, margins Phymatolithon calcareum) are partially protected by with triangle-shaped teeth, rounded to obtuse apices the EU Habitats Directive. However, most of the and a unilayered medulla. The present study expands current knowledge on the composition of maerl beds the geographical distribution of D. canariensis to the relies on a morphology-based species recognition that tropical region from the Gulf of Mexico in the Western is challenging, to say the least. Now, this state of Atlantic Ocean. affairs can be improved thanks to new alternatives that, unlike morphology, allow the unambiguous 172 assignment of each specimen to a particular species. GENOMIC INSIGHTS IN PROCESSES Here, we report the first DNA barcoding assessment of UNDERPINNING THE INFECTION OF the relative abundance of maerl-forming algae. The ALEXANDRIUM TAMARENSE BY THE psbA gene was sequenced for 1076 specimens from 16 PARASITE AMOEBOPHRYA SP. locations scattered along 1800 km from Ireland to

South Portugal. At each location, specimens were 1 2 3 1 randomly collected along a linear transect to obtain Y. Lu , G. Glöckner , L. Guillou and U. John ([email protected]) quantitatively comparable estimates. Three major 1 maerl-forming species, rather than two, comprised Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Germany 97% of the collections. The traditionally recognized L. 2Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland corallioides and P. calcareum dominated in the British Fisheries, Germany Isles and French Brittany, but they were gradually 3Station Biologique de Roscoff, France replaced by P. purpureum in Northwest Spain and South Portugal. The toxigenic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense is one of the most prominent microalgae known to form 171 harmful algal blooms. Its parasitic pathogen, the THE OCCURRENCE OF DICTYOTA dinoflagellate parasitoid Amoebophrya spp. has been CANARIENSIS (DICTYOTALES) IN THE observed to infect and dominate the blooms, but the TROPICAL REGION FROM GULF OF genetic background of the host-parasite interaction and MEXICO its ecological consequences remain elusive. The objective of this study was to obtain genomic insights J. L. Lozano Orozco1, A. Senties Granados1, J. Diaz into the process of infection between the parasite Larrea1, F. F. Pedroche1 and O. De Clerck2 Amoebophrya and the host A. tamarense. We ([email protected]) identified 14,455 genes, which were predicted by an 1Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico extensive EST dataset (>900,000 reads/313MBp) 2Ghent University, Belgium generated over the infection cycle. The functional annotations of 2,938 genes were based on NCBI Nr, The brown alga Dictyota canariensis (Grunow) Swissprot, Pfam, KOG/COG classification and were Tronholm has been reported from the European finally manually curated. The infection cycle analyses Atlantic region. In the present work the authors record at three time points showed that the free-swimming for the first time the presence of this species in dinospores (0 hour) had evolved an extensive gene set Mexican waters, at Montepio, Veracruz. The to survive, whereas intensive signal transduction and specimens were collected in December 2011, growing senescence-associated protein were observed during epilithically in the intertidal zone on moderately parasite penetration (6 hours), and at final infection exposed rocky shores. We carried out phylogenetic stage (96 hours) cell division and proliferation were analysis, combining the partial sequences of psbA and high expressed. We present an initial analysis of this cox1 genes of 46 taxa. The low uncorrected ―p‖ data resource which already yielded new insights into distance values obtained for each gene (0.3% for psbA the complex host-parasite interaction. and 1.8% for Cox1) showed that it belong to the

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173 and Canary Islands, Atlantic oceanic archipelagos, DNA BARCODING AND GEOGRAPHIC which belong to the same ecoregion, Lusitanian RANGE OF MACROALGAE FROM province of the Macaronesian region. We assessed the CENTRAL-SOUTHERN CHILE species limits among members of the complex using E. C. Macaya1, M. E. Ramírez2 and P. F. Alarcón1 DNA barcode data (partial sequences of mitochondrial ([email protected]) COI and nuclear LSU markers). The information 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile obtained from the analyses of COI and LSU sequences 2Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile was consistent; both markers displayed adequate signal for the delineation of species. In addition, preliminary Field trips carried out in rocky intertidal and shallow phylogenetic analyses were completed using three subtidal along the Chilean coast from 33°1' S to 43°54' independent markers (rbcL, LSU, and COI) as well as S between 2011-2013 allowed us to evaluate the the combined data set, in the aim to infer the distribution range of several macroalgal species phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic affinities (Rhodophyta and Phaeophyceae). Sampling also of members of the complex from Macaronesia. Our provided material to carry out DNA barcoding analysis results revealed the existence of several putative new (mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene - COI) in species and a potential new genus included in the order to test the effectiveness of this method. With the Laurencia complex. Prior the proposition of new taxa, data already obtained, we provided information of more thorough morphological and molecular analyses algal biodiversity from locations with restricted access of specimens of type localities, together with the and scarce information (e.g. southern Chiloé Island, results obtained in our study, are essential to assign the Melinka Island). Six red algal species extended their available taxonomic name to the different species distribution range and from those, four corresponded uncovered in our studies. to non-indigenous species. Some species increased their range up to 1000 km. Mitochondrial COI gene 175 sequences data provided rapid and accurate approach DIVERSITY OF FRESHWATER ALGAE OF for species-level identification in several red and WEST BENGAL, TAXONOMIC ASPECTS brown macroalgae specimens collected and will be AND POTENTIAL USES valuable information for taxonomical and phylogeographical studies along the Southeastern P. Mallick Pacific. This study was funded by CONICYT-Chile ([email protected]) through the FONDECYT 11110437 project. The University of Burdwan, India

174 The state of West Bengal lies in the eastern part of DIVERSITY OF THE LAURENCIA India. The state is mainly a riverine plain with its COMPLEX (CERAMIALES, northern fringes in the foothills of the Himalayas and RHODOPHYTA) IN LUSITANIAN the Bay of Bengal on the south. The present study MACRONESIA delves into the taxonomically diverse algal groups and their beneficial aspect in human life. Some algal M. Machín-Sánchez1, M. Hernández1, L. Le Gall2, A. genera of Desmidiaceae namely Actinotaenium, I. Neto3, V. Cassano4, A. Sentíes5, M. T. Fujii6, J. Brachytheca, Bourrellyodesmus, Spinocosmarium and Díaz-Larrea5 and M. C. Gil-Rodríguez1 Haplotaenium are recorded for the first time from ([email protected]) Bengal and also to the Indian subcontinent. Under 1University of La Laguna, Spain these genera several new taxa have been introduced as 2 National Museum of Natural History, France new to science. Brachytheca is rare and known from 3University of the Azores, Portugal two countries only [Papua New Guinea (Gontcharov & 4University of São Paulo, Brazil Watanabe 1999) & New Zealand (Fumanti & Alfinito 5Metropolitan University Iztapalapa, Mexico 6 2004)]. This finding is significant for taxonomical, Institute of Botany, São Paulo, Brazil economical and also ecological aspect. Microalgae have a significant attraction as natural source of Our aim was to investigate the diversity of the bioactive molecules which are difficult to produce by Laurencia complex in the Azores, Madeira, Salvagens

66 chemical synthesis. With increasing urbanization and differential hardening of the auxospore wall, the subsequent loss of freshwater bodies, a detailed expansion is isometric (e.g. Actinocyclus, Melosira) enumeration and characterization of this algal diversity and valves are circular. is a necessity before many of these algal species disappear forever. 177 COMPARISON OF NUTRIENT 176 REQUIREMENTS OF COMMON DIATOMS HOW THE DIATOM GOT ITS SHAPE FROM FOUR ECOREGIONS IN GEORGIA

1 2 3 D. G. Mann , M. Idei and S. Sato K. M. Manoylov1, M. P. Brossett2, C. Jones2 and B. ([email protected]) Konwick2 1Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, United Kingdom 2 ([email protected]) Bunkyo University, Japan 1 3 Georgia College and State University, USA Yamaguchi University, Japan 2Watershed Protection Branch, USA

The diversity of shapes that diatom valves exhibit is Microbial biodiversity remains largely unknown and well known, ranging from circular or elliptical through constantly altered due to anthropogenic alterations of triangles, squares and polygons, to elongate spindle- or the environment. The goal of this research is to needle-like forms, which may be straight or bent. What determine which common species reported from the is much less well known are the processes by which State in Georgia had low optima for both limiting these shapes are generated during the expansion of the nutrients and were decreasing with increase in nutrient special cell (auxospore) that allows diatoms to concentrations in natural stream. Nutrient optima and regenerate large cells after the slow diminution during tolerances were compared within and between land use repeated divisions of normal vegetative cells. Shape categories and ecoregions. Assessment of all algal develops successively during one or more of three community structure presented the majority of streams stages: (1) the origin of the auxospore from a zygote, were dominated by diatoms. Only 3% of the taxa (2) the expansion of the auxospore, and (3) the identified had relative abundance above 10% and formation of the initial cell within the auxospore. appeared in at least 1 site in the 4 ecoregions and used Changes during (1) are probably controlled by the for comparison. The northern ecoregions of Georgia cytoskeleton, and the cytoskeleton must also be had low diatom species density and were dominated by involved in (3), together with anchor points binding Achnanthidium minutissimum. This taxon had low TP the cell to the auxospore wall (e.g. during post- optimum but was able to tolerate higher nitrogen expansion modification of shape in some Nitzschia concentrations. Gomphonema rhombicum had the species). The basic principle of shape morphogenesis lowest TP and TN optima, taxa like Geissleria in stage 2 is the same as in placoderm desmids such as aikenensis had high TP optima but were unable to Micrasterias: unequal hardening of different regions of compete with increase of nitrogen. Piedmont the auxospore wall constrains expansion to one, two or communities were dominated by several several growing tips. In most cases the unequal Achnanthidium species, together with taxa from hardening involves formation of a series of silica Eunotia, Gomphonema, Frustulia and Pinnularia. bands (the perizonium) at right angles to the expansion Piedmont streams had the highest diatom densities, axis. Control of the rate of hardening relative to although total abundances varied across sites, therefore expansion allows diatoms to construct parallel-sided, there was no density compensation related to nutrients. tapering or (more rarely) widening auxospores. Perizonia occur both in pennate diatoms e.g. 178 Diploneis, Neidium and Rhabdonema and also in DIGITAL GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES elongate or angular centrics, e.g. Chaetoceros, Triceratium, Trigonium. However, similar shapes can OF PYROPIA HAITANENSIS RESPONDING be formed with or without a perizonium, since TO HYPEROSMOTIC STRESS USING Hydrosera constructs its triangular shape without any SOLEXA SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY perizonial bands, its auxospore having instead a felt- like mass of narrow siliceous strips. Where there is no

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Y. Mao, L. Wang, F. Kong, M. Cao, P. Sun and G. Bi the same 87 chloroplast genes suggesting a high level ([email protected]) of gene conservation. However, pairwise comparison Ocean University of China, China of individual genes show marked differences in nucleotide sequence, individual gene size, intron Pyropia haitanensis is an economically important number and intron position. Additionally, gene marine crop, worth over US$100 million annually. As mapping shows large rearrangements in which entire a high intertidal species, its blades survive a loss of up blocks of genes change position within the genome or to 90% of cellular water demonstrating its extreme move from one DNA strand to the other. tolerance to desiccation. To define the critical acclimation mechanisms to the desiccation in P. 180 haitanensis, we profiled gene expression pattern under MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF CARBON three different degrees of water loss plus rehydration, ACQUISITION MECHANISMS IN MARINE using the Illumina deep sequencing technology. A total DIATOMS of 1,681 genes showed significantly differential expression between the control (0% water loss) and the Y. Matsuda moderate dehydration (30% water loss), highlighting ([email protected]) the key roles of molecular chaperones, induction of Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan apoptosis, MAPK signaling pathways, antioxidant system and ELIP. Only eighteen differential It is estimated that diatoms are responsible for about expression genes were found between the moderate one fifth of the total biological CO2 fixation on the and the severe dehydration (80% water loss), Earth, playing a vital role in global primary production indicating their similar expression patterns. Of the and the global cycle of elements. Many physiological 1,199 differentially expressed genes in response to evidences have revealed that marine diatoms take up rehydration, many genes were involved in induction of - both CO2 and HCO3 from the surrounding seawater. apoptosis, chaperone/cochaperone proteins and However, little is known about molecular mechanisms antioxidant system. The comprehensive high- of how dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is taken up resolution analysis of gene expression changes and delivered to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate associated with hyperosmotic stress provided key carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO). There are two resources for understanding the biology of desiccation model diatoms so far intensively studied at molecular tolerance in intertidal red seaweed. levels, the pennate Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the centric Thalassiosira pseudonana. Our recent study 179 has shown that there are numerous mammalian type EVOLUTION OF EUGLENOID solute carrier (SLC) transporters in these strains and CHLOROPLASTS that these function as major plasmamembrane type - HCO3 transporters. Knowledge on molecular and C. Markunas and R. E. Triemer biochemical bases of factors which may control the ([email protected]) flux and state of intracellular carbon were also Michigan State University, USA improved recently. Enzymes which may participate in the biophysical CCM and C4 type biochemical CCM Euglenoids are an ancient eukaryotic linage that may were localized in these two strains of diatoms. The have existed as early as 2 billion years ago. Following results clearly showed an absence of known type the evolution of green algae, some euglenoids acquired carboxylation enzymes in the cytosol and chloroplasts through secondary endosymbiosis from a decarboxylation enzymes in the stroma in two strains. green algal donor. Previous studies have shown great The localization of carbonic anhydrases were likely changes in the organization of the chloroplast genome diverse significantly between these two strains; i.e., along the photosynthetic lineage. This study compares besides the mitochondrial CAs, CAs in P. tricornutum the chloroplast genomes of Phacus inflexus and were localized in the pyrenoid and chloroplastic Lepocinclis tripteris to determine how rapidly the envelopes while CAs in T. pseudonana are localized at chloroplast is evolving in two closely related genera. the periplasm and the cytosol but so far not detected in Analyses show that, despite significant difference in the choloroplastic system. Based upon these evidences, overall genome size, both genomes contain almost all

68 molecular mechanisms and diversity of carbon Chloromonas sp. GsCl-11 represents an undescribed acquisition system in marine diatoms will be species. discussed. 182 181 USING DIFFERENT PALEO-SCENARIOS DELINEATION OF A NEW SNOW ALGAE AND A MOLECULAR CLOCK TO SPECIES OF CHLOROMONAS FROM A EXPLAIN THE ANTITROPICAL JAPANESE MOUNTAINOUS AREA, BASED DISTRIBUTION OF SARGASSUM ON POLYPHASIC METHODS SUBGENUS BACTROPHYCUS

R. Matsuzaki1, Y. Hara2 and H. Nozaki1 L. Mattio1, P. Sepulchre2, R. Dixon3 and J. J. Bolton1 ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 1University of Tokyo, Japan 1University of Cape Town, South Africa 2Yamagata University, Japan 2Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, France The traditionally defined genus Chloromonas 3Murdoch University, Australia (pyrenoid-lacking Chlamydomonas; Ettl 1970) includes several snow algae species (Ettl 1983, The genus Sargassum is currently subdivided into Süßwasserflora). Pröschold et al. (2001, Protist) three subgenera: Arthrophycus, Bactrophycus and redefined the genus Chloromonas by a monophyletic Sargassum. Sargassum subgenus Sargassum is group (Chloromonas-clade) composed of both abundantly represented in tropical to warm temperate pyrenoid-lacking and -containing species and light regions of all oceans, while subgenera Arthrophycus microscopic (LM) morphology. Hoham et al. (2002) and Bactrophycus are recognised to be restricted to resolved a robust clade composed entirely of snow temperate and subtropical regions of the southern and algae species lacking pyrenoid (clade A2) within the northern hemispheres, respectively. Recent genus Chloromonas. Recently, Matsuzaki et al. (2012, taxonomical revision, based on morphological and 2013) delineated five mesophilic species of molecular data, has resulted in the transfer of subgenus Chloromonas based on comparative morphological Arthrophycus species to subgenus Bactrophycus. analyses, multigene phylogeny and comparison of Molecular data demonstrated that southern species of secondary structures of nuclear ribosomal DNA S. subgenus Bactrophycus sect. Arthrophycus internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). However, no originated in South East Asia and crossed the tropical snow algae species of Chloromonas have been region only once, resulting in an intriguing antitropical classified using such polyphasic methods (Pröschold & distribution, with a disjunction in the southern Leliaert 2007). Here, we carried out a taxonomic study hemisphere. We present different scenarios to explain of a new snow algae strain (GsCl-11) of Chloromonas the observed distribution using a multidisciplinary originating from Mt. Gassan in Northern Japan. Under approach, including the calibration of a molecular LM, this alga was similar to C. tughillensis, a snow clock as well as niche and hydrodynamic modelling alga from North America, in having an ellipsoidal cell based on present and paleo-environment conditions. shape without a prominent anterior papilla and lacking an eyespot. However, Chloromonas sp. GsCl-11 183 differed from C. tughillensis in its dorsiventral RETURN OF THE MAC: DIFFERENTIAL vegetative cells. In our multigene phylogeny, SURVIVAL AMONG EARLY LIFE Chloromonas sp. GsCl-11 was sister to a robust HISTORY STAGES AND YOUNG monophyletic group composed of four snow algae RECRUITS OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA strains of Chloromonas (including UTEX SNO 91, the authentic C. tughillensis strain) within clade A2. B. A. McCollum and M. S. Edwards Comparing conserved region of ITS2 secondary ([email protected]) structures among these five strains, one or more San Diego State University, USA compensatory base changes were found between Chloromonas sp. GsCl-11 and other four strains. Thus,

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Many field-based studies of macroalgae focus on large and molecular data for more accurate and consistent conspicuous sporophytes, thereby ignoring the species identification. Considerable infraspecific possible effects of ecological processes on the genetic variation of globally distributed Spirogyra microscopic (and difficult to identify) early life history species was observed across continental scales. This stages. This is particularly true for the giant kelp, finding suggests that structurally similar species from Macrocystis pyrifera, a major ecosystem engineer and distant regions may be genetically dissimilar and that the dominant canopy-forming alga along the coast of Spirogyra may contain a large number of cryptic southern California. M. pyrifera exhibits a biphasic life species. Correlating the morphological and genetic history typical of other kelps. However, the majority of variation within the genus will be a major challenge field studies on M. pyrifera are limited to a single life for future researchers. history stage or are otherwise conducted over short time scales. This study tracked the survival of three 185 different size classes of young M. pyrifera (embryonic, SHIFTING STRENGTHS OF SPECIES 5-10-cm-tall, and 1-m-tall sporophytes) when INTERACTIONS IN A GUILD OF outplanted to the Point Loma kelp forest, San Diego, CRUSTOSE CORALLINE ALGAE CA, at three densities. We also compared the survival of these individuals to those of naturally occurring (RHODOPHYTA, CORALLINALES) recruits. With this study, we ultimately examine age- RESPOND TO OCEAN ACIDIFICATION specific variation in density-dependent mortality in the 1 2 1 young life-history stages of M. pyrifera. S. J. McCoy , R. T. Paine and C. A. Pfister ([email protected]) 1 184 The University of Chicago, USA 2University of Washington, USA DIVERSITY AND SPECIES OF SPIROGYRA (ZYGNEMATOPHYCEAE, CHAROPHYTA) The crustose coralline algae (Rhodophyta, IN CALIFORNIA IN A MOLECULAR Corallinales) form an important guild of calcifying PHYLOGENETIC CONTEXT primary producers in the temperate Northeast Pacific. In light of documented recent changes in regional R. M. McCourt1, J. D. Hall1, R. Stancheva2 and R. G. ocean carbon chemistry, competition experiments were Sheath2 repeated identical to those performed 1981-1984 ([email protected]) among this guild. These experiments quantified 1Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, USA interaction strengths of overgrowth competition 2 California State University San Marcos, USA between crusts (Lithophyllum impressum, Lithothamnion phymatodeum, Pseudolithophyllum Diversity of the filamentous green algae in the genus muricatum, and Pseudolithophyllum whidbeyense) and Spirogyra (Zygnematophyceae) was investigated from mediation of competitive interactions by the presence more than 1,200 stream samples from California. We of grazers. In response to pH decline over 30 years, identified twelve species of Spirogyra not previously large changes in competitive interactions have led to known for California, including two species new to the reversal of competitive hierarchies among crustose science. Environmental preferences of the Californian coralline algae. The historical dominant, P. muricatum, species are discussed in the light of their restricted now wins <25% of its competitive interactions as distribution to stream habitats with contrasting nutrient compared to 100% previously at the same site levels. We also investigated the systematic (p<0.001) and has also become less locally abundant. relationships of Spirogyra species from several Further, morphological change in P. muricatum is continents using two plastid-encoded genes atpB and related to its reduced competitive ability. Thallus edge rbcL. The molecular phylogeny distributed the thickness confers a competitive advantage within this Californian species across all the major clades of guild. Comparison between historical (N=5) and Spirogyra identified in earlier studies, and Sirogonium modern (N=6) reveals that P. muricatum thallus is nested within Spirogyra. The phylogeny of thickness has decreased by 50% over this interval Spirogyra and its taxonomic implications are (p=0.031), directly linking morphological and discussed, such as the benefits of combining structural ecological response to ocean acidification.

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186 to study due to the number of observations required to ILLUMINATING THE WOUND-INDUCED resolve their spatial and temporal structure. As a MACROALGAL OXIDATIVE BURST consequence, our understanding of the fundamental ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that drive R. E. McDowell1, C. D. Amsler1, M. O. Amsler1, J. B. phytoplankton growth, mortality, adaptation and McClintock1 and B. J. Baker2 speciation has been limited. To address this problem ([email protected]) we determined the influence of species composition 1University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA and intracellular pigment content on the magnitude 2University of South Florida, USA and spectral shape of absorption and scattering coefficients both in the lab and in the field using Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced upon scanning flow cytometry, microscopy, and image wounding and pathogen recognition by organisms as analysis. We then used in situ optical data to visualize distantly related as humans and algae in a defense these community characteristics over centimeter to known as the oxidative burst, and these ROS are kilometer spatial scales and hourly temporal scales. typically involved in both direct defense and defense Results show large variations that demonstrate the signaling. In vertebrates, the oxidative burst is importance of small scale processes to the ecology of produced enzymatically by an NADPH-oxidase that natural phytoplankton communities. Furthermore, the interacts with several regulatory proteins. It was optical properties of communities appear to be recently suggested that the major source of wound- indicative of distinct ecological strategies for light induced ROS in the vascular plant Arabidopsis harvesting and may directly relate to the adaptive thaliana was disrupted photosynthetic electron strategies used by cells within a particular niche. transport (PET). However, the source of wound- induced ROS is not well understood in algae, despite 188 the important physiological and ecological PHYLOGENY AND TOXICOLOGY OF consequences. We investigated the effect of light on LYNGBYA WOLLEI (CYANOBACTERIA/ wound-induced production of ROS by looking at OSCILLATORIALES) FROM NORTH- macroalgal oxygen consumption and production of EASTERN AUSTRALIA ROS via electron paramagnetic resonance. We discuss the physiological role of light on the macroalgal G. B. McGregor1 and B. C. Sendall2 production of ROS upon wounding as well as the ([email protected]) ecological consequences for macroalgal/grazer 1Queensland Department of Science, Australia interactions. 2Queensland Department of Health, Australia

187 Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) Speziale and VARIATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON Dyck is a freshwater benthic filamentous COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS OVER cyanobacterium. Three populations from north-eastern CENTIMETER TO KILOMETER SCALES Australia have been putatively identified and found to DETERMINED WITH IN SITU OPTICS produce the potent cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin AND SCANNING FLOW CYTOMETRY (CYN) and its analogue deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (deoxy-CYN). L. wollei is also a known producer of

the potent neurotoxic saxitoxins in the southern United N. McFarland1, J. Rines1, P. Donaghay1 and J. States. We investigated the phylogeny and toxicology Sullivan2 of CYN and deoxy-CYN producing L. wollei strains ([email protected]) isolated from two Australian sites; a small coastal 1University of Rhode Island, USA 2WETLabs, USA stream, and a large reservoir, using a combination of molecular and morphological techniques. Phytoplankton abundance, physiology and species Morphologically the strains from both sites composition often vary considerably over centimeter corresponded to the type description, however the to kilometer scales in the ocean. These patchy frequency of false-branching was low, and variable distributions of community characteristics are difficult over time. Samples from both sites were positive for

71 the cyrF and cyrJ genes associated with CYN dissimilar species, P. angulosum. The morphologically biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analysis of these genes distinct genus, Hydrodictyon, is nested between the from Australian L. wollei sequences and comparable two P. duplex groups. Newly collected targeted sequences from other CYN-producing cyanobacteria sequence data from the chloroplast genes psaA and revealed that the genes in L. wollei were more closely psaB support the findings of cryptic diversity within related to homologous genes in Oscillatoria sp. PCC the family, indicating the need for genomic data to 6506 than to homologues in Nostocalean CYN- assist with clarifying the species relationships and how producers. This data indicates a common evolutionary best to define the genus Pediastrum. origin of CYN biosynthesis in L. wollei and Oscillatoria for the two genes examined in this study. 190 In both the 16S rRNA and nifH phylogenies, the WILL THE REAL PICOBILIPHYTE Australian L. wollei strains formed well supported PLEASE STAND UP? clades with other L. wollei (= Plectonema wollei) strains from the United States. Pairwise sequence L. K. Medlin1, R. Seenivasan2 and M. Melkonian2 similarities within the 16S rRNA clade containing all ([email protected]) nine L. wollei strains were high, ranging from 97– 1MBA, United Kingdom 100%. This group was distantly related (< 92% 2University of Cologne, Germany nucleotide similarity) to other taxa within the group previously considered under the genus Lyngbya sensu Using vital mitochondrial staining and cell sorting by lato (C. Agardh ex Gomont). Collectively, these results flow cytometry, a culture of a ―picobiliphyte‖ has suggest that this toxigenic group is evolutionarily finally been established. This clonal culture, which has distinct and sufficiently distant as to be considered a a ‗picobiliphyte‘ 18S rDNA signature, is neither pico separate genus. or pigmented. Its morphological and ultra-structural characters clearly show that it is slightly elongate and 189 2-5 µm in length with two unequal flagella not covered CRYPTIC DIVERSITY AND WHAT IT by hairs or scales. It exhibits unique cell movements MEANS FOR PEDIASTRUM (jump, drag, and skedaddle mode of locomotion) but (HYDRODICTYACEAE, often remains suspended in the water column for CHLOROPHYCEAE) extended periods. Light and electron microscopic studies reveal that the cells are naked and that in this

isolate, a plastid is lacking. A unique feeding apparatus H. A. McManus suggests a rather rare mode of feeding on DOM is ([email protected]) LeMoyne College, USA possible. The cells in this culture, thus, are heterotrophic, although their food source could not be Cryptic diversity within the green algae has resulted in determined, and food vacuoles containing bacteria the morphospecies concept being misleading, and were never observed. The cells harbor several other impacts the accuracy of utilizing green algae as unique compartments that do not match those in any bioindicators, in biotechnological applications, and for other known eukaryotes. This uniqueness is assessing biodiversity. One family for which corroborated by phylogenetic analyses of the complete morphospecies are utilized as bioindicators is the nuclear ribosomal operon, although the clade Hydrodictyaceae (Sphaeropleales). A molecular containing ―picobiliphyte‖ sequences has some affinity phylogenetic study of the family, based on the nuclear with the Hacrobia. With their cell morphology now 28S rDNA and chloroplast rbcL gene, has revealed firmly established, we can now formally describe an cases of hidden genetic diversity of similar important and abundant member of the eukaryotic morphologies, and close affiliations of distinct pico/nanoplankton. This group/division is placed in a morphologies. The genus Pediastrum consists of three new phylum ‗Picozoa‘ with Picomonas judraskeda as species, P. duplex, P. angulosum, and P. birolinense. its type species. Two separate groups of morphologically similar P. duplex isolates are recovered in the molecular phylogeny, one of which contains the morphologically

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191 University of Alabama, USA MIDTAL: MICROARRAYS FOR TOXIC ALGAE AND MICROAQUA: The green algal genus Ulva is found all over the world MICROARRAYS FOR FRESHWATER in marine, brackish, and sometimes freshwater environments. Certain Ulva species cause ecologically PATHOGENS and economically destructive green tides in eutrophic

conditions. Morphology-based identifications of L. K. Medlin species within the green algal genus Ulva are ([email protected]) infamously difficult, and incorrect circumscriptions of MBA, United Kingdom these species have created a taxonomic conundrum

since the genus was first recognized by Linnaeus in Microalgae in marine and brackish waters of Europe 1753. Fortunately, molecular studies based on the regularly cause harmful effects, considered from the nuclear-encoded ITS marker and chloroplast-encoded human perspective, in that they cause economic rbcL and tufA markers have provided a foundation for damage to fisheries and tourism. Cyanobacteria cause a molecular species concept. Previous molecular similar problems in freshwaters. These episodes studies have been completed in many regions around encompass a broad range of phenomena collectively the world; however, molecular data are not available referred to as ―harmful algal blooms‖ (HABs). For from the Gulf of Mexico. A molecular approach based adequate management of these phenomena, monitoring on the chloroplast-encoded rbcL and tufA molecular of microalgae is required. However, effective markers is providing a better understanding of the monitoring is time consuming because morphology as biodiversity of Ulva in the Gulf of Mexico. Our determined by light microscopy may be insufficient to molecular analyses confirm four out of the twelve give definitive species and toxin attribution. In the EU species previously reported based on morphology. FP7 project MIDTAL (microarrays for the detection of Additionally, these results are revealing an unexpected toxic algae) we achieved rapid species identification cryptic diversity and the presence of Ulva ohnoi, a using rRNA genes as the target. These regions can be green tide species and new report for this region. targeted for probe design to recognize species or even strains. We also included antibody reactions to specific toxins produced by these microalgae because even 193 when cell numbers are low, toxins can be present and DIVERSITY OF PLANKTONIC ALGAE IN can accumulate in the shellfish. Microarrays are the A COASTAL WETLAND “LA state of the art technology in molecular biology for the ENCANTADA”, PERU processing of bulk samples for detection of target RNA/DNA sequence. After 45 months we have L. Mendoza, V. Rimarachín-Ching and I. Samanez, completed RNA-cell number–signal intensity ([email protected]) calibration curves for 18 HAB species, and the Museo de Historia Natural San Marcos - UNMSM, Peru analysis of monthly field samples from five locations from two years of field data. Results from all partners Peru is a country with high levels of recorded will be presented. A new project microaqua is biodiversity. The biodiversity of microorganisms, introduced. A commercial kit for MIDTAL is now however, is very poorly known. The objective of this available for testing. study was to determine the planktonic algal composition from La Encantada, specially focused on 192 cyanobacteria diversity. The study was conducted in A MOLECULAR INVESTIGATION OF March, August and October 2012. The samples were ULVA (ULVOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA) collected with a plankton net (20 µm) and then fixed with 4% formaldehyde. Physicochemical variables IN THE GULF OF MEXICO BASED ON were measured in situ. The algal samples were treated THE CHLOROPLAST MARKERS RBCL with India ink and Lugol‘s iodine; diatoms were AND TUFA oxidized and mounted in Zrax. 26 taxa were identified, of which 5 are new records for the Peruvian algal J. T. Melton and J. M. Lopez-Bautista flora: Planktothrix sp., Prymnesium sp., Kirchneriella ([email protected])

73 contorta, Coelomoron pusillum, and Coelomoron DIVERGENCE IN A PSYCHROPHILIC tropicale. In addition, we recognized 6 cyanobacterial DIATOM taxa that don‘t match any previously described species. We registered blooms of Peridinium sp., Microcystis T. Mock sp., and a filamentous cyanobacterium that was not ([email protected]) identified because it didn‘t match with any described University of East Anglia, United Kingdom in the literature. The possibly toxicity of some cyanobacteria is latent, especially when taking into Diatoms contribute 25% of global carbon fixation, but account the changes in temperature and precipitation their significance is especially pronounced in cold, in recent years due to global warming. nutrient-rich polar oceans. Many diatom species were even able to adapt to sea ice that covers about 7% of 194 the Earth‘s surface. How diatoms have evolved A NEW PATHOGENIC FUNGUS tolerance to this extreme, ephemeral sea ice habitat is ALERNARIA SP. CAUSED RED ROT largely unknown. Here we present insights into the DISEASE OF PYROPIA/PORPHYRA genome evolution of the psychrophilic diatom YEZOENSIS CULTURED IN NORTHERN Fragilariopsis cylindrus that is a keystone diatom CHINA species of Southern Ocean sea ice. Evidence from comparative genome, transcriptome and

1 2 2 2 metatranscriptome analyses revealed a unique Z. Mo , Y. Mao , Z. Mou and S. Li diversification of ~33% of all genes in the genome of ([email protected]) 1Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China F. cylindrus, resulting in a significant enrichment in 2Ocean University of China, China metabolism, intracellular protein transport and lipid metabolism. Alleles of the same genes respond Pyropia/Porphyra yezoensis (nori) is an economically differently to environmental stimuli, and their important red seaweed, which was cultivated in large homologs account for 73% of all F. cylindrus-specific scale along the coast of Northern China. During the transcripts in natural sea-ice communities, including early winter of 2011, a large-scale and serious red-rot the most highly abundant transcripts. Obligate clonal disease broke out throughout the whole nori reproduction avoids the ‗segregation load‘ caused by cultivation area of China. It is estimated that 40-50% recombination and the formation of homozygous of annual production was lost. This disease initially genotypes. These data give strong evidence that the appeared with needle size red spots in the thallus. loss of sex allowed for the functional divergence of Holes were then formed by the growing spots, which alleles, which enabled F. cylindrus to adapt to the finally led to the loss of the rotted fronds. In order to extreme and variable conditions in polar sea ice of the investigate the causative agent of the red-rot disease, Southern Ocean. we monitored infected Pyropia plantations from several distant loci in Shandong Province and Jiangsu 196 Province and isolated the pathogen. We found that the MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF ―red-rot‖ diseases in all sites were caused by the same CYANOBACTERIA AND MICROALGAE IN endoparasitic fungus, assignable to the genus THE COASTAL LOMAS FORMATIONS IN Alternaria based on morphological and molecular- THE PERUVIAN DESERT phylogenetic analysis. Pathogenicity assay indicated this fungus was able to cause the typical red-spot H. Montoya1 and C. P. Aguilar2 symptoms seen to occur naturally. This is the first ([email protected]) report of the species of Alternaria sp. that is able to 1Museum of Natural History, Peru cause the disease in seaweed. 2Marine Institute of Peru, Peru

195 The Peruvian tropical desert is located at the central ADAPTATION TO POLAR SEA ICE western coast of South America. Wet sea-fog drifts FACILITATED BY ALLELIC landward settling on coastal hills of the lomas formations such as Iguanil and Pachacamac in Lima

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Department. Standard cyanobacterial and microalgal temperature and low Chl a concentration during collections from the aeroterrestrial habitats with dry or summer. moist soil crusts were carried out in 1997 and 2011. Cyanobacterial and algal isolation and cultivation of 198 the species were obtained in BBM and DSN media. EFFECTS OF IRON ENRICHMENT ON Registered in the floristic survey are the eukaryotic TROPICAL MARINE ALGAE, terrestrial algae Cylindrocystis brebissonii TETRASELMIS TETRAHELE AND (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta), Klebsormidium cf. bilatum (Charophyceae, Streptophyta), Closteridium BOERGESENIA FORBESII sp. (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) and the cyanobacteria Plectonema tenue, Nostoc commune, E. M. Mustafa and S. M. Phang Microcoleus vaginatus, Scytonema myochrous and ([email protected]) Pleurocapsa entophysaloides. N. commune was dominant and its desiccation tolerance (summer and University of Malaya, Malaysia early fall) evidenced their long-term survival. Iron fertilization has been proposed as a method for Macroscopic growth habit, vegetative propagation and reducing ocean acidification due to climate change. sexual reproduction phases of species life cycle are We investigated the effect of iron enrichment on a related to the annual fluctuating garua (seasonal fine tropical marine microalgae Tetraselmis tetrahele and a precipitation) and desiccation periods. Their adaptive seaweed Boergesenia forbesii. Effects on growth strategies (mucilage, cell wall thickness, spores) (chlorophyll a, carotenoid), biochemical composition provide viable life strategy for ecological success. (carbohydrate, protein and lipid), DNA damage

(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)) and 197 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, after THE IN SITU GROWTH RATE short term (four days) and long term (ten days) EXPERIMENT OF DINOFLAGELLATES exposure were studied. Results showed that the BY SIZE FRACTIONATED METHOD carbohydrate, protein and lipid content decreased with ALONG KARACHI COAST increasing concentration of iron. The SOD activity in the exposed algae increased with increasing iron S. Munir1, T. Naz1, Z. Burhan1, P. J. Siddiqui1 and S. concentration until the threshold, beyond which the L. Morton2 cells lost their resistance and died. Changes occurred ([email protected]) in the RAPD profiles (variation in band intensity as 1University of Karachi, Pakistan well as gain or loss of bands) in all treated samples 2 NOAA, USA compared with control. Findings from this study will contribute towards the development of bioassays for The in situ growth rate experiment of dinoflagellates the detection and monitoring of Fe contamination was studied by the size-fractionation method along the based on DNA damage detection, growth, biochemical Karachi coast off Pakistan. The field samples were composition and stress enzyme response in tropical collected during winter (February 2006) and summer algae. (May 2007). Growth rates (max) were variable and ranged between -2.87 to 2.3 day-1 (20 species) in -1 199 winter and 1.20 to 1.95 day (13 species) during CONTRIBUTION OF CALCIUM TO THE summer. Growth rates (max) of dominant species CELL WALL STRUCTURE IN THE were Prorocentrum gracile, P. minimum, P. arcuatum BROWN ALGA, ECTOCARPUS (µmax= 1.0 - 1.10 day-1), Protoperidinium steinii (0.92 day-1), Gonayualax spinifera (0.69 day-1), Dinophysis SILICULOSUS acuminata (2.3 day-1), D. caudata (0.92 day-1), Ceratium lineatum, P. micans (1.95 day-1), C. Nagasato, M. Terauchi and T. Motomura Gyrodinium sp. (1.88 day-1), C. furca (1.70 day-1), ([email protected]) Alexandrium ostenfeldii (1.34 day-1). Our results Hokkaido University, Japan suggested that maximum growth is obtained at high

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The brown algal cell wall is composed mainly of identified proteins functioned in a range of biological cellulose, alginate and fucoidan, but also contains processes including glycolysis, photosynthesis, ATP proteins and phenolic compounds. It has been known synthesis, protein-refolding and biosynthesis, and that calcium ions contribute to the nature of the cell cytoskeleton remodelling. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphate wall compartment of brown algae, especially in aldolase, observed to be differentially regulated in alginate mechanics. To clarify the role of calcium ions, response to nitrogen limitation, was further observations by electron microscopy and proteomic characterised. The decreased abundance of fructose 1, analysis were performed on the filamentous brown 6 biphosphate aldolase was validated by enzymatic alga Ectocarpus siliculosus, when grown in media and western blot analysis. This study provides the first containing different concentrations of calcium ions. characterisation of G. gracilis proteome changes in The cell wall of Ectocarpus siliculosus consists of response to nitrogen limitation and identifies key three distinct layers. Ultrastructural observations proteins involved in this response. showed that the layered structure disappeared, and mesh of fibers in the cell wall became looser in low 201 calcium medium. Disorder of the cell wall integrity A SPECIFIC ANTIFOULING STRATEGY was also promoted by addition of sorbitol. In OF SARGASSUM SILIQUASTRUM proportion to reduction of calcium in medium, rupture (PHAEOPHYCEAE) AGAINST of cell wall and production of protoplasts were EPIPHYTISM OF NEOSIPHONIA HARVEYI induced. Soluble proteins released into the medium (RHODOPHYTA) under these conditions were analyzed using LC-

MS/MS, and proteins involving alginate synthesis, N. Nakajima1, N. Sugimoto2, S. Yoshikawa1, K. Ohki1 signal transduction and redox regulation were and M. Kamiya1 detected. It was considered that proteins, which were ([email protected]) extracted with low-calcium concentration, were 1Fukui Prefectrual University, Japan loosely bound to the cell wall architecture. 2National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan

200 Our previous study revealed that the epiphytic red alga INVESTIGATION OF THE GRACILARIA Neosiphonia harveyi is remarkably less abundant on GRACILIS PROTEOME RESPONSE TO Sargassum siliquastrum than Myagropsis myagroides, NITROGEN LIMITATION S. hemiphyllum, S. patens, and S. piluliferum, all of which are main components of large algal beds in R. K. Naidoo1, M. S. Rafudeen2 and V. E. Coyne2 Wakasa Bay, Japan. Although S. siliquastrum may ([email protected]) have some inhibitory factor against this epiphyte, such 1University of the Western Cape, South Africa an antifouling mechanism is unknown. First, we 2University of Cape Town, South Africa qualitatively analyzed phlorotannins of the above five sargassacean algae, which have been reported to show Gracilaria gracilis, a commercially important red an inhibitory effect against several epiphytes, using macroalgal species, is used extensively in the NMR. As a result, phlorotannin components of S. production of agar. Nitrogen limitation has been siliquastrum were not remarkably different from those identified as the major factor limiting growth of G. of the other four species. Second, carpospore gracilis populations in South Africa. While the settlement and germination of N. harveyi were physiological mechanisms implemented by G. gracilis assessed using the PES media dissolving various are well understood little is known about the molecular concentrations of phlorotannins. A sufficient inhibitory mechanisms. In this study, a differential proteomics effect was demonstrated only in the highest approach employing two-dimensional gel concentrations (1 g/L) and was not significantly electrophoresis and liquid chromatography tandem different among the five sargassacean species. Third, mass spectrometry was used to investigate G. gracilis we performed SEM observations of surface structures proteome changes in response to nitrogen limitation. because cuticle peeling has been considered effective Putative identities of 16 proteins that were found to be for preventing epiphytes. The degree of cuticle differentially regulated (P<0.05) were obtained. The peeling, however, varied even within the same species

76 and did not seem different among the five species. phylogenetic placement will likely yield more robust Finally, sargassacean blades were incubated with estimates of the Cymbellales phylogeny. spores of N. harveyi to observe the antifouling process. Many of the spores were attached and germinated on 203 the blades of every species, but the blade tissues of S. HETEROKONTOPHYTA siliquastrum where sporelings attached were swollen (PHAEOPHYCEAE) AND CHLOROPHYTA and then removed together with sporelings. This FROM BIMBARRAS ISLAND, TODOS OS phenomenon was not seen on the blades fixed in ethanol, suggesting vital reaction of S. siliquastrum SANTOS BAY, BAHIA, BRAZIL against this epiphyte. It is, therefore, considered that C. W. Nascimento Moura1, W. R. Almeida1 and S. this antifouling mechanism is more efficient to prevent 2 N. harveyi than the conventional chemical or physical M. Beauclair Guimaraes ([email protected]) defenses. 1 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil 2Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, Brazil 202 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL, NOISE AND The present work includes an inventory of the THE PHYLOGENY OF CYMBELLALES Heterokontophyta (Phaeophyceae) and Chlorophyta (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) from Bimbarras Island in the municipality of São Francisco do Conde, in the northern region of Todos T. Nakov1, E. C. Ruck2, Y. Galatchyants3, E. os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil. Submerged sandstone Likhoshway3, S. A. Spaulding4 and E. C. Theriot5 reefs, non-consolidated sandbanks and extensive areas ([email protected]) of mangrove swamp are encountered on the island. 1University of Texas at Austin, USA The study material was collected every two months 2 University of Arkansas, USA during the period between September/2008 and 3Limnological Institute, Russian Federation 4 March/2012. All of the material was examined using a United States Geological Survey, USA light microscope and the samples were incorporated 5University of Texas at Austin, USA into the HUEFS collection. A total of 61 taxa were

identified. The division Chlorophyta demonstrated the We studied phylogenetic signal and noise in a newly greatest representivity, with 42 taxa; the orders assembled dataset for the phylogeny of the Bryopsidales and Cladophorales and the families Cymbellales (Bacillariophyceae). Despite a substantial Caulerpaceae, Cladophoraceae, Codiaceae and increase in the amount of data and expanded taxon Ulvaceae demonstrated the greatest relative floristic sampling, we found poor support crucial nodes in the richnesses. Among the representatives of the division Cymbellales tree. To assess whether this outcome is Heterokontophyta, the orders Dictyotales and due to noise from fast-evolving sites we characterized Ectocarpales were the most numerous; the family the evolutionary rates with and without a phylogenetic Dictyotaceae had the greatest number of taxa (eight), tree. We find that the sequenced genes exhibit bimodal followed by the families Scytosiphonaceae (with three distributions of tree-independent evolutionary rates taxa) and Acinetosporaceae (with two taxa). As a concentrated in the low- or high-rate ranges. result of this study, Neomeris mucosa is recognized as Phylogenetic informativeness of the dataset peaks a new addition to the marine flora of the American before the ages of poorly supported deep divergences Southern Atlantic, and earlier records of Dictyota thus has a high probability of introducing noise. implexa along the southern coast of Brazil were Characters of different quality, perhaps helpful for confirmed. resolution of early nodes, are lacking. Rate-based partitioning strategies simplify and improve the phylogenetic model but provide only marginal 204 improvement of clade support. Removal of noisy HYPNEA FROM BRAZIL: DIVERSITY, characters, albeit significantly reducing the amount of MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND noise, has a costly outcome of removing large quantity TAXONOMY of signal. Ingroup taxon sampling targeted at breaking up long stems with uncertain/unsupported

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F. Nauer, V. Cassano and M. C. Oliveira DNA sequences were generated from North American, ([email protected]) European, and South American (primarily Brazil) University of Sao Paulo - USP, Brazil specimens. Eight haplotypes/species were found. There were three haplotypes identified from North The genus Hypnea Lamouroux (1813) America as follows: one haplotype from a few (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta) has great ecological geographically restricted locations, one widespread and economic importance as source of carrageenan, including northern South America and a third collected but the species are morphologically simple, with large from a single location, but this haplotype was common phenotypic plasticity, which complicates their in Europe. Of the three haplotypes in Europe, one was identification on solely morphological data. Due to widespread and the other two more restricted. Three these taxonomic problems, in this work we sequenced haplotypes occurred in Brazil. Analysis of morphology two short molecular markers, the mitochondrial 5‘- allowed three species epithets B. keratophytum Bory, cox1 and plastid UPA, plus the plastid marker rbcL for B. turfosum Bory and B. orthostichum Skuja to be phylogenetic analysis, associated with morphological placed on the clades; all others represent new species. studies to unravel the diversity of the genus to the In addition to the description of this previously coast of Brazil. We obtained 200 Hypnea samples unrecognized diversity, the section Turfosa will be collected in the intertidal and subtidal zone. Based on raised to genus level. molecular and morphological data we found ten taxa of Hypnea: H. cenomyce, H. cervicornis, H. cornuta, 206 H. flexicaulis, H. musciformis, H. spinella, H. A COMPARISON OF DIATOM stellulifera, H. volubilis, H. sp1 and H. sp2. We COMMUNITIES IN LIVING AND DEAD conclude that H. nigrescens in Brazil is a SPHAGNUM MOSSES morphological variation of H. musciformis. This is the first mention of the species H. stellulifera for the South A. Nesterovich Atlantic. The results indicated that there is a ([email protected]) significant number of cryptic species in the genus, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation which can be identified using the "DNA barcoding" technique. An ongoing biodiversity research on the algal flora of

numerous bogs of the ―Vepssky Forest‖ Natural Park, 205 Leningrad region, Russia, revealed two peat bogs, SYSTEMATICS OF SECTION TURFOSA OF separated by 36 km, with several patches (~2 m) of THE GENUS BATRACHOSPERMUM black disintegrating Sphagnum: a wet Sphagnum bog, (BATRACHOSPERMALES, RHODOPHYTA) found in 2006, and a bog adjoining a small lake. These patches differed from surrounding bogs, where diverse O. Necchi1, D. W. Lam2, D. C. Agostinho1, J. communities typical for peat bogs were present, Kwandrans3, P. Eloranta4, J. Kostkeviciene5, I. S. dominated by Frustulia krammeri Lange-Bertalot and Chapuis6 and M. L., Vis2 Metzeltin, Eunotia exigua (Brebisson in Kutzing) ([email protected]) Rabenhorst, and E. arcus Ehrenberg. In the black 1São Paulo State University patches there were only a few, abundant species. In 2 Ohio University, USA both bogs the dominant species was Kobayasiella 3Institute of Nature Conservation, Poland 4 parasubtilissima (Kobayasi & Nagumo) Lange- University of Helsinki, Finland Bertalot, which is an indicator of acidic and 5Vilnius University, Lithuania 6University of Granada, Spain oligotrophic conditions. It was accompanied by Eunotia paludosa Grunow and E. sp.1 (first bog) and The section Turfosa has been a well-supported clade in E. microcephala Krasske and E. sp.2 (second bog). K. molecular studies of the Batrachospermales, but only a parasubtilissima wasn‘t confined to the patches, but few sequences have been utilized. The goal of the was rare elsewhere. Buczko et al. (2009) described the present research was to document the number of distribution of Kobayasiella taxa in European bogs as species and their relationships using the rbcL gene and sporadic and unpredictable. It seems that Kobayasiella COI barcoding region. Thirty-seven COI and 22 rbcL

78 is tied to something else in bogs, rather than We are conducting a multi-year study of oligotrophic conditions. phytoplankton in the vicinity of DeSoto Canyon, northeastern Gulf of Mexico. So far, 16 cruises have 207 been conducted, with additional cruises planned at BIOMASS AND GROWTH DYNAMICS OF quarterly intervals through 2014. Samples are SACCHARINA LATISSIMA IN A collected from 27 stations along three transects TEMPERATE EMBAYMENT extending ~80 km from the coast. At each station 1- liter samples are collected at regular intervals to depths M. M. Nielsen, D. Krause-Jensen, B. Olesen, R. of up to 200 m. These are filtered onto 0.45 µm filters Thinggaard, P. B. Christensen and A. Bruhn and examined with SEM to quantify abundant species. ([email protected]) Net-plankton (25 micron mesh) samples are collected Aarhus University, Denmark at odd-numbered stations for the analysis of larger forms. So far 35 prymnesiophyte genera, 55 diatom Seasonal growth patterns influence the turnover of genera, and 6 dinoflagellate genera have been organic matter and the structure of the kelp habitat and documented. Important groups include the diatom are, therefore, an important aspect of the role of kelp in families Bacillariaceae, Chaetocerotaceae, coastal ecosystems. Being tightly coupled to abiotic Leptocylindraceae, Rhizosolenaceae, and growth conditions, seasonality is likely to change with Thalassiosiraceae, and the prymnesiophyte Emiliania latitude. We described seasonal growth, loss and huxleyi; in addition, the diatom genus Nanoneis is nutrient dynamics of S. latissima in Denmark (56ºN) common at off-shore stations. While diatoms generally and compared the findings with previous studies (41- dominate the association, the dinoflagellate genera 74ºN) along the geographical distribution range of the Ceratium, Dinophysis, and Prorocentrum were the species. Length growth peaked in March-May and most abundant forms in net samples from March 2011. biomass growth in May-July while major biomass Numbers of individual cells in surface waters decrease losses took place July-September. This seasonality with increased distance from the shore. Off-shore caused a biomass turnover of the population of 1.2 stations can develop a deep chlorophyll maximum year-1. Seasonal nitrogen content showed maximum (DCM) at depths in excess of 40 meters. Within a and minimum values in March and September profile, the composition of the DCM is distinct from respectively. The opposite trend was found for carbon that of the surface, usually with a greater number of content. Maximum length growth rates (7.5 ± 0.4 mm taxa, and often with a higher concentration of cells. d-1, March-May) fell in the central part of the global dataset which generally exhibited higher and earlier 209 timing of maximal growth rates with decreasing IODINE CONTRIBUTES TO OSMOTIC latitude. However annual length growth (132 cm) fell ACCLIMATISATION IN THE KELP in the lower range of other studies indicating that local LAMINARIA DIGITATA (PHAEOPHYCEAE) factors also play important regulating roles. U. Nitschke and D. B. Stengel 208 ([email protected]) PHYTOPLANKTON ASSOCIATIONS IN National University of Ireland, Ireland THE VICINITY OF DESOTO CANYON, NORTHEASTERN GULF OF MEXICO: Laminaria digitata retains inorganic iodide at levels SOME PRELIMINARY COMMENTS ON 30,000 times those present in seawater but the physiological function of iodine remains largely DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERNS underexplored. It is known that osmoregulation in L.

digitata is achieved by adjustment of the intracellular J. A. Nienow1, A. L. Shultz1, C. M. Bryller1, A. V. mannitol concentration but high iodide levels could Nienow1, C. Bland1 and S. Wise2 also contribute to osmotic homeostasis. Here, impacts ([email protected]) of salinity on iodine uptake by, and release from, L. 1Valdosta State University, USA 2Florida State University, USA digitata were assessed. The accumulation of mannitol was also determined and photo-physiological

79 responses were measured by chlorophyll fluorometry. 211 Iodine was efficiently taken up at both normal and an A NEW „MISSING LINK‟ GENUS OF THE increased salinity of 50 SA, but at 50 SA the presence COLONIAL VOLVOCINE GREENS GROWING of iodine appeared to inhibit mannitol accumulation. IN JAPANESE AND AUSTRIAN FRESHWATERS High tissue iodine concentrations were accompanied 1 1 2 by elevated NPQmax and high Fv/Fm. By contrast, low H. Nozaki , T. K. Yamada , F. Takahashi , R. tissue iodine levels at 50 SA coincided with reduced Matsuzaki1 and T. Nakada3 NPQmax and photoinhibition, although mannitol was ([email protected]) accumulated. Salinity also controlled the iodide release 1University of Tokyo, Japan into seawater and lowest release rates were observed at 2Ritsumeikan University, Japan highest salinities. The results suggest that under high 3Keio University, Japan salinity stress the incorporation of inorganic iodine is probably more efficient and energetically less The volvocine algae from unicellular Chlamydomonas expensive than synthesising mannitol. to multicellular Volvox represent an ―evolutionary time machine‖ for studying the evolution of female-male 210 sexual dimorphism and the multicellularity because FINE STRUCTURE OBSERVATION they encompass the entire ranges between these two DURING SILICEOUS SHELL FORMATION extremes. On the basis of chloroplast multigene phylogeny, a major evolutionary scenario within the OF A TESTATE AMOEBA PAULINELLA lineage was resolved ranging gradually from primitive CHROMATOPHORA (EUGLYPHID) unicellular organisms with isogamy to the advanced multicellular spheroid colonies with oogamy such as M. Nomura and K. Ishida Volvox. This group contains an enigmatic genus ([email protected]) Platydorina with flattened vegetative colonies University of Tsukuba, Japan developing via unique embryogenesis ―intercalation.‖ However, the evolutionary scenario of origin of Paulinella chromatophora is a testate amoeba Platydorina has remained unresolved possibly because (euglyphid) with a pot-shaped siliceous shell. It is of the lack of a robust sister lineage, resulting in known to form silica scales within the cell and build ambiguous phylogenetic resolutions, even when using the shell for a daughter cell before cell division. Using multiple chloroplast. Here we described a new colonial a time-lapse video observation, we have reported that: volvocine genus, which may represent a missing link 1) all scales were secreted first and rearranged outside between Platydorina and the typical spheroidal of the cell; 2) the scales were then piled up one by one volvocine algae. Our chloroplast multigene phylogeny using a thick pseudopodium to form the shell; 3) then resolved that the new genus is robustly sister to one of daughter cells moved into the new shell. Platydorina. This new genus has 16- or 32-celled However, the detailed process of shell construction is spheroidal colonies that are similar to those of the still a mystery. In this study, we describe the fine volvocine genera Yamagishiella and Eudorina. structural processes of scale formation and shell However, it can be clearly distinguished from the latter construction in P. chromatophora. We identified a two genera by its two or three contractile vacuoles silica-deposition vesicle (SDV) in the cell and present only in the anterior portion of each vegetative observed the detailed developmental process of scales. cell and by possible anisogamous sexual reproduction; We also found that, during the shell construction, the these two features are similar to those of its sister expanded front edge of the thick pseudopodium genus Platydorina. Albeit of rare occurrence, two branched and held all scales that were waiting to be species of the new genus were found in a Japanese assembled. Only several mitochondria, vesicles lake, and one of the two possibly grows in an Austrian containing dense material, and tubular membranes that freshwater. seemed to be highly branched were observed in the thick pseudopodium.

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212 of the 34 Hot Spots of the world identified in India. It PROACTIVE ASSESSMENT OF represents the transition zone between the Indian, ALGICIDES FOR RAPID RESPONSE TO Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese biogeographical POTENTIAL INVASIONS BY AQUARIUM regions and acts as a meeting place of the Himalayan STRAINS OF THE SEAWEED Mountains and Peninsular India. It is characterized by a rich bio-diversity and heavy precipitation, providing CHAETOMORPHA a perfect platform for the exploration and exploitation

of microalgae. The National Facility for Freshwater R. L. Odom and L. J. Walters Cyanobacterial and Microalgal Repository of IBSD, ([email protected]) Imphal, Manipur, India created by Department of University of Central Florida, USA Biotechnology, Govt. of India, harbors about 1636

strains of microalgae from the eight states of the north Biological invasions associated with home/public east region of India. All available strains are aquaria releases are an issue of global concern. The taxonomically and biochemically characterized and genus Chaetomorpha is currently the most popular identified up to genus/species level and maintained as macroalgal group for saltwater aquariums, used by unialgal cultures with accession number. In the present over 50% of surveyed hobbyists in the US. As such, study, 300 unialgal isolates were screened for the opportunity for its introduction is considerable and quantification of available carotenoid. Out of these poses a serious threat to aquatic systems. We tested Leptolyngbya sp. BTA-287, an isolate from West five chemical algicide treatments—chlorine bleach, Agartala, Tripura, India, was found to contain highest rock salt, copper sulfate, acetic acid and Sonar (active level of carotenoids (25.38±0.007 µg/mL) during log ingredient fluridone)—to determine the best phase while Phormidium sp. BTA- 412 from Imphal techniques for rapid eradication or control of an East, Manipur, India, showed the highest level of invasion by aquarium Chaetomorpha. We conducted carotenoids content (24.58±3.27 µg/ml) during factorial experiments of 1-cm fragments from 3 retail declining phase of growth. The process optimization purchases of Chaetomorpha exposed to experimental for enhancement of carotenoid content through concentrations of each algicide for varying durations, biotechnological intervention, or the application of rinsed the fragments, and then resubmerged them in nutritional and ecological features yielded exciting algicide-free artificial seawater. We monitored results, but needs to be established for a longer period survival and growth for 4 weeks following the end of before the technology can be commercialized. These chemical exposure. Only acetic acid was consistently cultures were studied extensively for other bioactive effective at inducing full mortality at tested exposure molecules as well as characterized morphologically levels (at least 2% for 4 min). Chlorine bleach results and identified at the molecular level using 16S rRNA. were inconsistent across purchases. Rock salt and copper sulfate did not significantly reduce survival but limited growth. 214 ENGINEERING CHARACTERIZATION OF 213 A SHAKEN MICRO-BIOREACTOR SCREENING OF CAROTENOIDS FROM PLATFORM FOR PARALLEL POTENT MICROALGAL STRAINS OF EVALUATION OF MICROALGAE INDO- BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS AND CULTIVATION AND SCALE-UP PROCESS OPTIMIZATION FOR COMMERCIALIZATION E. O. Ojo, H. Auta, F. Baganz and G. J. Lye ([email protected])

University College London, United Kingdom A. S. Oinam and O. N. Tiwari

([email protected]) Micro-scale technologies for early prediction of key Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, India bioprocess parameters and scale-up have previously been applied to biopharmaceutical production and Northeast India (22-30ºN and 89-97ºE), spreading over production of human cells for therapy. However, their 2,062,379 sq km, falls under the Indo-Burma Hotspot application to sustainable, bio-renewable energy

81 bioprocess development is only now being considered. (exCA) to C-supply for net-photosynthesis and the Chl Here we describe a shaken micro bioreactor platform a and phlorotannin content were examined. Female that provides the required biochemical engineering gametogenesis and vegetative growth of sporophytes conditions suitable for optimization of microalgae were significantly enhanced under the expected future cultivation conditions and scaled up to 7.5 L pCO2. rETR (max) and net-photosynthesis of young bioreactor. Cells are cultured in up to 24 parallel wells, vegetative sporophytes displayed a trend towards shake flasks and 7.5 L bioreactor with working increased performance at higher pCO2. The trend volumes of 4 mL, 100 mL and 4000 mL respectively towards elevated net-photosynthesis vanished after Characterization of a biochemical engineering inhibition of the exCA. In vegetative sporophytes, conditions suitable for scale up were based on the phlorotannin content and Chl a content were not mixing time (Tm) and oxygen mass transfer significantly affected by pCO2. coefficient (kLa) studies. Parallel batch culture was performed for the three systems at matched kLa 216 corresponding to 300-350 rpm, with 80 % relative PEERING INTO THE POND FOR CLUES humidity as appropriate conditions for evaporation and TO MULTICELLULARITY condensation control in the shaken incubator. However, impact of the engineering conditions (1 vvm B. Olson air flow rate and 300 rpm shaking speed) on the ([email protected]) growth kinetics for Chlorella sorokiniana showed -1 Kansas State University, USA similar biomass concentration of about 5 g L , pigment production, pH, glucose depletion and total The evolution of multicellular organisms is a major lipid yield with high fatty methyl esters acid required evolutionary state transition that has occurred at least for bioenergy production. Adoption of the new micro- twenty-five independent times in all domains of life. scale shaken bioreactor platform will enable rapid and However, the molecular-genetic and ecological basis parallel evaluation of multiple strains of microalgae of multicellular evolution remains enigmatic. for their biofuel and high value chemicals production Classically, the Volvocacean algae, which include the capabilities. This will help reduce bioprocess well-known algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and development costs, time and risks. Volvox carteri, have been used as an important model system for multicellular evolution. The Volvocales are 215 an important model of multicellular evolution for EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON many reasons including: 1) they represent the most DIFFERENT LIFE-CYCLE STAGES OF recent known example of multicellular evolution; 2) THE KELP LAMINARIA HYPERBOREA because the genomes of the organisms are very closely (PHAEOPHYCEAE) related, and 3) because they are a tractable molecular- genetic model system. The first step for multicellular M. Olischläger, I. Bartsch, L. Gutow and C. Wiencke organisms to evolve occurs when is when unicells for ([email protected]) a collective, termed colonialism. Because colonialism Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Marine and Polar Research, is the first step where organismal selfishness is lost, it Germany is widely viewed to be the rate limiting step of multicellular evolution. In the Volvocacean algae, The objective of this study was to evaluate the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii represents the unicellular influence of preindustrial and expected future state, while the closely related alga, Gonium pectorale, atmospheric CO2 concentrations (280µatm and represents the transition to colonialism. Significantly, 700µatm pCO2, respectively) on different life-cycle colonialism in the Volvocacean algae evolved by the stages of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea from modification of the cell cycle such that mitotic Helgoland (Germany, North Sea). Zoospore daughter cells remain attached together after mitosis. germination, gametogenesis, vegetative growth, sorus Significantly, in the draft genome sequence of Gonium formation and photosynthetic performance of pectorale it is observed that the retinoblastoma tumor vegetative and fertile tissue were addressed. The suppressor cell cycle regulatory pathways have contribution of the external carbonic anhydrase undergone significant modification compared to

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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Finally, it is often SOUTHERN MEXICAN CARIBBEAN assumed the unicellular organisms do not cooperate, however, our recent findings suggest that L. Ortegon-Aznar, A. Chuc-Contreras and A. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cooperates in the face of Aguilar-Perera environmental challenges, suggesting that the path to ([email protected]) cooperation in a multicellular organism may be UADY, Mexico simpler than originally thought. This study investigates the distribution and diversity of 217 benthic macroalge in coral reefs of two locations ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND (Mahahual and Xahuayxol) in the Southern Mexican PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES OF THE Caribbean. Data were collected per location – within 5 UNARMORED quadrants along two 50 m transects – at three areas: KLEPTOCHLOROPLASTIDIC reef lagoon, reef terrace and reef slope. A presence- absence matrix was built per location and area, and the DINOFLAGELLATES diversity was compared through the Jaccard similarity analysis. A total of 139 macroalge species was found R. Onuma, K. Watanabe and T. Horiguchi (78 Rhodophyta, 13 Phaeophyta, 36 Chlorophyta, 3 ([email protected]) Cyanobacteria). At least 73 species were found in Hokkaido University, Japan Mahahual (with higher species richness in the reef

slope north) and 125 in Xahuayxol (with higher ‗Kleptochloroplast‘ is a temporary chloroplast ‗stolen‘ species richness in the reef terrace south). In general, from other photosynthetic algae. The unarmored Xahuayxol showed the highest diversity, but no dinoflagellates Amphidinium poecilochroum and Jaccard similarity was found among locations. There Gymnodinium aeruginosum are closely related to each was no difference in species richness (t-student, p > other, and both possess cryptomonad-derived 0.05). Differences may only be explained at species kleptochloroplasts. G. aeruginosum can synchronize composition level, where rare species may influence its kleptochloroplast division with that of its own, dissimilarity. Such differences may be due to while no such phenomenon occurs in A. properties of each location. Mahahual, unlike poecilochroum – the situation indicates that Xahuayxol, is under tourist influence and has kleptochloroplastidy in the former is at a more freshwater inflow (during the rainy season) and advanced stage in acquiring a ‗true chloroplast‘. nutrient loading. Because the fate of the ingested cryptomonad remains unclear, we studied the ultrastructural changes of the 219 kleptochloroplast in both species. This revealed that A. poecilochroum removed most of cryptomonad COORDINATED GENE TRANSCRIPTION organelles very early on, while G. aeruginosum FOR ARACHIDONIC ACID BIOSYNTHESIS retained many of the cryptomonad organelles, IN MYRMECIA INCISA ADAPTING TO A including the nucleus. This suggests that the retention NITROGEN of cryptomonad nucleus is an important step in STARVATION/REPLENISHMENT SHIFT realizing an advanced state of kleptochloroplastidy. In addition, we discovered two novel heterotrophic L. L. Ouyang, Y. Li, H. Li, F. Liu, M. Tong, S. Yu and dinoflagellates that form a robust clade with the Z. G. Zhou unarmored kleptochloroplastidic dinoflagellates. This ([email protected]) study suggests that these heterotrophic dinoflagellates Shanghai Ocean University, China are at an evolutionary stage at which they either have lost or have yet to acquire the ability of Myrmecia incisa was characterized by a high content kleptochloroplastidy. of arachidonic acid (ArA), especially when grown under the nitrogen starvation conditions. ArA 218 synthesis in this alga was suggested from oleic acid via MACROALGAE DIVERSITY AND linoleic acid, g-linolenic acid (GLA) and 20:3w6 on DISTRIBUTION IN CORAL REEFS OF THE the basis of these fatty acid changes. Accordingly,

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D12, D6, D5 and W3 fatty acid desaturases (FADs) gene cox1. 82 individuals from 11 localities were and D6 fatty acid elongase (FAE) played an important sampled from the southernmost state (Rio Grande do role for ArA biosynthesis. The cDNA of these genes, Sul) through Espírito Santo in southeastern Brazil therefore, were cloned, and compared with their (20º24‘49‖-29º10‘44‖S). The species showed a greater corresponding DNA sequences. All of these genes genetic variation among than within populations, a were separated by several introns. Transcription of typical pattern for members of the Batrachospermales. these genes of M. incisa as estimated by Q-RT-PCR Nine haplotypes were found for cox2, with 376 base gradually increased during the course of nitrogen pairs (bp) in length, which varied from 1 to 9 bp (0.3- starvation, and dramatically declined from the onset of 2.4%). 10 haplotypes of cox1 were found, with a nitrogen replenishment. The percentage of GLA, divergence of 3 to 21 bp (0.4 to 2.8%) among them. 20:3W6 and ArA, which were catalyzed by D6 FAD, For cox2-3, populations had 1 or 2 haplotypes, with 1 D6 FAE and D5 FAD, respectively, were first bp variation among them. For cox1, all populations increased and subsequently decreased accompanying had only one haplotype. For both markers an with the corresponding gene transcription. The essentially similar pattern of variation was found, with percentage of linoleic acid, however, showed a quite a trend from the south towards the southeast regions. contrary change to ArA, suggesting that the increased ArA in this alga during the course of nitrogen 221 starvation possibly resulted from a reduced linoleic ALGAL APPLICATION IN acid and that D6 FAD and D6 FAE were crucial PHYCOREMEDIATION PROCESS WITH enzymes for ArA synthesis. Transcription of W3 FAD SPECIAL REFERENCES TO ALGAE- gene and percentage of ALA which was catalyzed by METAL INTERACTION W3 FAD showed a significant decrease under the nitrogen starvation stress followed by a sharp increase R. Pal after supplement of nitrogen. The percentage (not ([email protected]) more than 2% of total fatty acids) of EPA in this alga University of Calcutta, India varied insignificantly during the process of nitrogen treatment which couldn‘t keep pace with W3 FAD Algae have great potential as eco-toxicological test gene transcription, suggesting that the encoded protein systems. In the present topic use of local algal genera by the cloned W3 FAD gene from this alga might not for toxic and precious metal separation and their be as a catalyst to synthesize EPA from ArA. It was changes at cellular level would be discussed. The concluded that nitrogen was a key factor to regulate study would include long and short term effect of Pb the gene transcription cooperatively for ArA and As toxicity on population pattern, reproductive biosynthesis in M. incisa to adapt itself to a nitrogen process and cellular biochemistry of different algal starvation/replenishment shift. genera and their role in nano-metal production. In natural habitat, changes in algal flora were observed 220 due to long exposure of Pb or arsenic. Remarkable PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF changes in reproductive behavior of eukaryotic algae BATRACHOSPERMUM HELMINTHOSUM were noticed such as excessive zoosporogenesis and (RHODOPHYTA, BATRACHOSPERMALES) resting spore production by Rhizoclonium and IN BRAZIL Navicula and the production of hormogonia by cyanobacterial taxa at low concentration of metals. M. O. Paiano and O. Necchi, Jr. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and neutron ([email protected]) activation techniques were employed to estimate the UNESP, Brazil metal absorption. Phormidium and Lyngbya were further used as biofilter in immobilized condition after Batrachospermum helminthosum Bory is a widespread being bio-engineered as algae based filter for lead and species of Batrachospermales in Brazil. Genetic arsenic removal. variation among and within populations of this species was investigated using two mitochondrial markers – the cox2-3 spacer region and the barcode region of the

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222 DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSATELLITE Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide LOCI FOR PHYMATOLITHON concentrations are reducing ocean pH and calcification CALCAREUM (CORALLINALES, rates of marine organisms, and may also cause RHODOPHYTA) IN THE EUROPEAN sublethal stress and changes in concentrations of secondary metabolites that protect macroalgae from ATLANTIC USING NGS TECHNOLOGY herbivores. We exposed a calcareous, terpene-

producing macroalga, Halimeda opuntia, to seawater C. Pardo1, Y. Peña1, I. Bárbara1, M. Valero2 and R. conditioned with increasing levels of CO to test for Barreiro1 2 effects of ocean acidification on growth, calcification ([email protected]) and terpene concentrations. Although terpene 1Universidade da Coruña, Spain 2Station Biologique de Roscoff, France concentrations were not affected, calcification decreased at CO2 concentrations of 2200 ppm and Maerl beds are subtidal habitats with a worldwide above, which could impact herbivory on this alga. We distribution, made up of unattached, non-geniculate also explored the effects of reduced seawater pH on coralline algae. They are considered habitats of the benthic cyanobacterium, Lyngbya cf. confervoides, ecological and economic importance because they and found no effect on growth rates over the range of harbor high biodiversity and benefit commercial CO2 concentrations tested. fisheries. The EU Habitats Directive partially protect these beds, and its annex V lists Phymatolithon 224 calcareum, a major maerl-forming coralline, as a READING IN THE GENOMES OF species of community interest whose taking in the wild CHROMERA AND VITRELLA – and exploitation may be subject to management PHOTOSYNTHETIC BRETHREN OF measures. At present, however, there is an important APICOMPLEXAN PARASITES gap in our knowledge of this rhodophyte since no study has ever elucidated its genetic diversity and M. Pazoutova, A. Horak and M. Obornik population structure. Microsatellites are powerful ([email protected]) codominant markers, particularly indicated for Institute of Parasitology, Czech Republic population genetics studies. Here, we describe the development of 11 polymorphic microsatellites loci for The chromerids are a recently discovered group of P. calcareum using 454 next-generation sequencing algae that live in association with corals. So far, only (NGS) technology. Two of the 11 loci showed low two distantly related species, Chromera velia and polymorphism but the remaining 9 seem promising for Vitrella brassicaformis, are known. Robust future investigations of the population structure and phylogenomic and ultrastructural evidence confirms diploid/haploid ratios of this maerl-forming coralline. their close relationships with the apicomplexans. To our knowledge, this is the first time that Combined with their epi/symbiotic lifestyle, the microsatellite markers have been developed for available data suggest the chromerids represent a coralline algae. missing link in transition of free-living algae into one of the most diverse and successful groups of parasites. 223 Analysis of organellar and nuclear genomes of C. velia ALGAL CHEMICAL ECOLOGY IN A and V. brassicaformis reveal several unique features. CHANGING OCEAN In agreement with the Chromalveolate hypothesis, plastids of chromerids are of red algal origin and V. J. Paul1, J. D. Craft1, R. Ritson-Williams2 and C. represent important link between non-photosynthetic Langdon3 apicoplast of apicomplexans and peridinin plastid of ([email protected]) dinoflagellates. Moreover, C. velia possesses the most 1Smithsonian Institution, USA divergent and gene-poor functional photosynthetic 2University of Hawaii, USA plastid known to date, which uses non-canonical 3University of Miami, USA (UGA) code for tryptophan. The peculiar life-history of chromerids is reflected in numbers of unique

85 metabolic traits, e.g. in synthesis of tetrapyrrols from 226 glycine (as the only photosynthetic eukaryotes) or ANALYSES OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL utilizing ornithine-urea cycle as a key compound of AND PLASTID GENOMES IN TOLYPELLA inorganic carbon and nitrogen metabolism. A. BRAUN (CHARACEAE, CHAROPHYCEAE) 225 SEX-BIAS IN FUCOID ALGAL W. Pérez1, R. M. McCourt2 and K. G. Karol1 TRANSCRIPTOMES ([email protected]) 1 New York Botanical Garden, USA 2 G. A. Pearson, M. J. Martins, A. Anjos, C. F. Mota Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, USA and E. A. Serrão (gpearson@ualg) Tolypella is the third largest genus in Characeae, an Center of Marine Sciences, Portugal evolutionarily important lineage of freshwater green algae with an uncertain phylogenetic placement in the Sexual dimorphism between males and females occurs Charophyta. Organellar genome analyses have against a virtually identical genomic background. recovered Characeae as sister to land plants or to a Transcriptomic datasets have recently shown larger clade that includes other charophycean algae extensive, genome-wide sex-biased gene expression plus land plants. However, organellar genome (SBG) that presumably underlies sexual dimorphism, sequences of Characeae are only available for the mainly in metazoans. The brown algae show extensive mitochondrial and plastid genomes of Chara vulgaris variation in life-history and reproductive system, the and the mitochondrial genome of Nitella hyalina. We genomic basis of which remains largely unexplored. completely sequenced organellar genomes from 14 We recently identified SBG in male and female Tolypella taxa representing both sections, Rothia (n=8) reproductive tissue transcriptomes in Fucus and Tolypella (n=6). The mitochondrial genome vesiculosus, using 454 sequencing. Here we report the sequences and lengths are remarkably conserved with results of a more extensive Illumina RNA-seq dataset. a mean base-pair composition of 77,687±430 (1 SD). A de novo F. vesiculosus reference transcriptome was In contrast, plastome sequences vary among all taxa assembled from ca. 70 M 100bp paired-end reads. We while lengths differ mainly between each section identified >8,700 genes orthologous to Ectocarpus (153,438±1817 in section Rothia and 129,547±404 in siliculosus (54% of the proteome), which were on section Tolypella). A comparison of genome average >80% full length. Differential expression (DE) architecture and gene-based phylogenetic relationships analysis using biological replicates revealed extensive to better understand Tolypella systematics and genome gender variation. The number of SBG was higher in evolution within Characeae will be discussed. male (2,388 transcripts) than female tissue (1,478 transcripts), a pattern commonly seen in evolutionarily 227 distant animal models where males are the MICROALGAE FOR BIOREMEDIATION heterogametic sex. Major female SBG were OF PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT AND carbohydrate-modifying enzymes with likely roles in PRODUCTION OF LIPID-RICH BIOMASS zygote cell wall biogenesis and/or modification. Male FOR BIOFUEL SBG function in sperm development, signal perception (e.g., phototropin), transduction (several kinases), and S. M. Phang1, E. M. Mustafa1, W. L. Chu2, L. putatively flagella-localized proteins (including Maniam1, S. Ramachandran1, N. M. Nik-Sulaiman1, C. candidate gamete-recognition proteins). Overall, our Y. Tan3, S. K. Loh4, L. N. Lau3 and N. A. Idris3 results suggest some constraint on female SBG ([email protected]) (possible pleiotropy), and less constraint on males 1University of Malaya, Malaysia associated with sperm-specific functions. We report 2International Medical University, Malaysia preliminary results from comparative analysis of 3Malaysian Palm Oil Board Malaysia RNA-seq data from other Fucus spp. and members of the Fucaceae. The palm oil industry in Malaysia generates large amounts of wastewater known as Palm Oil Mill

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Effluent (POME). POME is highly organic, with high (ZYGNEMATOPHYCEAE, nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Treatment is via STREPTOPHYTA) ON SVALBARD (HIGH anaerobic digestion of POME. Twenty microalgae ARCTIC) strains from the University Malaya Algae Culture Collection (UMACC) were screened for growth and M. Pichrtova1, J. Vesela1, A. Holzinger2 and T. biochemical composition. Three strains, with high Hajek3 specific growth rate (µ) and lipid content were selected ([email protected]) for culture in POME and anaerobically digested 1Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic effluent (AL). Chlorella UMACC 300 grew best in 2University of Innsbruck, Austria both POME and AL, with µ=0.27 d-1, biomass 3Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech 448.00±18.33 mg/L (day 12), 27.70±0.93% DW Republic protein, 1.60±0.07% DW carbohydrate and 30.67±1.38% DW lipid, when grown in 25% AL in 2L Zygnema sp. is one of the most common streptophyte flask cultures. Chlorella vulgaris UMACC 001 grew algae in the Arctic. It forms extensive mats in shallow well (µ=0.51 d-1) in 7.5% POME in 5L airlift annular freshwater pools where algae are subjected to various photobioreactors. In general, all three algal strains stress factors including freezing, UV radiation and produced 30-64% SFA. About 88%, 66%, 79%, 45% desiccation. Although production of specialized cells and 42% reduction in COD, NH3-H, PO3-P, NO3-N (zygospores, parthenospores and aplanospores) has and NO2-N, respectively were achieved. Results show been reported in Zygnema, we did not observe their that Chlorella UMACC 300 has potential for formation in natural conditions. Only senescent cells bioremediation of POME and production of biodiesel. called pre-akinetes and akinetes were recorded in desiccated sites and during winter. Several Zygnema 228 strains were isolated from mats into cultures for further COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF molecular and ecophysiological characterisation. HETEROKONT ORGANELLES Based on rbcL sequences six different genotypes of Zygnema were detected altogether that fall into both N. Phillips1, J. Boore2 and E. L. Braun3 major lineages within the genus. Moreover, filaments ([email protected]) of Zygnemopsis were co-occurring within Zygnema 1Arcadia University, USA mats. The desiccation tolerance of the isolated strains 2University of California, USA was investigated in experimental conditions. It was 3University of Florida, USA found that the survival capacity was influenced by nutrient supply, desiccation rate and age of the Heterokonts comprise some of the most productive cultures; starved cultures showed higher resistance. and biologically diverse lineages in marine Zygnema on Svalbard is in general resistant to ecosystems. Members of these lineages generate desiccation stress, but strain-specific characteristics approximately half the world‘s oxygen. However, we were revealed which shows their different ecological know little about their organellar genomes. A project strategies within the mats. was initiated to understand the organellar genomes of these important primary producers. To assure the 230 isolation of pure genomic DNA cultures were grown DIATOMS FROM THE GENUS NITZSCHIA with GeO2 to inhibit diatom growth before DNA FOR LARGE-SCALE CULTIVATION FOR extraction. Data from a single HiSeq lane were LIPID AND OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS (EPA collected and assembled. We report here on the size, AND DHA) structure, and gene content of selected heterokont lineages that are closely related to or members of the A. Pinowska brown algae (Phaeophyceae). ([email protected]) General Atomics, USA 229 DIVERSITY AND DESICCATION Thirteen diatom strains of Nitzschia were isolated from TOLERANCE OF ZYGNEMA California and Hawaii and then screened for their feasibility for photosynthetic lipid production and

87 cultivation in large open-pond systems. Strains were long; B74: 12-19 µm long; Gyob8: 17-25 µm long; screened at different temperatures and nutrient TM24: 18-22 µm long; HG151: 17-24 µm long, etc.). concentrations in the laboratory for their growth, lipid Based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological production, and EPA and DHA content. Nitzschia EPA observation, we suggest that Moestrupia oblonga may and DHA content, expressed in terms of percentage of contain several cryptic species. the total lipid content, ranged from 3 to 38% and from 0 to 3% respectively. The fraction of EPA and DHA in 232 the total lipid increased with decreasing overall lipid MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF THE content. High concentrations of nitrogen and silica in DIATOM GENUS MINIDISCUS HASLE the media resulted in lower overall lipid content, but (THALASSIOSIRALES, contributed to higher EPA and DHA fractions in the BACILLARIOPHYTA) IN THE ATLANTIC lipid. Further, Nitzschia cultivated in lower AND GULF COASTS OF FLORIDA, USA temperatures had higher EPA and DHA fractions in the extracted lipid relative to higher temperature A. K. Prasad1, W. I. Miller1, S. Morrison2, J. A. growth conditions. Nitzschia was successfully 3 1 cultivated in an open-pond system and had Nienow and S. Wise ([email protected]) productivities comparable to green algae. Species from 1 genus Nitzschia are therefore good candidates for lipid Florida State University, USA 2College of Charleston, USA production for fuel and omega-3 fatty acids. 3Valdosta State University, USA

231 Phytoplankton samples from the coastal regions of MOESTRUPIA OBLONGA (DINOPHYCEAE) northwest and northeast Florida contain a remarkable MAY CONTAIN SEVERAL CRYPTIC diversity of forms from the diatom genus Minidiscus SPECIES Hasle (Thalassiosirales). Currently at least six species are recognized in the genus; additional forms have D. A. Prabowo1, M. M. Shah2, M. Tamura3, T. been noted, but not in sufficient numbers to permit the Horiguchi3 and S. Suda1 formal description of new taxa. Several of the known ([email protected]) species are frequent members of the nanoplankton of 1University of the Ryukyus, Japan the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of Florida, including M. 2Jeju National University, Republic of Korea trioculatus (Taylor) Hasle, M. chilensis Rivera and M. 3 Hokkaido University, Japan comicus Takano. Here we document three additional morphotypes, herein referred to by their primary Several dinoflagellate strains were successfully collection sites: the Panacea morphotype, the St. isolated from marine samples taken from various shore Andrew morphotype, and the Apalachee morphotype. locations in Okinawa Island, Japan. The strains shared All three are similar to M. comicus in the absence of a several common characters, e.g., the cells were marginal hyaline area and in the presence of unarmored and rice-grain like in shape, with a fultoportula surrounded by three satellite pores. The conspicuous large pyrenoid located in the middle of Panacea & St. Andrew morphotypes were abundant in the body while the nucleus was positioned in the collections from Apalachicola Bay and Rookery Bay, hypocone, cingulum displacement was about one third Florida, and from the coast of Massachusetts, of the body length and the chloroplasts were somehow suggesting both are widely distributed. The Apalachee reticulated. Based on the morphological characteristics morphotype has only been observed in the Econfina and our molecular phylogenetic analyses based on and Fenholloway estuaries of Apalachee Bay. The SSU and LSU rDNA, we identified the strains as Panacea morphotype is characterized by prominent, Moestrupia oblonga (syn.: Gyrodinium oblongum). evenly spaced, turbinate external tubes of the 3-5 However more than 5 bp substitutions were found fultoportulae and by the presence of a single row of among the sequenced strains and detailed pores, 3 in 10 µm, in an otherwise hyaline marginal ultrastructure observation revealed that one or more of area. The St. Andrew morphotype is distinguished by our strains had an epicone size that was relatively extremely small cells, 1.5-4.4 µm in diameter, a deep larger than the hypocone. Cell size differences were mantle, fultoportulae with simple external tubes, and also observed (e.g., Moestrupia oblonga: 13-17 µm

88 by scapulate extensions of the areolar walls. The variability like in Jaagichlorella. Summarizing, the Apalachee morphotype has denser areolae than other ITS-2 barcode can be used to identify species and two morphotypes. We believe these differences discovered hidden genetic diversity. provide sufficient basis for describing each of the morphotypes as a distinct species. Our observations 234 suggest that members of Minidiscus may represent an ALGAE ON THE ROCKS: ADAPTATION important source of primary production easily THROUGH HORIZONTAL GENE overlooked due to their small size. TRANSFER IN THE CRYPTOENDOLITHIC RED ALGA GALDIERIA PHLEGREA 233 HIDDEN DIVERSITY OF TERRESTRIAL H. Qiu1, D. Price1, A. P. Weber2, H. S. Yoon3, V. GREEN ALGAE (VIRIDIPLANTAE) Reeb4 and D. Bhattacharya1 DISCOVERED BY ITS-2 DNA BARCODE ([email protected]) 1Rutgers University, USA T. Proeschold1, T. Darienko2 and L. Gustavs1 2Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany ([email protected]) 3Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea 1University of Rostock, Germany 4University of Iowa, USA 2National Academy Science of Ukraine, Ukraine Thriving in the hot, acidic, and metal-rich Traditionally terrestrial green algae have been environments associated with geothermal areas is classified according to the morphological species possible for only a few eukaryotes, with the concept. However, phylogenetic analyses of SSU Cyanidiophytina red algae (Cyanidium, Galdieria, and rDNA sequences have revealed that most of the Cyanidioschyzon) being one of the most famous traditional genera and species are polyphyletic and examples. These unicellular taxa can live in pH 0-4 need taxonomic revisions. Many terrestrial green algae and temperatures reaching 56°C. Because show a phenotypic plasticity demonstrated by Cyanidiophytina is sister to a vast array of mesophilic experiments of cultured material. This makes the red algae (the Rhodophytina) such as the unicellular unique species identification very difficult. In addition, Porphyridium and the seaweed Chondrus, the genetic many microalgae show only few diacritical basis of their adaptation to extreme environments is of morphological characters. Unfortunately most of the high interest from both the perspective of terrestrial green algae reproduce only asexually and biotechnology and of evolution. The recently the biological species concept cannot be used for completed 13.7 Mbp genome sequence from the hot- identification. The newly developed ITS-2 DNA spring dwelling Galdieria sulphuraria demonstrated barcode correlated with the biological species concept that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from prokaryotic and has been now extrapolated to asexual species and sources has provided this taxon with remarkable genera. Using this barcode terrestrial green algae could metabolic versatility (e.g., glycerol metabolism) and be clearly identified at species level and new lineages the ability to survive in its hostile environment (e.g., could be discovered. The new species have been genes to detoxify mercury and arsenic). To explore the confirmed using an integrative approach, which role of HGT in other members of this genus, we includes phylogenetic analyses of SSU and ITS rDNA generated an 11.4 Mbp draft genome assembly from sequences with morphology and life cycle of these the sister taxon G. phlegrea DBV 009. In contrast to species as well as physiological and biochemical G. sulphuraria this species is adapted to dry habitats characters (i.e. polyol production). Based on these near fumaroles such as fissures between rocks or results traditional terrestrial genera such as Chlorella, cryptoendolithic environments. Here, we provide Coccomyxa, and Chlamydomonas have been revised evidence of extensive gene loss in the common and new genera and species have been described. ancestor of Cyanidiophytina that includes the Unexpectedly many lineages contain several isolates, eukaryote- derived loci required for urea utilization. which either morphologically develop a high degree of Surprisingly, we find that G. phlegrea has regained the phenotypic plasticity, but showed a low genetic complete set of genes required for urea hydrolysis diversity like in Chloroidium and Coccomyxa, or, through HGT from eubacteria. This acquisition strains with morphological unity have a high genetic presumably reflects adaptation to the drier endolithic

89 environment where nitrogen may be limiting. Our M. Ras1, J. P. Steyer2 and O. Bernard3 study demonstrates that genome reduction, which is a ([email protected]) common outcome of adaptation to an extreme (or 1University Pierre et Marie Curie, France specialized) niche in eukaryotes, can be ameliorated by 2INRA - Laboratoire de biotechnologies de l'environnement, France the gain of once lost, or novel functions via HGT. 3 INRIA-BIOCORE, France 235 Temperature plays a crucial role in microalgae IDEALG PROJECT: 10 YEARS TO MAKE productivity, although existing studies have considered THE BEST OF ALGAL GENOMICS AND that light was the main productivity driver. High rate POST-GENOMICS FOR THE outdoor production units of microalgae can undergo DEVELOPMENT OF SEAWEED large temperature fluctuations which can exceed AQUACULTURE AND ASSOCIATED optimal conditions. Temperatures exceeding optimal BIOTECHNOLOGIES growth temperatures of microalgae are more deleterious than lower temperatures and can hence M. Ras, C. Boyen and P. Potin deeply affect productivity. The objective of the ([email protected]) presentation is to review the effects of temperatures, University Pierre et Marie Curie, France and especially high temperature, on microalgae growth and intracellular content. The effect of high In response to the constantly increasing demand for temperatures is clearly species dependent. Moreover, seaweed biomass on an international level, the need to long term adaptation of certain species over generation upscale or develop cultivation methods of native cycles has also been proven efficient to increase seaweeds in Europe is becoming urgent. The French optimal temperatures. Temperature can also drive large integrated long-term research project ―IDEALG‖ chlorophyll or lipid contents. Physical models coupled proposes to tackle issues related to seaweed to biological kinetics are able to predict the evolution aquaculture and biomass exploitation. Special attention of temperature in the growth media and its effect on will also be addressed to economic, social and the growth rate, highlighting the downstream drastic environmental impacts of such developments on other economic and environmental impacts. These elements maritime activities, conservation and bio-safety issues. can complement existing models and help visualize the IDEALG project will help improve algal bioresources effective impacts of temperature on outdoor cultures. and seaweed domestication as well as boost seaweed biotechnologies by making the best of genomics and 237 post-genomic research. Indeed, metagenomic AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF approaches applied on seaweed biomass and closely GAMETOGENESIS IN THE ARAPHID associated micro-organisms will bring progress to PENNATE DIATOM PESUDOSTAUROSIRA seaweed crops and developing blue and white TRAINORII technologies. First results have already brought light on strategic species to study, on algae genotyping, on 1 1 2 A. J. Rawdhan , G. W. Beakes and S. Sato nutritional characteristics of local seaweed and on ([email protected]) green algae aquaculture. Social and economic aspects 1Newcastle University, United Kingdom of the seaweed industry in France have also been 2Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, United Kingdom reported but will continue to guide IDEALG along strategic decisions in order to ensure a sustainable Pseudostaurosira trainorii, an araphid pennate diatom, development. has anisogamous sexual reproduction, which shows a number of unique features. The ultrastructure (TEM) 236 of gametogenesis is described. As gametogenesis EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE progress the cells elongate (in girdle plane) to 8-12 m FLUCTUATIONS ON MICROALGAE and the nuclei increase in size (4-4.5 x 3 m) GROWTH AND CONTENT: A REVIEW indicative of meiosis. Following meiosis in female cells the upper valve is shed, exposing the naked bi- nucleate female gamete that slides out of the valve and

90 becomes more rounded. The male gamete appear to transporters found in plants were identified. contain a single functional (2.0 x 1.5 m) nucleus and Concluding, we suggest that ABC proteins are related a second smaller (1.5 x 1.0 m) ―nucleus-like body‖, to secondary metabolites transport and chemical that has dense membranes and is presumed to be a defense in L. dendroidea. degenerating nucleus. The fine protoplasmic threads associated with the motile male sperm could be 239 protoplasmic extrusions as there is no evidence of DNA SEQUENCING PROVIDES NEW kinetosomes associated with sperm nuclei. Following INSIGHTS INTO THE DIVERSITY OF the mixing of the gametes, elongate auxospores NONGENICULATE CORALLINE ALGAE develop. They have a centrally located nucleus that is (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA) IN THE surrounded by a halo of Golgi dictyosomes. The NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO ultrastructural changes discussed in relation to the known sexual cycles of diatoms. J. Richards1, P. W. Gabrielson2 and S. Fredericq1

([email protected]) 238 1University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA EVIDENCE FOR ABC PROTEINS 2University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA ACTIVITY IN SECONDARY METABOLITES TRANSPORT AND The 2010 Deepwater Horizon crude oil spill in the CHEMICAL DEFENSE IN RED SEAWEED Northwestern Gulf of Mexico is ostensibly correlated LAURENCIA DENDROIDEA with a decline in species richness and abundance of macroalgae growing in subtidal hard bank V. M. Reis1, W. C. Paradas1, L. S. Oliveira2, J. communities offshore Louisiana and Texas at 45-90 m Echevarria-Lima2, F. L. Thompson2, R. C. Pereira3, G. depth. Nongeniculate corallines were among the few M. Amado-Filho1 and L. T. Salgado1 visible seaweed species in the oil-impacted areas, and ([email protected]) results from five post-spill dredging surveys indicate 1Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil that both rhodolith forming corallines and 2Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil nongeniculate corallines epiphytic on rhodoliths 3Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil survived the oil spill insult although the number of species and their biomass in the field was, and still is, The intracellular transport of secondary metabolites in dramatically reduced. Comparative phylogenetic red algae is not well known, including their transport analyses of plastid (rbcL, psbA), nuclear (LSU), and to storage organelles, such as the corps en cerise (CC) mitochondrial (COI) loci of nongeniculate corallines found in Laurencia dendroidea. Our goal was to verify collected pre- and post-spill reveal numerous taxa the presence and activity of ABC proteins transporting spanning multiple lineages for the region. secondary metabolites in L. dendroidea. To avail ABC Identification of these Corallinales at the species level activity, algae were incubated with Rho123, a is not yet possible because available names need to be fluorescent substrate of ABC proteins, in the validated by comparisons to type specimens. Nine presence/absence of Cyclosporine (CSA), an inhibitor species are reported, including Lithothamnion spp. and of ABC activity. Ten days long assays were performed Mesophyllum spp. sensu lato (Melobesiodeae, to avail the effects of ABC inhibition on cell Hapalidaceae), Lithophyllum sp. (Lithophylloideae, morphology, secondary metabolites storage and Corallinaceae) and Porolithon spp. (Porolithoideae, fouling defense. Analysis of cDNA expression was Corallinaceae). also performed to identify ABC related genes. Results revealed the presence of ABC transporters in 240 membranes of CC, once Rho123 internalization was A MASSIVE AND UNUSUAL DIATOM not observed after CSA incubation. The ABC BLOOM: ECOLOGY AND inhibition also induced changing of CC morphology, OCEANOGRAPHY OF A RARELY decreasing of stored secondary metabolites and REPORTED PLANKTONIC HASLEA IN reduction of fouling defense. Eight ABC cDNA EAST SOUND, WASHINGTON, USA sequences similar to secondary metabolites

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J. Rines1, M. McFarland1, P. Donaghay1, J. Sullivan2 showed possible preferences at the higher taxonomic and J. Churnside3 levels of Phylum, Order or Family. Some species were ([email protected]) identified as possible indicators for particular water 1University of Rhode Island, USA quality issues, but further research will be required. 2WETLabs, USA Overall the conclusions indicate that data collected 3 NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, USA from samples analyzed using current protocols were too weak to identify soft-algal indicators and revision Seasonal blooms of planktonic diatoms are common in is required. coastal and upwelling regions of the oceans. Although many blooms are highly diverse, some are dominated 242 by one or a few taxa, generally a common diatom PHYLOGENETIC TAXONOMY OF well-known for its ability to achieve high population COLPOMENIA (SYCTOSIPHONACEAE, density. It is far more unusual to encounter a massive bloom of a rarely reported diatom. During an PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM THE GULF OF interdisciplinary oceanographic field program, we CALIFRONIA encountered a massive, nearly monospecific bloom of 1 2 2 a planktonic Haslea, and tracked the population over R. Riosmena-Rodriguez , G. H. Boo and S. M. Boo ([email protected]) space and time using scanning flow cytometry, 1 microscopy, in-situ optics and airborne lidar. Early in UABCS Departamento de Biología Marina, Mexico 2Chungham University, Republic of Korea the experiment, this diatom formed intense, buoyant surface slicks and thin layers, with concentrations as Colpomenia is one of the main biomass producers high as ~5500 cells/mL. One week later, highly along the Gulf of California. Historically 4 specific pigmented, live cells were located in a broad peak at names have been used for the area and a potential 5th mid depth, while those in overlying waters were species has been suggested recently. We developed an mostly dead. When the entire population finally intensive sampling around the Gulf of California and crashed, dead cells floated instead of sinking, forming based on morphological, anatomical and molecular thick clots on the surface. The evolution of this data have reach the conclusion that 5 species are unusual bloom will be discussed in light of the present in the area included a new species in the genus. potential relevance of allelopathy, suppressed grazing Colpomenia duvilleae is confirmed in the area and C. pressure, viruses and lipid formation. paheodactylia is no longer recognized for the Gulf of

California. There are 3 widely distributed species and 241 2 endemic to the region, the last 2 are proposed to be SOFT-ALGAE AS WATER QUALITY considered as species under special consideration in INDICATORS – AN INVESTIGATION the Mexican Environmental Norm. USING THE 2008-2009 EPA NATIONAL RIVERS AND STREAMS ASSESSMENT 243 (NRSA) INFLUENCE OF SOUTH ATLANTIC CENTRAL WATERS IN MACROALGAL B. E. Rinkel & K. A. Christopher RICHNESS ([email protected]) Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, USA R. Rocha-Jorge and M. T. Fujii

([email protected]) Where diatoms are regularly used for water quality Instituto de Botânica, Brazil assessment the other species of algae present in rivers and streams, often termed soft-algae, are used A recent survey performed in a Marine Park of São relatively little. Using one of the exceptions, Paulo state, Brazil (Laje de Santos Marine State Park), Potapova‘s work in 2005 with the USGS National reported macroalgal richness significantly higher in Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) data, as a summer/fall than winter/springs and hypothesized that starting point this investigation examines whether this may be the result of presence/absence of water there are reliable indicator species within the soft- mass: South Atlantic Central Water (ACAS). To test algae assemblage using current protocols. Results

92 this hypothesis, samples were collected in the other for other red algae, defining similarities and three insular conservation units along São Paulo state, differences between both tissue processes. in two different seasons: summer/fall (ACAS is present) and winter/springs (ACAS is absent). Samples 245 were collected in the intertidal and subtidal zones PTILOCLADIOPSIS HORRIDA, A RARE (depths of 5, 10 and 15 m). Materials for SPECIES FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN morphological study were fixed in 4% formalin/ SEA, BELONGS TO AN UNDESCRIBED seawater. A PCA analysis was performed to correlate BASAL FAMILY IN THE DUMONTIOID the variation of macroalgal richness to the seasons. LINE (GIGARTINALES, RHODOPHYTA) The results identified 112 taxa, showed that the species richness is highly correlated with season (higher in C. Rodríguez-Prieto1, D. W. Freshwater2 and M. H. summer/fall) and presented a significant variation in Hommersand3 richness (32-56% higher in summer/fall). This could ([email protected]) be result of ACAS presence that thermally stratifies 1University of Girona, Spain the environment and increases the nutrient availability 2University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA to the ecosystem. More studies are necessary to check 3University of North Carolina, USA if other factors have important role on these results. Ptilocladiopsis horrida was originally described from 244 the Bay of Naples, Italy, by Berthold. Most authorities TISSUE FUSION BETWEEN HYPNEA have followed Berthold (1882), Schmitz (1889) and PANNOSA AND H. SPINELLA Feldmann-Mazoyer (1941) in placing it in the order (CYSTOCLONIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) Ceramiales. The thallus is initially filamentous, PATCHES: A MORPHOLOGICAL becoming compressed, with four periaxial cells per DESCRIPTION axial cell that elongate and flatten at their tips leaving a hollow space. Cells of the filaments transform

progressively into a pseudoparenchymatous cortex D. Rodriguez, I. Ruiz, E. Ponce, N. Lopez and C. leaving a layer of spiniform filaments covering the Candelaria thallus surface. Plants are monoecious and ([email protected]) tetrasporophytes are unknown. Carpogonial branches Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico form on unmodified filaments and are four-celled and Hypnea pannosa and H. spinella (Cystocloniaceae, strongly recurved. Fertilized carpogonia fuse with the Rhodophyta) are the two most common species in the third cell of the carpogonial branch and produce 1-4 intertidal rocky shores at the Mexican tropical Pacific branched connecting filaments. Cells of remote coast. These species grow in environments with vegetative filaments as well as the supporting cell of significant variations in light and water motion the carpogonial branch may function as auxiliary cells. regimes. Each species‘ patches usually grow in An involucrate gonimoblast is produced from a single different morphs, the first as prostrate cushions, the primary gonimoblast cell that fuses with the second as erect tufts. Under some particular diploidized auxiliary cell, and bears carposporangia in environmental conditions, these two species grow in chains. Preliminary molecular evidence places adjacent patches and are often physically linked, Ptilocladiopsis in a sister relationship to basal forming morphologically mixed patches. This situation members of the Gigartinales. caused taxonomic confusion for a long time because this third morph looked like a different species; the issue has now been resolved. Microscopic analyses 246 allow us to reconstruct of the fusion process between PHYTOBENTHIC COMMUNITY the branches of both species that are a posteriori event DEVELOPMENT UNDER STATIC AND producing a particular cytological relationship. In this DIURNALLY OSCILLATING PH: A CASE study we describe and illustrate the tissue fusion STUDY IN THE SOUTHERN TEMPERATE process occurring between these two species, and OCEAN compare them with the coalescence process described

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M. Y. Roleda and C. L. Hurd symbiotic algae and diet. Higher diversity of MAAs ([email protected]) discovered within the coral host compared to their University of Otago, New Zealand algal endosymbionts may be due to a regulation of MAA synthesis by host factors and/or due to host Community development under static and heterotrophy. The biosynthesis of MAAs has been metabolically-controlled pH fluctuation under present proposed to occur via either the shikimate and/or (mean pH= 8.05) and future acidified ocean (mean pentose phosphate pathways. Until now the complete pH= 7.65) scenarios was investigated in the laboratory. enzymatic pathway of MAA synthesis is not known After 5 months, phytobenthic community composition nor is the extent of their regulation by environmental was measured. Different species of benthic diatoms conditions. Here, using a transcriptome mining (Navicula, Cocconeis, Nitzschia, Fallacia, Achnanthes approach, we distinguish the gene homologs from the and Cylindrotheca) and juvenile fleshy (e.g. shikimate and pentose phosphate pathway involved in Durvillaea sp., Desmarestia lingulata, Dictyota sp., MAA biosynthesis within the sequences of coral turf brown and greens, and foliose and filamentous dinoflagellates. We also describe the highly similar reds) and coralline macroalgae were observed. Growth sequences of genes from the proposed MAA of crusts of the coralline Arthrocardia corymbosa was biosynthetic pathway involved in the metabolism of 4- 37-56% lower under the fluctuating pH in an acidified deoxygadusol (direct MAA precursor) in different ocean scenario relative to the other static and Symbiodinium strains confirming their algal origin and fluctuating pH treatments, while the number of evolutionary conserved nature. Finally, we unveil the growing upright fronds was highest under the present separate identity of 4 genes from the proposed MAA day fluctuating pH scenario. The %MgCO3 in the (shinorine) biosynthetic gene cluster in symbiotic calcite of juvenile coralline recruits was reduced by dinoflagellates. This work provides a novel 14.5% under future low pH scenarios. The chl a, phylogenetic/biochemical outline of the genes biogenic silica, and C:N:P ratios of the diatom involved in MAA biosynthesis in coral dinoflagellates. assemblage did not differ between treatments. Consequently, studying the pathways that strengthen Community metabolism modified seawater carbonate the ability of algae, corals and other marine organisms chemistry during the 4 between seawater to avoid stress (such as the MAA photo-protective replenishment within the culture chambers, and role) is fundamentally important for improving our extremely low night-time pH was responsible for the understanding of the impacts of increasing global negative effects on pH-sensitive species. stressors.

247 248 HOW CAN DINOFLAGELLATES HELP IN EXTREMOPHILES AND THE SEARCH REDUCING CORAL REEF FOR LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE VULNERABILITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS? L. J. Rothschild ([email protected]) N. Rosic and S. Dove NASA Ames Research Center, USA ([email protected]) University of Queensland, Australia Each recent report of liquid water existing elsewhere in the solar system has reverberated through the Reef-building corals form mutualistic symbioses with international press and excited the imagination of unicellular photosynthetic dinoflagellate of the genus humankind. Why? Because in the last few decades we Symbiodinium. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation have come to realize that where there is liquid water especially when combined with thermal stress, has on Earth, virtually no matter what the physical been recognized as an important abiotic factor leading conditions, there is life. What we previously thought of to oxidative stress and break down of the coral-algal as insurmountable physical and chemical barriers to endosymbiosis. In nature, many marine organisms use life, we now see as yet another niche harboring Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs) as biological ―extremophiles‖. This realization, coupled with new sunscreens in UV protection and the prevention of data on potentially habitable moons and planets, the oxidative stress. Corals acquire MAAs from their survival of microbes in the space environment and

94 modeling of the potential for transfer of life between The Laurencia complex comprehends many species celestial bodies, suggests that life could be more producing a variety of molecules with ecological and common than previously thought. Here we critically biotechnological importance. Thus, we have been examine what it means to be an extremophile, the studying these algae and their cellular/molecular implications of this for the search for life in the processes to better understand the synthesis, storage cosmos. and traffic of secondary metabolites. New results revealed that, despite the variation of cell morphology 249 of species, the storage of secondary metabolites occur ANALYZING THE EUGLENOID PLASTID in specific and specialized vacuoles derived from GENOME Golgi apparatus. These metabolites can be synthetized by two different biochemical pathways, mevalonate M. S. Sahin and F. W. Linton and non-mevalonate (once both occur in a same ([email protected]) species). The intracellular traffic of secondary Central Michigan University, USA metabolites occurs within vesicles but also through membranes (depending on ABC proteins). The vesicle Euglenoids are unicellular asexual flagellates with traffic depends on complex cytoskeleton involvement photosynthetic members due to secondary and, activated by environmental factors, is essential to endosymbiosis. The aim of this research was to secondary metabolites exudation to thallus surface. sequence the chloroplast genome of Euglena clara and ABC proteins play an essential role in metabolites compare it to other euglenoid chloroplast genomes, in transference to storage organelles (to corps en cerise). particular other members of the genus Euglena, E. Their inhibition leads to the impairment of seaweed gracilis, E. viridis and E. hiemalis, to determine the chemical defense, resulting in growth of fouling variability of the chloroplast genome within a single organisms over algae surface. Finally, we obtained genus. For this study, the plastid genome of Euglena results that reveal the presence of lipids on algae clara was sequenced (Roche 454 and Illumina HiSeq surface and their activity against fouling organisms. Sequencer), assembled (CLC Genomics Workbench and Newbler) and annotated (BLAST and Dual 251 Organellar Genome Annotator (DOGMA)). Based on MORPHOLOGIES AND PHYLOGENETIC our initial analysis, the genome of E. clara may have CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO NOVEL the smallest chloroplast genome in the genus Euglena DINOFLAGELLATES WITH GREEN- by as much as 20 kb, while maintaining all of the core COLORED CHLOROPLASTS chloroplast genes. The reduction in size is due to a combination of fewer and smaller introns, compared to C. Sarai1, R. Kamikawa2, K. Takahashi1, Y. Inagaki3 other members of this genus. and M. Iwataki1 ([email protected]) 250 1Yamagata University, Japan CELLULAR PROCESSES RELATED TO 2Kyoto University, Japan 3 CHEMICAL DEFENSE AND TO University of Tsukuba, Japan SYNTHESIS, STORAGE AND TRAFFIC OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN We recently isolated novel green-colored dinoflagellates from sea water sampled in Japan, and LAURENCIA COMPLEX successfully established two strains (TGD and MGD).

1 1 1 Importantly, they are morphologically distinctive from L. T. Salgado , G. M. Amado-Filho , W. C. Paradas , the previously studied green-colored lineage V. M. Reis1, L. J. Hill1, L. S. Oliveira2, R. C. Pereira3 2 Lepidodinium spp. Strains TGD and MGD have been and F. L. Thompson stably maintained as mono-algal cultures in the ([email protected]) 1 laboratory for more than a year. Both strains are Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ellipsoidal cells, measuring ca. 15.4 µm long and 8.7 2Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil µm wide, and ca. 14.9 µm long and 7.9 µm wide, respectively. The two strains are different from each

95 other in the following points: the shape of the posterior D. R. Schiel end of the hypocone, the size of the apical groove, the ([email protected]) overall shape and number of chloroplasts, and the University of Canterbury, New Zealand arrangement of pyrenoids. Interestingly, the peri- plastidal compartment with ribosome-like particles The sustainable use of marine resources depends to a was identified in both strains. We determined the host great extent on the maintenance of diversity and nucleus-encoded 28S and plastid-encoded 16S rDNA functional relationships. In the nearshore environment, sequences of strains TGD and MGD. The host and this involves habitat-forming seaweeds, particularly plastid phylogenies suggest that MGD, TGD, and fucoids and kelps, which facilitate the presence of Lepidodinium spp. are distantly related from one many other species and underpin primary production. another, but are common in possessing pedinophyte- Unfortunately, multiple stressors and a changing wave derived chloroplasts. The results imply that the climate have greatly affected onshore algal-dominated diversity of ‗green‘ dinoflagellates has been largely communities, fracturing connectivity among underestimated. populations, disturbing recruitment dynamics, and compromising their resilience. Popular paradigms of 252 grazer dynamics, trophic cascades and implementation of protected areas do little to address the diffuse and MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF THE wide impacts affecting many communities. This is ENDOLITHIC SIPHONOUS GREEN ALGAL discussed using examples from New Zealand and the GENUS OSTREOBIUM (BRYOPSIDALES) west coast of North America. IN THE RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO, JAPAN 254 1 2 1 T. Sauvage , S. Suda and S. Fredericq ENHANCEMENT OF PUFAS, ([email protected]) PHYCOBILINS AND CAROTENOIDS IN TWO IRISH MACROALGAL SPECIES 1University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA 2University of the Ryukyus, Japan (PALMARIA PALMATA, FUCUS SERRATUS) THROUGH OPTIMISED CULTIVATION Molecular characterization (plastid-encoded tufA gene) of Ostreobium spp. associated with shallow M. Schmid and D. B. Stengel water reef-building corals across four islands of the ([email protected]) Ryukyu archipelago revealed 20 species-level entities NUI Galway, Ireland spread across 5 family-level lineages. The core of Ostreobium diversity (>15 spp.) represented a large Seaweeds are a rich source of chemical compounds monophyletic lineage sister to the remainder of the with bioactive properties, however their commercial Bryopsidales (the Bryopsidinae and Halimedinae), utilisation is still hindered by a lack of understanding while a second, less diverse lineage (5 spp.), was sister how to actively influence their chemical profile and to the Rhipiliaceae (within the Halimedinae). The potentially enhance desired compounds. In order to amount of genetic divergence in the core lineage of grow macroalgae for specific target compounds such Ostreobium spp. exceeded variation found within the as carotenoids, PUFAs and phycobilins, a better suborders Bryopsidinae and Halimedinae, justifying understanding of the effects of abiotic factors is formal recognition for a separate suborder. The needed. Results presented here are part of NutraMara, relationships of Ostreobium spp. to coral species were Ireland‘s Marine Functional Foods Research Initiative, not mutually exclusive. which aims at an improved commercial utilisation of Irish marine resources with a specific focus on the 253 optimised cultivation of algae. Macroalgae of WAVE IMPACTS, MULTIPLE STRESSORS commercial interest (e.g., Palmaria palmata, Fucus serratus) were exposed to multifactorial experimental AND FRACTURED CONNECTIVITY OF conditions including different temperature, light, ALGAL-DOMINATED SHORES IN A nutrient and carbon levels. Chemical responses in CHANGING CLIMATE terms of levels of phycobilins, carotenoids, PUFAs

96 and MAA were quantified after experimental 256 exposure. Physiological parameters and growth were A DYNAMIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY also measured throughout the experiments. OF RHODOLITHS: A CASE STUDY FOR Preliminary results showed significant effects of THE NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO culture conditions on bioactive profile. The results aim at supporting industry in the selection of culture 1 1 1 W. E. Schmidt , T. Sauvage , O. Camacho , J. conditions in order to apply high-value algal biomass 1 2 1 Richards , D. Krayesky , S. Self-Krayesky , D. as a source for valuable bioactive food compounds. 3 4 1 1 Gabriel , N. Arakaki , G. Rees and S. Fredericq

([email protected]) 255 1University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA THE EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND 2Slippery Rock University, USA CADMIUM ON THE ARCHITETURE AND 3Universidade dos Açores, Portugal 4 METABOLISM OF RED ALGA Universidad Científica del Sur, Peru PTEROCLADIELLA CAPILLACEA In the northwestern Gulf of Mexico beds of rhodoliths E. C. Schmidt1, M. R. Felix1, L. K. Osorio1, M. and unconsolidated rubble are associated with unique Kreusch1, D. T. Pereira1, F. Chow2, F.Ramlov1, M. offshore deep bank habitats, the salt domes peculiar to Maraschin1 and Z. L. Bouzon1 that part of the northern Gulf at a depth of 45-90 m. ([email protected]) These rhodolith habitats harbored the highest known 1Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil seaweed diversity in the northern Gulf prior to the 2University of São Paulo, Brazil 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster. Five post-spill collecting cruises to two biodiversity rich Over the past few years, increase of human population pre-oil sites off the coast of Louisiana revealed a and industrial development has led to a rise of dramatic die-off of seaweeds at those sites. During our cadmium pollution in aquatic systems. Pterocladiella most recent sampling in November 2012, seaweeds capillacea is distributed along the Brazilian coastline were significantly repressed in Fish Haven and Sackett and it´s a well known source of agar. The aim of the Banks and had not recovered to pre-spill diversity and study was to analyze the effects of salinity and biomass. Dredged ―bare‖ or partly algal-denuded cadmium on cellular architecture and metabolism of P. rubble maintained as ―live rocks‖ in 20-gallon tanks on capillacea. The samples were collected from Armação the laboratory gradually became covered by a suite of Beach, Florianopolis. Subsequent experiments were red, green and brown seaweed germlings that to this performed using different salinities (25, 35 and 45 psu) day continue to grow to adult size, reproduce, and go and cadmium concentrations [0 (control), 0.17, 0.35, through a series of temporal biomass decline and and 0.70 ppm], added as CdCl2. In general, under 0.17, subsequent regrowth, reflecting pre-spill composition 0.35 and 0.70 ppm of cadmium, irregular shape of at each site. Other species currently growing and cortical cells was evident. Numerous electron-dense reproducing in our tanks had not been observed in the precipitates in the cell wall and cytoplasm were field during pre-spill sampling. Scanning electron observed. Disrupted thylakoids were frequent as well microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy as an increase of plastoglobuli. Level of ultrastructural (SEM-EDS) for elemental analysis and chemical disorganization and irregular shapes were more characterization enables us to understand the complex dramatic at higher concentrations of cadmium, micro-anatomy of the nodules‘ surface and their corroborating the alteration on physiological responses internal structures and microbiota. We hypothesize the of growth rate and photosynthetic pigments. Moreover, function of rhodoliths and rubble as marine seedbanks drastic alteration on mitochondrial organization was for biological diversity and explore the role of cryptic observed, compromising seriously primary stages in overall community resilience following a metabolism, production of carbohydrate major anthropogenic disaster. (photosynthesis) and energy (respiration).

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257 ([email protected]) A DISTINCTIVE SECOND NEW SPECIES University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA OF CRASSITEGULA (RHODOPHYTA, SEBDENIALES) FROM BERMUDA BASED The past centuries‘ anthropogenic emissions have increased the amount of CO absorbed into the world‘s UPON MORPHOLOGICAL AND 2 oceans, altering the balance of carbonate species and MOLECULAR DATA lowering average ocean pH globally. Currently,

1 2 2 climate change projections predict a decline in pH C. W. Schneider , T. R. Popolizio and C. E. Lane from today‘s average level of 8.1 to 7.7 by 2100, ([email protected]) which will coincide with increased atmospheric and 1Trinity College, USA 2 oceanic temperatures. Along the western Antarctic University of Rhode Island, USA Peninsula (WAP) macroalgal communities can be very

dense, especially above 30 m depth where percent Since the genus Crassitegula was described less than a cover of encrusting coralline algae can reach up to decade ago based upon a single species from Bermuda 77% and canopies of Desmarestia spp. can cover up to in the western Atlantic, one additional species was 100% of the benthos. The goal of this project is to described with a type locality in Lord Howe Island, investigate physiological responses of common Australia. These two species, C. walsinghamii Antarctic algae species to reduced seawater pH and (Bermuda) and C. imitans (Lord Howe), are similar in rising seawater temperature. Microcosm experiments habit with dorsiventrally arranged reniform, using a 2 x 2 factorial design reflecting current subcircular to irregular blades issuing new lobes conditions and near-term condition predictions for pH marginally, often leading to an overlapping population and temperature along the WAP were set up at Palmer of individuals. Using COI-5P sequences for barcoding Station. A yet-to-be-identified crustose coralline alga, of recent collections from Bermuda, a third a non-calcified crustose red alga, Hildebrandia morphologically dissimilar species in the genus lecannellieri, and the canopy species D. anceps and D. appeared in the generated phylogenetic tree embedded menziesii were maintained for ~2 months in these between the two known species, with 7.4% base pair microcosms. Calcification of thalli, bleaching of thalli, differences from the generitype, C. walsinghamii. chlorophyll a content, photosynthetic characteristics, Therefore, in this paper we are proposing a third and growth were measured to compare physiological species in the genus and the second from Bermuda. responses between treatments. Results may indicate The new taxon has a unique habit for Crassitegula potential for a regime shift between calcified and non- along with its distinctive genetic characteristics. calcified algae in the marine benthos along the WAP, Unlike the other two species, the new collections have as well as physiological impacts on the canopy deeply dissected blades and are distinctly smaller in forming species in the area. size. Some plants are broad with finger-like projections, while others are strap-shaped and irregularly branched. Based upon this molecular and 259 morphological evidence, we will propose this as a DAWN IN THE AGE OF ROBOTIC putative new species of Crassitegula highlighting its PHYCOLOGY obvious dissected blades. This represents another genus with novel species in both Bermuda and Lord O. M. Schofield Howe Island along with Asteromenia, Halopeltis and ([email protected]) Meredithia. Rutgers University, USA

258 Algae play a disproportionately large role in the CHANGE YOU CAN BELIEVE IN: metabolism of the Earth and yet understanding the CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON physical/chemical regulation of their physiology and ecology on a changing aquatic planet remains an open ANTARCTIC MACROALGAE problem. This, in part, reflects our limited ability to sample space and time. Fortunately environmental K. M. Schoenrock, J. B. Schram, C. D. Amsler, J. B. science is in the midst of a technical revolution in both McClintock and R. Angus

98 the sensors available to the community and the robotic cycling is crucial. Here we report on a mesocosm CO2 systems that are capable of carrying them for sustained perturbation study in the framework of SOPRAN periods of time in the field. My talk will review these carried out in Bergen, Norway, at a time at which technical advances providing an overview of the blooms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi occur potential of these new technologies to address naturally. Increasing CO2 levels impacted fundamental phycology questions. I will review the phytoplankton community composition, favouring sensors now capable of mapping phytoplankton health, especially chlorophytes and cyanobacteria, while type, size distribution and the major physical/chemical haptophytes, especially Emiliania huxleyi, were properties that regulate algal ecology. The robotic negatively affected. Changes in community platforms that carry these sensors can now remain at composition were also directly reflected in particulate sea for years capable of sampling the scale of an ocean organic matter dynamics. Declining coccolithophore basin. The systems are capable of mapping with the abundance/production and formation of ballasting resolution centimeters and temporal resolution of calcite could have significant impacts for future carbon seconds. Increasingly these systems are being flown as cycling by decreasing marine export production, with fleets that are networked and are operated as coherent the potential to feed back to climate. network of swarming systems. The networks are increasingly being coupled to environmental forecast 261 models allowing the scientists to proactively design ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CORTICAL AND sampling strategies for future conditions. I will EXTRACELLULAR STRUCTURES OF illustrate the potential showing examples of ZOOXANTHELLAE DURING CELL phytoplankton responses to hurricanes, algal ecology DIVISION IN A CORAL CELL in Southern ocean, and mapping long term trends in changing ecosystems. My take home message is that it S. Sekida and K. Okuda is going to be a great time to be a phycologist! ([email protected])

Kochi University, Japan 260 COCCOLITHOPHORID BLOOMS AT Symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) of the genus ELEVATED LEVELS OF CARBON Symbiodinium are found in various scleractinian DIOXIDE: NEW INSIGHTS FROM corals. However, little is understood concerning the MESOCOSM STUDIES exact ultrastructure of zooxanthellae within host coral cells. This study showed changes in the cortical and K. G. Schulz extracellular structures of zooxanthellae when the cells ([email protected]) divided in the coral cytoplasm of Pocillopora Southern Cross University, Australia damicornis. Freeze-substituted zooxanthellae had typical cell coverings of dinoflagellates. Two distinct Increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), types of membrane-like layer, an outer layer A and an caused by human activities such as the burning of inner layer B enclosed the whole zooxanthella cell. fossil fuels, are driving climate change but also affect Membrane fragments occurred between the layers A the oceans. Here, increasing levels of CO2 are and B. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy revealed decreasing pH and carbonate saturation states, termed that the layer A consisted of biomembrane while the ocean acidification. Coccolithophores, marine layer B was not of a membrane. Cytokinesis of a calcifying phytoplankton, are key drivers of global zooxanthella cell occurred by plasma membrane carbon cycling, especially as calcium carbonate is furrowing. This was followed by the constriction of known to act as ballast for the otherwise slowly the layer B between the two daughter cells. After the sinking organic material, thus impacting marine export layer B was divided into two parts, then the layer A production. Calcification rates of several was constricted between the two parts of the layer B. coccolithophores have been found to be negatively As a result, two zooxanthella cells formed in the coral influenced by ocean acidification in various laboratory cell, each of which were completely covered with studies. Understanding how this might impact future double layers of A and B. ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical element

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262 S. L. Self-Krayesky, W. E Schmidt, T. Sauvage and A RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE S. Fredericq RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROGRESS OF ([email protected]) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF A University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA

CHAROPHYCEAN ALGA, CLOSTERIUM The surface, internal structures, and composition of PERACEROSUM-STRIGOSUM-LITTORALE rhodoliths and unconsolidated rubble collected in the COMPLEX northwestern Gulf of Mexico offshore Louisiana at depths of 45-85 m before and after the April 2010 H. Sekimoto, N. Hirano, Y. Marukawa, J. Abe and Y. Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster were analyzed for Tsuchikane the presence of microbionts, including cysts, bacteria, ([email protected]) larvae, and a suite of single celled organisms using a Japan Women's University, Japan Hitachi S-3000 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In addition, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy The Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale (SEM-EDS) was conducted on the surface and at complex is a group of unicellullar charophycean various depths of each nodule resulting in an element alga, having morphologically indistinguishable spectrum profile. Preliminary data indicate a trend two sexes: mt+ and mt-. Sexual reproduction is towards oxygen decrease following the DWH oil spill. induced when cells of these two sexes are cultured Current research is underway to understand the together in nitrogen-depleted medium in the light. different processes of element uptake by crustose Two glycoproteinaceous sex pheromones (PR-IP coralline algae as a function of their role in rhodolith and PR-IP Inducer) involved in the progress of formation, taxonomic identity, geographical distribution, spatial and temporal dynamics and abiotic sexual reproduction have been well characterized. and biotic interactions. Through the microarray analyses, we identified a gene encoding a novel receptor-like kinase and 264 named CpRLK1. The CpRLK1 protein was A RE-EXAMINATION OF PALISADA produced after the mixing of both mating-type IRIDESCENS (M.J. WYNNE & D.L. cells and was also detected only in mt+ cells in BALLANTINE) K.W. NAM (CERAMIALES, the presence of PR-IP Inducer. Confocal laser RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE CARIBBEAN microscopy using CpRLK1-specific antibody SEA: MORPHOLOGICAL AND revealed that CpRLK1 proteins were localized on MOLECULAR EVIDENCE the conjugation papilla of one of the paired cells. Phylogenetic analysis using the kinase domain A. Sentíes1, M. J. Wynne2, V. Cassano3, J. Díaz- revealed that CpRLK1 was closely related with Larrea1, M. C. Gil-Rodríguez4 and M. T. Fujii5 CrRLK1L-1 subfamily, which was linked to the ([email protected]) control of cell elongation of higher plants. 1Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico Transformants expressing antisense-CpRLK1 2University of Michigan, USA 3 gene showed delay in zygote formation, University of São Paulo, Brazil 4University of La Laguna, Spain suggesting that intercellular communication by 5Institute of Botany, Brazil CpRLK1 protein would be responsible for the progress of the conjugation. Specimens of Palisada iridescens (Rhodomelaceae) from the Mexican Caribbean 263 were studied based on morphological and ELEMENTAL AND CHEMICAL molecular characters. The original description of CHARACTERIZATION OF RHODOLITH this taxon was as Laurencia iridescens M.J. SAMPLES FROM THE NW GULF OF Wynne & D. L. Ballantine (1991) from MEXICO AND PANAMA Guadeloupe, French West Indies. It was later transferred to Palisada by K.W. Nam (2007). The

100 phylogenetic position of this species was inferred colonization past. Such biodiversity patterns shaped by by analysis of chloroplast-encoded rbcL gene past evolutionary processes may now be approaching sequences of 39 taxa, using one Ceramiacean tipping points of no return, as some of the studied taxon as an outgroup. The molecular phylogenetic populations are now extinct. results corroborate the taxonomy of Laurencia sensu lato, which comprises the genera 266 Chondrophycus, Laurencia, Laurenciella, AFFINITIES OF THE HAWAIIAN Palisada, Osmundea and Yuzurua. In the present FRESHWATER MACROALGAL FLORA A. R. Sherwood1, A. L. Carlile2 and J. M. Neumann1 work the authors have found that populations of ([email protected]) Palisada iridescens are more closely aligned with 1University of Hawaii, USA the recently recognized genus Yuzurua. We 2University of New Haven, USA describe and illustrate morphological characteristics of our samples, comparing them The Hawaiian Islands represent the most isolated with related species and also inferring the island archipelago in the world, more than 3,500 km phylogenetic position. Observations on male from the nearest continent. Freshwater algae were plants are described for the first time for this collected from almost 1,800 sites across the Main taxon. Hawaiian Islands as part of the Hawaiian Freshwater Algal Biodiversity Survey (2008-2013). Sequence data were generated for one or more markers for several 265 hundred of these collections, which were used, in EXTANT OR EXTINCT TIPPING POINTS – combination with morphological/anatomical RANGE EDGE POPULATIONS AS observations, to examine the systematics and EVOLUTIONARY HOTSPOTS biogeography of the Hawaiian freshwater macroalgal flora. The flora is composed of a mix of presumed E. A. Serrao1, F. Alberto2, J. Assis1, F. Canovas1, N. endemic and cosmopolitan taxa, with a number of Coelho1, J. Costa1, J. Neiva1, K. Nicastro1, G. A. previously unknown algae being discovered for both Pearson1 and P. Raimondi3 the green (e.g. Rhizoclonium and Spirogyra) and red ([email protected]) algae (Kumanoa gametophytes and the form genus 1Universidade do Algarve, Portugal Chantransia). Sexual reproduction appears to be 2University of Wisconsin, USA lacking or infrequent in many Hawaiian freshwater 3 University of California at Santa Cruz, USA algae, which means that microscopy-based species- level identifications are sometimes impossible. This, in Rear edge populations may represent hotspots of combination with a lack of well-populated reference unique genetic biodiversity with high speciation frameworks of comparative sequence data, means that potential, but may be living on the edge of extinction, many collections could only be identified to genus, pressed to develop novel means for persistence, although sequence data can give an indication of the adaptation or further range shifting. Here we describe amount of diversification within the archipelago. case studies of marginal populations and species of fucoid and kelp seaweeds from the NE Atlantic, whose 267 evolution has been shaped by range variations that left BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF genetic fingerprints. Southern range-edge populations across various species generally contained private CRYPTIC DIVERSITY IN THE GENUS genetic variation. Diversity ranged from low, ACTINOTRICHIA (GALAXAURACEAE) coincident with current population regression, to the FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC most diverse populations across each species range, concomitant with long term persistent range areas. We A. E. Simeon1, T. Schils1 and G. W. Saunders2 report evidence for colonization fronts, range shifts, ([email protected]) 1 priority effects. These have been shaping genetic University of Guam, Guam 2 patterns that are unique and diverse with sharp genetic University of New Brunswick, Canada discontinuities that persist as signatures of the

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The red algal genus Actinotrichia Decaisne is currently 269 comprised of four species which are distributed widely EVOLVING OUT OF THE WATER: throughout tropical and sub-tropical reefs in the UNCOVERING THE HIDDEN DIVERSITY Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sequence analysis indicates IN AEROPHYTIC GREEN ALGAE that the genus contains a high degree of cryptic diversity. First, we explore different methods of P. Skaloud1, O. Peksa2, F. Rindi3, Y. Nemcova1, M. species delimitation using sequences from throughout Elias4, F. Leliaert5, T. Kalina1 and J. Neustupa1 the distribution range of the genus. Second, we assess ([email protected]) Actinotrichia species diversity for western Pacific 1Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Islands and investigate geographical and 2The West Bohemian Museum in Pilsen, Czech Republic environmental parameters that explain the observed 3Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Italy biodiversity pattern best. 4University of Ostrava, Czech Republic 5Ghent University, Belgium 268 GENETIC STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY Terrestrial, aerophytic and symbiotic algae are AMONG POPULATIONS OF characterized by their simplified morphology. Since SKELETONEMA MARINOI they live in a specific environment, a great majority of those algae tend to have a simple, coccoid cell (BACILLARIOPHYTA) IN THE BALTIC SEA organization. Accordingly, due to lack of any relevant

1 1 2 discriminative morphological characters there is still a C. Sjöqvist , A. Kremp and A. Godhe high proportion of hidden, formally undescribed or ([email protected]) 1Finnish Environment Institute/Marine Research Centre, even unknown diversity. New lineages are being Finland identified and described as higher taxa, including some 2University of Gothenburg, Sweden molecularly yet uncharacterized organisms that have been known for over a century. For example, the new Marine eukaryotic microalgae have traditionally been lineage Scotinosphaerales (Ulvophyceae) has been regarded to consist of panmictic populations. This described recently to accommodate a distinct and view has been challenged by recent work showing that highly divergent clade of Scotinosphaera species. populations of several species are genetically Within the Trebouxiophyceae, extended sampling and structured between geographic locations. The level of molecular characterization of Chlorella-like genetic diversity has also been shown to vary. The microalgae isolated from the tropical and subtropical harsh and geographically isolated ecosystem in the subaerial habitats led to the discovery of several Baltic Sea is generally thought to maintain genetically independent lineages, described as new genera (e.g., distinct populations of low genetic diversity in Kalinella, Leptochlorella, Xylochloris). In addition, a comparison to the adjacent North Sea. We investigated substantial amount of hidden diversity has been the population structure and genetic diversity of the discovered within well-defined genera of aerophytic common spring bloom diatom, Skeletonema marinoi, and lichen-forming algae. In both Asterochloris along the Baltic salinity gradient. Our data set consists (Trebouxiophyceae) and Klebsormidium of 300 individual strains originating from ten (Klebsormidiophyceae), more than 70% of recovered locations. Eight polymorphic microsatellite markers lineages cannot be assigned to any previously revealed that Skeletonema marinoi consisted of one described species. In addition, the vast majority of northern and another southern population. The level of morphological features traditionally considered as genetic diversity increased from north to south with taxonomically important fail to differentiate among the increasing salinity. These results indicate that dispersal lineages. However, our results strongly indicate that barriers and marginal habitat conditions also shape ecological traits are reliable and phylogenetically diversity patterns of free-living marine microalgae. We significant in both genera, enabling the ecological discuss the implications of the generated information circumscription of cryptic species. The ecological on phytoplankton population structure in relation to differentiation of related species often does not potential effects of climate change on the Baltic Sea correlate with the CBC (Compensatory Base Change) ecosystem and biodiversity therein. species concept, which seems to be unsatisfactory for

102 general application. In this contribution we summarize A. R. Soares1, H. M. Duarte1, F. L. Machado2, W. P. recent achievements in uncovering the hidden diversity Lima2, L. M. Gestinari2, B. Rossi-Bergmann2, M. T. at both the species and higher taxonomic level. Fujii3 and C. R. Kaiser2 ([email protected]) 270 1Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, USA 2 TRACING THE EVOLUTION AND UFRJ, Brazil 3Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, Brazil SPECIES DIVERSITY WITHIN THE GENUS

SYNURA (CHRYSOPHYCEAE) The red algae belonging to the Laurencia complex (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) are known as prolific M. Skaloudova and P. Skaloud sources of halogenated secondary metabolites, ([email protected]) particularly terpenes and acetogenins, many with Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic important pharmacological potential. In order to correlate chemical diversity and pharmacological The genus Synura (Synurales, Chrysophyceae) potential, this work evaluated the chemical profiles of represents a freshwater colonial flagellate covered with crude extracts from different populations of four an armor of imbricated silica scales. The taxonomy of species within Laurencia complex along Southeast the genus Synura is traditionally based on morphology Brazilian coast and tested their antileishmanial of the silica-scaled structures. To improve our activity. Our results demonstrated the presence of four knowledge about the evolution and genetic major groups of chemical profiles according to the relationships of Synura species, we conducted the presence of leishmanicidal terpenes chamigranes (-)- updated phylogeny of the genus, based on the SSU elatol and obtusol. The chemical variation observed rDNA and rbcL data. The results indicate both the within species support the existence of different artificial infrageneric classification and the incorrect chemotypes. However, they display a variable species concept underestimating the real biological antileishmanial activity which was not correlated to diversity. The presence of cryptic diversity was the presence of the major compounds (-)-elatol and revealed within several nominal Synura species, in obtusol, suggesting that other compounds are involved particular in S. petersenii s.l. To investigate the hidden in the pharmacological action. This work showed that diversity in detail, we conducted a separate analysis of chemical variation within species should be taken in ITS rDNA data, including the sequences obtained from account in pharmacological studies involving tests newly isolated strains sampled in lakes and ponds in with crude extracts. Greenland, and in Northern and Central Europe. In total, four new clades within S. petersenii s.l. were 272 recognized, representing novel, yet undescribed UNVEILING LOBOPHORA cryptic species. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of silica scales was used to morphologically (DICTYOTALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) distinguish all four clades. In addition, we detected an SPECIES DIVERSITY IN AUSTRALIA unexpected, extremely restricted distribution of a BASED ON RBCL AND COX1 DNA single clade having long and narrow scales resembling SEQUENCE ANALYSES those of S. australiensis. Despite intensive investigation in Europe, including a close territory of N. Soisup, A. J. Lowe and C. F. Gurgel Scotland, this clade occurs strictly in Ireland. ([email protected]) The University of Adelaide, Australia 271 WITHIN SPECIES CHEMICAL The genus Lobophora is one of the most common and VARIABILITY IS IMPORTANT TO geographically widespread brown algal taxa in the PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES IN world. As such Lobophora can be found across the majority of tropical to temperate benthic marine LAURENCIA COMPLEX communities. However, worldwide, there are only nine recognized species in the genus, among which L. variegata is unique for being known as one of the most

103 widely distributed marine macroalgal species in the emerged. Specifically, water-soluble versus lipophilic planet. For many years this was the only Lobophora metabolites mediate the evolutionary interaction in species known for the entire Australian flora. temperate versus tropical systems, respectively. Recent However, a couple of recent morphology based studies findings also reinforce the important roles that and one molecular-assisted work reported the presence phylogenetic lineage and geographic origin have in the of 3 other Lobophora species in Australia: the feeding habits of highly generalist herbivores such as resurrection of L. nigrescens and the description of a sea urchins. two new species, L. rickeri and L. australis. Consequently, 4 Lobophora species are currently 274 accepted in Australia. In this study, we further BIODIVERSITY OF MESOPHOTIC explored the diversity of Lobophora species diversity MACROALGAE IN THE in Australia based on rbcL and cox1 DNA sequence PAPAHANAUMOKUAKEA MARINE analyses from samples collected widely across the NATIONAL MONUMENT, country. GMYC (Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent) NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS analyses of 312 Lobophora rbcL DNA sequences revealed the existence of 35 (31-44) species based on H. L. Spalding, G. T. Kraft and A. R. Sherwood single threshold model and 45 (31-45) species based ([email protected]) on the multiple threshold model, while the ABGD University of Hawaii, USA (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) method Large macroalgal beds of the green alga Microdictyon suggested 29 species with the prior maximal distance were observed at mesophotic depths in the between 1.6-3.5%. The cox1 dataset (= 52 DNA Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, and sequences) showed high congruence with the rbcL appeared to form significant habitat for coral reef fish. results. We combined results from both markers and Interest in the ecological importance of these deep propose the recognition of 33 Lobophora species (as macroalgal beds lead to the basic need to describe their Primary Species Hypotheses) for the Australian flora. species composition. Our objective was to describe the Whether these species can be differentiated diversity of mesophotic macroalgae in this habitat morphologically or not requires further studies. based on collections from 2010 and 2012 cruises to the Nevertheless the total number of genetically distinct Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). Eight species of Lobophora in Australia, and the world, locations were sampled across the archipelago from seems to have been highly underestimated. An depths of 35 to 67 m by technical divers, yielding 131 international effort to collect and unveil the true collections containing 55 macroalgal species. About species diversity in this genus is called for. 30% were new species or new records. Sequence data for red algae were generated using the mitochondrial 273 COI barcode, plastid UPA, and nuclear LSU and SSU COEVOLUTIONARY ARMS RACES markers, allowing phylogenetic patterns to be BETWEEN SEAWEED CHEMICAL investigated for new species (e.g. Dasya and DEFENSES AND HERBIVORE OFFENSES Martensia). Although the mesophotic flora appears to be dominated by Microdictyon beds, it is composed of E. E. Sotka a diverse community of red, green, and brown ([email protected]) macroalgae, many of which are unique to the NWHI. College of Charleston, USA 275 Seaweeds commonly produce chemical defenses that INDIRECT EFFECT ON ECOSYSTEM minimize the impact of consumers, who must evolve FUNCTIONING: DECREASED physiological mechanisms to tolerate these PHOSPHORUS INCORPORATION NOT metabolites. I will summarize published and IRON TOXICITY DECREASES unpublished evidence to argue that coevolutionary PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND GROWTH IN A arms races between seaweeds and herbivores are rampant in marine ecosystems, and that a latitudinal GREEN MICROALGA difference in the quality of this diffuse coevolution has

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E. Spijkerman, H. Behrend, B. Fach and U. Gaedke phytoplankton as food items to zooplankton, elevated ([email protected]) cyanobacterial toxins (saxitoxin, microcystins and University of Potsdam, Germany cylindrospermopsin), increased temperature, and decreased dissolved oxygen were observed and The phytoplankter Chlamydomonas acidophila is an hypothesized to be factors controlling changes in important primary producer in very acidic (pH 2.0- zooplankton community structures. Nutrient dynamics -1 3.5), iron rich (up to 1000 mg total Fe L ) lakes. We (silica and nitrogen limitation and increased expected the high iron concentrations to result in high phosphorus loads) and hydrological factors associated iron accumulation and to inhibit photosynthesis and with meteorological features in spring (increased growth of C. acidophila. Therefore we grew the alga precipitation, changes in residence time, and elevated in sterilized lake water and in medium with varying water color) could play major roles in controlling iron and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentrations. phytoplankton community structures and indirectly Photosynthesis and growth of C. acidophila were affect zooplankton dynamics. These relationships largely unaffected by high total iron concentrations between planktonic communities and environmental 3+ and only decreased if free ionic Fe concentrations factors could provide insights into how anticipated -1 exceeded 100 mg Fe L . In contrast we found an climate changes (warming temperature, sea level rise, -1 indirect effect: a concentration of 260 mg total Fe L and changes in rainfall pattern) may impact the 3+ -1 (this being 15 mg free ionic Fe L ), which is structure of planktonic communities. common in many acidic lakes, reduced Pi- incorporation by 50%. The resulting Pi-limitation was 277 shown in enhanced maximum Pi-uptake rates when C. DIVERSITY OF STREAM BENTHIC acidophila was grown at high iron and high Pi concentrations. Although C. acidophila was relatively ALGAE IN CALIFORNIA rich in iron compared to other algae (up to 134 mmol 1 1 2 Fe: mol C), iron toxicity was not observed. Instead, R. Stancheva , R. J. Sheath and L. Busse ([email protected]) high iron concentrations result in a Pi-limitation that 1 explains the low primary production present in iron- California State University San Marcos, USA 2San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, USA rich lakes.

Stream benthic algae were studied from over 1,800 276 samples collected across California for two projects DYNAMICS OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND funded by the State Water Resources Control Board: ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY (1) development of multimetric tools for setting STRUCTURES DURING SPRING numeric nutrient targets including an algal index of CYANOBACTERIAL BLOOMS IN A biotic integrity (2007 and 2008), and (2) surface water SHALLOW, SUBTROPICAL LAKE IN A ambient monitoring program for the state of California CHANGING WORLD (2008 to 2012). We identified 800 soft-bodied algal taxa, of which 558 to species, variety or form as A. Srifa1, L. Dong2, M. F. Cichra1 and E. J. Phlips1 follows: Cyanobacteria (273), Chlorophyta (261), ([email protected]) Charophyta (136), Ochrophyta (52), Euglenophyta 1University of Florida, USA (42), Rhodophyta (20), Cryptophyta (12), and 2University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA Dinophyta (4). An online identification tool has been developed for 251 species from southern California, Intensive field observations were carried out bi-weekly and it is currently being updated for the entire state. in subtropical, shallow, low-gradient and eutrophic Indicator species analysis based on 650 samples has Lake George, Florida, USA, during spring blooms in identified 81 indicator species for TP, TN, DOC, March – June 2009. Successions of zooplankton from copper, or reference conditions. Spirogyra and rotifers to cladocerans and copepods were associated Zygnema (Charophyta) phylogeny was studied and with dynamics in phytoplankton community structure four new to science species were described. Potentially that was changed from diatom-based to cyanobacteria- new cyanobacterial species of Dichothrix, Anabaena, dominated. Changes in palatability of preferred and Bacularia were also identified. Several rare

105 ochrophyte algae were recorded for the first time: the establishment of molecular phylogeny, the generic Pleurocladia lacustris, Chadefaudiothrix gallica, classification of the family was called into question. Chlorosaccus fluidus, Tetrasporopsis fuscescens. The genus Oocystis proved to be paraphyletic, some of the taxa were excluded and few other species newly 278 redefined as members of this family. We investigated HYPOXIA CAUSED BY TOXIC 46 strains assigned to the Oocystaceae using MICROALGAL BLOOMS morphological, ultrastructural and molecular data (the SSU and the RbcL genes). Oonephrys obesa and K. A. Steidinger Nephrocytium agardhianum cluster within the ([email protected]) Chlorophyceae and thus are no longer members of the Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA Oocystaceae. Conversely, we transferred to the Oocystaceae Willea wilhelmii from the The best known, and largest, hypoxic marine areas Scenedesmaceae. On a basis of both molecular and result from seasonal algal blooms associated with morphological data we propose further taxonomical eutrophication. Less documented causes are toxic revisions in the genera Franceia, Lagerheimia, microalgal blooms and resultant benthic defaunation Oocystidium, Oocystis, Ooplanctella and Neglectella. due to direct mortality and/or oxygen depletion. These events happen in estuaries and along coasts like the 280 west Florida shelf. On the WFS, if there is a INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SOLAR UVR pycnocline present during the HAB event it can lead to AND TEMPERATURE ON THREE hypoxia/anoxia. Two cases on the WFS will be used to DIFFERENT MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL characterize hypoxia events and the resultant MACROALGAE GROWN UNDER defaunation. One, during the 1971 red tide, decimated MODIFIED CO AND NUTRIENT REGIMES several patch reefs off Sarasota. The second, off 2 2 Tampa Bay in 2005, affected ca. 5,600 km of bottom 1 2 3 D. B. Stengel , R. Conde Álvarez , F. Arenas , S. habitat. Data preceding, during and post events 4 2 Connan and F. L. Figueroa characterize the conditions leading up to the benthic ([email protected]) defaunation and details recovery of the faunal 1National University of Ireland, Ireland populations. The 2005 event also demonstrates how 2Universidad de Málaga, Spain hurricanes can influence the distribution of HABs and 3University of Porto, Portugal mixing of the water column. Both events resulted in 4CNAM INTECHMER and Université de Nantes, France extensive defaunation but one recovered within 2 years. These and other perturbations structure biotic As part of the 2012 Aquatic Productivity (GAP) communities on the WFS and affect community workshop, predicted climate change impacts were resiliency. assessed in three species of macroalgae, Corallina officinalis (Rhodophyta), Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta) 279 and Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Ochrophyta), SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE FAMILY preconditioned to high CO2 and nutrient regimes. OOCYSTACEAE Experiments were conducted in outdoor tanks at combinations of carbon and nutrient enrichments L. Štenclová and M. Pažoutová representing realistic ocean acidification and ([email protected]) eutrophication scenarios. Effects of natural (30% University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic reduced) UV radiation were monitored before and after exposure to elevated temperatures. Short-term The family Oocystaceae is a group of morphologically changes in physiological (O2-evolution, PAM and ultrastructurally distinct green algae that constitute chlorophyll fluorescence) and biochemical variables a well-supported clade in the class Trebouxiophyceae. (e.g., C:N, antioxidant capacity, lipids, and Despite the clear delimitation, based on a presence of photosynthetic pigments) were examined. Strong specific cell wall, only few of its members were diurnal fluctuations in fluorescence parameters and examined using data other than morphological. After pigments were observed in response to ambient diurnal variation under solar radiation, and overall sensitivity

106 varied strongly between algal species and also H. Stocks and D. Casamatta depended on preconditioning treatment (carbon and ([email protected]) nitrogen regime) in some cases. Similarly, O2- University of North Florida, USA evolution and biochemical composition exhibited significant species- and treatment-specific variation. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes Observed responses were linked to original habitat, ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems. As such, algal group and morphology, and highlight the cyanobacteria are increasingly being employed as a complexity of physiological and biochemical means of assessing the health of aquatic systems. adjustments (acclimations) which occurred at different Individual taxa respond differently to environmental function levels and temporal scales in the three species parameters, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, investigated. nutrient levels, and light, and therefore, the natural fluctuation of these parameters can create a continuum 281 of community compositions. Understanding how the TEMPORAL VARIATION OF cyanobacterial community responds to environmental CORTICOLOUS MICROALGAE ON A changes, especially anthropogenic influences can be a MICROSCALE powerful tool in management of recreational and residential waters. One of the chief impediments to

employing cyanobacteria as a surrogate for ecosystem A. Štifterová and J. Neustupa health is the lack of a baseline assessment of the ([email protected]) Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic natural community. While phytoplanktic communities have been sampled in the past, the benthic The present study concentrated on temporal variation cyanobacterial community has been all but ignored. In of the community structure and diversity of subaerial order to ameliorate this dearth of data, cyanobacteria microalgae growing on bark of European Beech were collected from various benthic habitats in (Fagus sylvatica) in the temperate deciduous forest in Northern Florida, such as retention ponds, rivers, the Czech Republic. The samples were taken four springs, lakes, and streams. Thus far, ca. 100 different times: October 2010, April 2011, October 2011 and taxa have been found in the retention ponds alone. Of April 2012. Algal samples were cultured on agar plates these, 29% were Chroococcales, 13% Nostocales, and and then identified to tentative OTU's by light 58% were Oscillatoriales. The biodiversity of the microscopy. Altogether 44 morphotypes were retention ponds is surprising, considering the large recognized, mainly belonging to Trebouxiophyceae number of species that are seemingly fulfilling very and Chlorophyceae. The largest proportion of variation similar niches. in species composition of samples was explained by the temporal factors. Surprisingly, the subaerial 283 corticolous assemblages considerably varied in time. A NEW SPECIES OF CHONDROPHYCUS The differences between seasons were reflected also (RHODOPHYTA) FROM JAPAN by the α-diversity of samples. Species richness of the spring samples was considerably higher than in the M. Suda1, T. Maeda2, N. Yotsukura2, T. Abe2 and M. autumn samples. Consequently, we concluded that the Notoya1 seasonal changes, along with the variation in ([email protected]) temperature, humidity and irradiance, play a key role 1Okabe Co. Ltd., Japan for the community structure of corticolous algal 2Hokkaido University, Japan communities in temperate regions. A new species of the red algal genus Chondrophycus 282 was found at Nakanoshima (36°10′N, 133°07′E), Oki A SURVEY OF THE BENTHIC Islands, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. This species does not have secondary pit-connections between epidermal CYANOBACTERIA OF NORTHEAST cells and corps en cerise. The main branch appears flat FLORIDA, USA or somewhat curved. Terminal branches were fork- shape or palmate. The height of mature tetrasporophytes, and female and male gametophyte

107 was 3.31±0.1 cm, 2.20±0.5 cm and 2.05±0.1 cm 285 respectively. Transparent superficial cortical cells have LIVING COCCOLITHOPHORES IN CHINA a few plastids, and are remarkably long in the direction SEA WATERS: THE DIVERSITY AND of growth. Superficial cortical cells of the main DISTRIBUTION branches of tetrasporophytes were 342.9±96.3 μm long and 85.9±16.5 μm wide. The cortical cells have a J. Sun characteristic radial crystal structure substance. ([email protected]) Tetrasporangia 167.5±29.9 μm in diameter were found Tianjin University of Science and Technology, China in main and terminal branches. Conical-shaped cystocarps 1069.3±186.0 μm in diameter were present We investigated the morphology, taxonomy, diversity on main branches. The cup-shaped antheridial and distribution of living coccolithophores (LCs) in receptacles 1456.8±233.4 μm in diameter were found the China Sea Waters (CSW) for the first time. 97 at the tip of terminal branches. Sequences of the partial species were recorded, belonging to 4 orders, 11 RuBisCo Large Subunit and mtDNA CoI were families, and 44 genera. Genus Syracosphaera (20 analyzed, and this species belongs to the genus species observed) presented the highest species- Chondrophycus. richness in the CSW. The overall LCs abundance in the research areas ranged from 3 to 20 cells /mL. The 284 dominant LCs species were Gephyrocapsa oceanica, RE-INVESTIGATION OF PYRAMIMONAS Emiliania huxleyi, Helicosphaera carteri, and OLIVACEA N. CARTER Algirosphaera robusta, in the order of species abundance. The total LCs abundance was highest in S. Suda1, M. A. Bhuiyan1 and S. D. Sym2 the East China Sea, followed by the South China Sea, ([email protected]) Yellow Sea, Northern Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. 1University of the Ryukyus, Japan Seasonally, the LCs were most abundant in autumn, 2University of Witwatersrand, South Africa followed by spring, winter and summer. Temperature and nitrate concentration may be the major In 1937, Nellie Carter published ―New or interesting environmental factors controlling the distribution and algae from brackish water‖ (Arch. Protistenk. 90: 1- species composition of LCs in the studying areas based 68.). In this paper, she described many important on canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). genera and species of phytoflagellates. Among them, Pyramimonas olivacea was described along with P. 286 angulata, P. obovata and P. octociliata collected from A NEW SPECIES OF LOBOPHORA a brackish pool at Bembridge, Isle of Wight, off the (DICTYOTALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM south of England. Since then, McFadden et al. (1987) reported electron microscopy of P. olivacea isolated THE SOUTH CHINA SEA from some localities of Australian coasts. They Z. Sun1, J. Yao1, T. Hanyuda2, J.Tanaka3 and H. proposed a new subgenus based on the species, 2 subgenus Punctatae. The original description of Carter Kawai (1937) clearly indicated double eyespots, however, ([email protected]) 1Chinese Academy of Sciences, China material of McFadden et al. (1987) had a single 2 eyespot. Hence, McFadden et al. (1987) emended P. Kobe University, Japan 3Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan olivacea from double eyespots to single eyespots. In recent survey from Japanese and South African coasts, Lobophora J. Agardh, a brown algal genus occurring we isolated morphologically identical strains of N. in tropical and subtropical seas, is characterized by a Carter‘s P. olivacea. Hence, species of McFadden et marginal row of meristematic cells and a single- al. (1987) may not be proper P. olivacea. In this layered large central medulla, lacking paraphyses presentation, we propose new emendation of P. around sporangium sori. Our recent research suggested olivacea N. Carter and should be treated as a new that the interspecific divergence is highly species of McFadden et al. underestimated, and many species should be included in Lobophora. Herein, we report a new species

108 collected from Hainan Island in the South China Sea. Alsterberg on warming–acidification effects on The species grows erectly in the subtidal zone, benthic primary producers. attaching to the substrate by a basal holdfast. The fan- shaped thallus is 5-8 cm long, and 140-165 µm thick at 288 the middle part. Thallus is commonly composed of a BIOSYNTHESIS AND ACCUMULATION OF single layer of large medullary cells and four layers of HYDROCARBONS AND cortical cells on both sides of medulla. Sporangium POLYSACCHARIDES IN A COLONIAL sori are primarily scattered on the ventral surface and GREEN ALGA, BOTRYOCOCCUS BRAUNII not surrounded by paraphyses. Developed sporangia RACE B are sessile and ovate, 60-75 µm in diameter at surface view. The predominant erect thallus, four-layered R. Suzuki1, Y. Uno1, I. Nishii2, S. Kagiwada1 and T. cortical cells, and molecular evidence (rbcL and cox3) Noguchi1 all showed that the new species is distinguished from ([email protected]) the congeneric species. 1Nara Women's University, Japan 2Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 287 DO SHALLOW-WATER SEDIMENTS WITH The colonial Botryococcus braunii accumulates large MICROPHYTOBENTHOS CARE ABOUT quantities of hydrocarbons that are mainly deposited in WARMING? the extracellular space, while all other examined oleaginous microalgae store lipids in the cytoplasm. K. Sundback, C. Alsterberg and S. Hulth We studied B. braunii by electron microcopy, and ([email protected]) report 1) the behavior of lipid bodies (LBs) and the University of Gothenburg, Sweden stage of hydrocarbon secretion during the cell cycle, and 2) the formation and characterization of an Sediments were exposed to warming (+4°) alone and extracellular matrix. New lipid accumulation on the in combination with a toxicant, nutrient enrichment, or cell surface occurred after cell division at the acidification. Sediment-water fluxes of oxygen, basolateral region. LBs were increased in number and alkalinity and nutrients (light/dark), primary and size until the new lipid accumulation would start. To bacterial production, denitrification, N mineralization, form a colony, cells were connected with hydrocarbon biomass and composition of organisms were layers accumulated at basolateral region. The outside measured. Autotrophic variables were less affected of colony was surrounded with a 3-4 nm fibrillar than heterotrophic variables by warming. Generally, colony sheath. Each fibril was stained with silver- retained net autotrophy due to microphytobenthos hexamine. We examined how the colony sheath was moderated temperature effects. The mode of built. After cell division, the fibrillar materials interaction between warming and a second factor was accumulated between daughter- and mother-cell wall non-additive (synergistic or antagonistic) rather than at the cell apex concomitant with lipid accumulation at additive, but often no significant interactions were the basolateral region. After rupture of the mother-cell found. In autumn, warming alone and together with wall, fibril structures extended from daughter cell wall nutrients caused an earlier, but temporary, shift to net to be a part of the colony sheath. heterotrophy. The warming-toxicant interaction was antagonistic, warming removing toxicant effects on 289 functions in light. Since benthic and floating DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONALITY OF microalgal mats responded differently, warming– MACROALGAE IN MACAO toxicant effects may be habitat dependent. The results emphasize the need to consider both structural and K. A. Tagulao1, S. K. Chan1 and P. O. Ang2 functional variables, and both direct and indirect ([email protected]) effects when assessing stressor interactions. Structural 1University of St. Joseph, Macau Equation Modelling can separate indirect and direct 2Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong POC effects, as shown in the presentation by Christian

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This paper presents the results of a preliminary round areolae and a reduced or absent sternum allows macroalgal baseline study in Macao, a small coastal the transfer of F. atomus to the genus Stauroforma. city situated on the southern coast of China, west of The species was compared with seven morphologically the heavily industrialized Pearl River Delta region. similar taxa belonging to Fragilaria, Stauroforma and Significant growth of the red macroalgae Prionitis sp. Psammoneis. The main differences between S. atomus and Gelidium sp. were observed during the winter and and these taxa are related with the number of striae, spring months of November to April 2012, although the kind of striation (opposite or alternate) and the geographically limited along the wave exposed rocky shape of axial area. shores of Coloane Island. Reproductive structures (cystocarps) in Prionitis sp. were also observed in 291 these months. Ulva sp. and other green macroalgae, THE DILEMMA OF GYMNODINIUM significantly grow in the same winter/spring months but are more widely distributed, occurring in most of A. E. Thessen1 and S. Carty2 Macao‘s coastline. Seasonal patterns on the ([email protected]) occurrence/growth of these species are likely to be 1Arizona State University, USA caused by changes in temperature and salinity over the 2Heidelberg University, USA seasons while the limited geographical distribution of Prionitis sp. are likely to be caused by the type of The genus Gymnodinium was established in 1883 by substrate and strength of wave action and water Stein based on the type species Gymnodinium fuscum movement. (Ehrenberg) Stein 1878 and emended by G. Hansen and Moestrup in 2000. This genus currently contains 290 234 extant, described species. There are now several FRAGILARIA ATOMUS major issues associated with this genus including that (BACILLARIOPHYTA): MORPHOLOGY is has both freshwater and marine species; it is AND COMPARISON WITH RELATED polyphyletic, the emended description leaves many TAXA previously described species now uncertain; life history stages may have been described as species; and

some described species may not be Gymnodinium. It is D. Talgatti1, C. E. Wetzel2, E. Morales3, L. Ector2 and estimated that 10%-25% of the species currently L. C. Torgan4 assigned to Gymnnodinium are not valid. Molecular ([email protected]) techniques are currently unable to clarify the 1Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 2Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies taxonomy because only 7% of Gymnodinium species Luxembourg have a sequence in GenBank. The problem is 3Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Bolivia exacerbated by the lack of proper naming of sequences 4Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil that prevents proper assignment of all available data. Only 30% of the Gymnodinium sequences in GenBank Fragilaria atomus was first described by Hustedt from are labeled with a proper scientific name. These Finland in 1931; it has since been found worldwide. findings have implications for microbial eukaryote However, due to its small size it can easily be biodiversity estimates and agree with additional mistaken with other fragilarioid diatoms. To elucidate findings that protist diversity may be overestimated. In the morphological, metric and structural features of the this poster we describe the current state of the genus, species, specimens from salt marshes in Brazil and discuss the issues and propose next steps. type material from the Hustedt‘s Collection were studied using LM and SEM. Brazilian material was 292 obtained by scraping the stems of macrophytes, while EFFECTS OF IRRADIANCE AND type material (lectotype, E2963) was sampled from TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH, sediment in the Southern coast of Finland. The results PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND TOXIN revealed that diacritic features of Fragilaria are not PRODUCTION OF TOXIC DIATOM present in F. atomus such as, rounded closing plates, PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA AUSTRALIS rimoportula and spines. The absence of these (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) structures, together with the opposite striation pattern,

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Bay, RI, USA, have been reported for over a hundred M. Thorel, J. Fauchot, S. Jobert, J. Morelle and P. years, but have increased in duration and frequency Claquin over the past few decades. At the same time, ([email protected]) anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen into this system have CNRS INEE, France been quite large (~50-60 million moles N/year), although they have decreased by over 35% due to The marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis which recent updates in sewage treatment plants. We have produces domoic acid (DA), a toxin causing Amnesic assessed bloom formation, duration, and composition Shellfish Poisoning in humans, is responsible for toxic in this system for over seven years through a blooms in the Bay of Seine (English Channel - combination of repeated intertidal and subtidal France). In order to better understand the influence of quantitative surveys, and combined these with studies abiotic factors on the cell physiology of this species, of Ulva overwintering strategies, growth rates and the effects of irradiance and temperature on growth, competitive interactions. While we find significant photosynthetic parameters and DA production were spatial and temporal (short-and long-term) variability investigated in culture. A P. australis strain isolated in bloom composition and abundance (with maximum from the Bay of Seine was maintained in exponential densities over 400 g/m2 wet mass), our data indicate growth phase in semi-continuous cultures under that Ulva compressa and Ulva rigida exhibit different temperature and light conditions. P. australis predictable temporal shifts in abundance. In addition, was able to grow between 3 and 21°C with an optimal our laboratory and field experiments indicate that these growth temperature estimated at 17°C. The stability of species likely use multiple methods for surviving harsh P. australis photosynthetic parameters under the whole winter conditions, including burial in sediment, temperature gradient highlights the high thermal- suspension in the water column, and overwintering of acclimation capacity of the photosynthetic apparatus of attached microscopic stages in this system. this species. However, the decrease in growth rate at the highest temperatures under high light levels 294 revealed the influence of light-temperature interactions EFFECTS OF SURFACE COMPLEXITY on P. australis physiology. The results of our AND CONSEQUENT WATER FLOW experiments also showed that P. australis produces DA during exponential growth phase and that DA VARIATION ON THE ESTABLISHMENT production is promoted by high light intensities. A OF BENTHIC STREAM MACROALGAE significant exponential relationship was observed A. F. Tonetto1, R. C. Leite1, C. K. Peres2, C. Z. between DA production and growth rate for higher 1 1 light levels. These results should allow a better Branco and P. C. Bispo understanding of in situ P. australis growth capacities, ([email protected]) 1São Paulo State University, Brazil and DA production. This work will be used to define 2 parameters of a P. australis module in an ecosystem Federal University of Latin American Integration, Brazil model. Habitat complexity has been presented as being an

important influence on different ecological

293 communities, but its operation under variable natural ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF ULVA conditions is not well understood, particularly in lotic MACROALGAL BLOOMS habitats. To investigate the role of habitat complexity, in particular the fractal structure of surface irregularity C. S. Thornber1, S. Rinehart1, M. Guidone2 and J. D. 3 in a stream system, field experiments were conducted Swanson using surfaces with different levels of fractal ([email protected]) dimension in four unshaded streams in southeastern 1University of Rhode Island, USA 2 Brazil. The samplers remained completely submerged Sacred Heart University, USA for 60 days after installation. The establishment of 3Salve Regina University, USA macroalgae was measured only at the end of the

experimental period in terms of percent cover Macroalgal blooms are frequent occurrences in (abundance) from the area occupied by the species estuarine systems worldwide. Blooms in Narragansett

111 associated with the substrate. The percent cover of Cold-water oceans have a high capacity of absorbing macroalgae was statistically different among atmospheric CO2. Consequently, high-latitude oceans treatments. The surfaces with higher complexity are particularly susceptible to changes in atmospheric recorded higher values of macroalgal abundance, and pCO2, and are projected to be the first oceans impacted the hydraulic characteristics linked with variation in by ocean acidification. Sea ice diatoms play an surface complexity showed an important influence on important role in carbon biogeochemistry and polar benthic stream macroalgae establishment. food webs. The response of diatoms to elevated pCO2 is mainly addressed though short-term perturbation 295 experiments. However, little is known about the MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY IN THE acclimation and adaptation potential of microorganisms to ocean acidification. We have EPIZOIC DIATOM FALCULA HYALINA performed a 200-day CO -perturbation experiment TAKANO FROM A COASTAL LAGOON, 2 (280, 390 and 960 ppm CO2) on the sea ice diatom SOUTHERN BRAZIL Nitzschia lecointei to investigate ecophysiological

acclimation to high pCO2. We have previously L. C. Torgan and L. Donadel reported short-term synergistic effects of increased ([email protected]) 1 temperature and pCO2 on growth rate and fatty acid Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil composition in N. lecointei. However, preliminary long-term data reveal different patterns in terms of Falcula hyalina Takano is a species which taxonomic primary production, e.g. suggesting increased DOC position still remains uncertain. The species was production due to carbon overconsumption at high described by Takano in 1983, using TEM. Seven years pCO2. Many research gaps still exist in acclimation later, Round, Crawford & Mann, in the diacritic and adaptation to global change – a key point in description of the genus, raised the question that F. understanding how algal populations and carbon hyalina had some features that do not confer with biogeochemistry may alter in a high CO2 world. Falcula, such as, wider sternum and poroidal apical pore field. Afterwards Prasad et al. (1989) improved 297 the knowledge of F. hyalina without drawing conclusions about its generic identity due to the PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUGLENOIDS ON impossibility of having the type of the genus for study. THE EUGLENOZOAN TREE OF LIFE The studies of this species demonstrated that its valve morphology and biometrical data are similar in the R. E. Triemer different regions where it has reported. However, F. ([email protected]) hyalina showed morphological plasticity in the Michigan State University, USA population found in a coastal lagoon (31°26‘S - 51º10‘W and 31°14‘S - 50°54‘W). The study was The Euglenozoan Tree of Life Project focuses on based on plankton samples collected in the winter of relationships within and among the Kinetoplastida, 2009. We describe and illustrate the new morphotype Diplonemida and Euglenida (Euglenophyta). Of these in LM, SEM and TEM and inform the ecological divergent but related groups, only the Euglenophyta conditions in which F. hyalina was observed. This are generally considered among the algae. record corresponds to the most austral report of the Photosynthetic euglenoids are believed to have species in South America. acquired chloroplasts through secondary endosymbiosis with an ancestral green alga most 296 closely related to the present day Pyramimonas. We have sequenced over a dozen chloroplast genomes LONG-TERM ACCLIMATION OF THE from taxa representing all of the major photosynthetic ANTARCTIC SEA ICE DIATOM genera to trace the evolution of the chloroplast genome NITZSCHIA LECOINTEI TO HIGH PCO2 within the euglenoid lineage. Phylogenomic analyses suggest that the acquisition of the chloroplast was a A. Torstensson, M. Hedblom and A. Wulff single event which resulted in significant gene loss and ([email protected]) rearrangement. While gene content is highly conserved University of Gothenburg, Sweden

112 among photosynthetic euglenoids, chloroplast genome clones and sequences) continues to show a robust size changes dramatically across the lineage, largely monophyletic group with poorly resolved internal due to an increase in the number of introns, ranging structure, though containing a wide range of stria from less than ten introns in Eutreptiella gymnastica to densities (a character exhibiting low intraclonal over 150 in some Euglena species. Analyses of variation in several Lanceolatae). Our results suggest multiple genome alignments show large scale that, at least for the Nitzschia Lanceolatae group, evolutionary events with many blocks of genes formulating rules for molecular species recognition undergoing rearrangements and inversions among the (and DNA barcoding) should be done cautiously, taxa and even within genera. informed by an understanding of phylogeny, functional significance and reproductive biology. 298 NITZSCHIA: A COMPLEX VARIATION 299 PATTERN HAS A COMPLEX INFERRING THE PHYLOGENETIC EXPLANATION POSITION OF PALMOPHYLLALES USING THE GENOME OF VERDIGELLAS R. Trobajo1, D. G. Mann2, L. Rovira1, F. Rimet3 and PELTATA L. Kermarrec4 ([email protected]) A. Tronholm1, M. S. DePriest1, D. Bhattacharya2, S. 1Institute of Agriculture and Food Research & Technology, Fredericq3 and J. Lopez-Bautista1 Spain ([email protected]) 2Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, United Kingdom 1University of Alabama, USA 3INRA Carrtel, France 2Rutgers University, USA 4Asconit Consultants, France 3University of Louisiana, USA

Nitzschia is a large genus, with several species being Recent molecular studies provided evidence that the important from (paleo-) ecological point of view: they genera Verdigellas and Palmophyllum occur frequently and abundantly in all kinds of waters, (Palmophyllales, Chlorophyta) form a distinct and and several of them are considered to be indicators of early diverging lineage of green algae. Although particular environmental conditions. However, phylogenetic analyses supported a deep-branching Nitzschia is also notorious for its taxonomic difficulty, Palmophyllales, its exact phylogenetic placement is and members of the section Lanceolatae are still uncertain. In order to elucidate the phylogenetic particularly challenging because most have small cells position of this group of deep-water algae, we and delicate structure, and because they offer few conducted a multigene partitioned Bayesian analysis, diagnostic characters. Our studies (combining including chloroplast single-copy genes (petA, petD, morphological, molecular and reproductive data) of ycf3) and rbcL, as well as 18S rDNA, with a broad some Nitzschia spp. of section Lanceolatae (e.g. N. sampling of taxa. Chloroplast and nuclear genes were inconspicua, N. palea) have revealed a complex extracted from a draft genome assembly of a sample of variation pattern. In each, morphological variation Verdigellas peltata dredged offshore NW Gulf of between strains is very subtle but molecular data Mexico. Phylogenetic analyses placed Verdigellas as (LSU, rbcL, some cox1) show moderate (N. palea) or basal to both Streptophyta and Chlorophyta, indicating considerable (N. inconspicua) diversity. In N. that Palmophyllales might be the earliest branching inconspicua, 7 genotypes from 36 isolates grouped lineage of the Viridiplantae. into 3 clades. Distinct salinity responses occurred among N. inconspicua strains though differences were 300 genotype- but not clade- or morphologically related. CHARACTERIZATION OF CONJUGATION Most N. inconspicua strains are automictic (like some PROCESSES IN HOMOTHALLIC other Lanceolatae e.g. N. fonticola) and the biological CLOSTERIUM PERACEROSUM- species concept is therefore inapplicable. Furthermore, STRIGOSUM-LITTORALE COMPLEX N. inconspicua is paraphyletic with respect to other morphologically-defined Nitzschia species. In contrast, deepened sampling of the heterothallic N. palea (> 80

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Y. Tsuchikane and H. Sekimoto species composition of thraustochytrids once a ([email protected]) month for five years in three fixed points at the Japan Women’s University, Japan mouth of Shukugawa River and two points in Osaka Bay, Japan. It was observed a larger The Closterium peracerosum – strigosum – littorale number of thraustochytrids at the river mouth than complex is a unicellular charophycean alga, in which there are two modes of zygospore formation: the inside of the bay. At the river mouth, the heterothallism and homothallism. In the heterothallic comparison of the carbon biomass between strains, zygospores are formed as a result of thraustochytrids and bacteria suggests that the conjugation between mt+ and mt– cells. In contrast, contribution of thraustochytrids to the microbial zygospores of homothallic strain are formed within loop cannot be ignored. Phylogenetic position of clonal cells. In this study, conjugation processes of a isolated strains clearly shows the repeated homothallic strain were critically analyzed. Time-lapse seasonal succession of thraustochytrid species, but analyses revealed that most of the observed species compositions of the river mouth and two zygospores were originated as a result of conjugation other points are different. It probably suggests that of two sister gametangial cells derived from one each species differs in the source of nutrient. vegetative cell. When the homothallic cells were mixed with phylogenetically closely related heterothallic cells (mt+ or mt–), which had been vitally 302 stained using calcofluor white, formation of hybrid DISTRIBUTION, VARIATION, AND zygospores between the homothallic cells and PHYLOGENY OF SAXITOXIN heterothallic cells were confirmed. These results BIOSYNTHESIS GENES IN THE indicate that some of the homothallic gametangial cells DINOFLAGELLATE GENUS possess heterothallic mt– and/or mt+ like characters. It GYMNODINIUM could be speculated that the division of one vegetative cell into two sister gametangial cells is a segregative L. F. Untari, C. Burke and C. J. Bolch process that produces complementary mating types ([email protected]) equivalent to mating types in heterothallic strains. University of Tasmania, Australia

301 The dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum is the only ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF gymnodinoid saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellate and, THRAUSTOCHYTRIDS as such, is phylogenetically distant from all other (STRAMENOPILES, saxitoxin producers that belong exclusively to the LABYRINTHULOMYCETES) related gonyaulacoid genera Alexandrium and Pyrodinium. Recent work indicates that the gene

1 1 2 1 encoding the key initiating synthetic step (SxtA) of G. M. Ueda , K. Doi , M. Nakajima and D. Honda catenatum is relatively closely related to that of ([email protected]) 1Konan University, Japan Alexandrium species, raising the hypothesis that the 2Research Institute of Environment, Japan capacity for saxitoxin synthesis in G. catenatum arose via recent lateral transfer of SxtA and/or other Thraustochytrids are colorless marine biosynthetic genes either from cyanobacteria or other dinoflagellates. To determine to possible origin of heterotrophs (Labyrinthulomycetes, saxitoxin biosynthesis we used PCR to screen several stramenopiles). They are beginning to attract Gymnodinium species for the presence of the A1 and attention as the important decomposers in the A4 domains of SxtA, including the related species G. marine ecosystem, because of existence in the nolleri and G. microreticulatum and the non-toxic ocean around the world, high-speed growth and gymnodinoid species G. aureloum and G. impudicum. oil accumulation. However, almost all reports on The sxtA1 and/or sxtA4 domains were detected only in the thraustochytrid biomass have been not based strains of G. catenatum. We propose that the on the continuous monitoring. In this study, we evolutionary origin of the saxitoxin production gene in investigated the seasonal changing of biomass and G. catenatum was in an ancestral bacterium, that the

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Gymnodinales and Gonyaulacoid PSP-producing ([email protected]) dinoflagellates shared the same common ancestor of Western Washington University, USA the sxt gene and that they have subsequently evolved independently in parallel manner. The introduction of Ulvoid green algae are conspicuous components of STX in G. catenatum is evidently at the same time as macroalgal blooms in Washington State. The natural the divergence of G. catenatum from the G. catenatum products that they produce affect herbivore grazing complex. Furthermore, the saxitoxin gene in and the growth and survival of organisms in the cyanobacteria and dinoflagellate had evolved surrounding seawater. Two groups of compounds, independently and they do not share the same common based on dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and ancestor. dopamine, are stored in the algal cells as precursors and broken down by enzymes into more toxic or 303 deterrent compounds. In the case of DMSP, a lyase THE CHIMERIC NATURE OF enzyme cleaves the molecule into DMS and acrylic CHROMALVEOLATE PLASTIDS acid. In the case of dopamine, a phenolase enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of dopamine into quinones. We

1 2 3 have examined the environmental conditions that K. Valentin , D. Bhattacharya and A. Moustafa cause the breakdown of the stored precursors and the ([email protected]) 1AWI, Germany, release of the biologically active products. Dopamine 2Rutgers University, USA breaks down in response to physical damage and 3AUC, Egypt damage from desiccation. DMSP breaks down in response to grazing, low salinities, and high Through secondary endosymbiosis plastids of temperatures. Because specific environmental chromalveolates stem from a red algal plastid and conditions are required to cause the enzymatically consequently they contain a red algal plastid genome. mediated release of the toxic or deterrent products of However, compared to extant red algal plastid the stored precursors, measurements of the precursors genomes those from chromalveolates lack about 50 may not provide an accurate assessment of their genes. During the process of secondary endosymbiosis impacts in the field. also a number of nuclear encoded plastid genes were transferred from the red algal nuclear genome to the 305 chromalveolate nuclear genome through REDOX-BASED SENSING OF endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT). Taken together, ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS – FROM however, identifiable red algal plastid genes in ORGANELLE SIGNALING TO CELL FATE chromalveolates are insufficient to run the plastid. DECISION Seemingly this was overcome by a massive introduction of non-red algal plastid genes, most of A. Vardi them affiliated to Prasinophytes, primitive ([email protected]) chlorophytic algae. As a consequence extant Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel chromalveolate plasids are no longer rhodophytic but chimera of red algal and green algal plastids and the Diatoms are one of the most successful groups of possess novel functions not known in their ancestors, photosynthetic protists in the modern oceans, rhodoplasts. responsible for about 20% of global primary productivity. The molecular basis for diatom‘s 304 ecological success and the role of cell signaling are ACTIVATED DEFENSES AND TOXINS IN still poorly understood, although recent studies TEMPERATE BLOOM-FORMING GREEN suggested that diatoms utilize sophisticated sensing ALGAE: WHAT YOU SEE ISN'T ALWAYS mechanisms to respond to environmental stress WHAT YOU GET conditions. During bloom succession algal cells are subjected to abiotic (nutrients deprivation, high light) K. L. Van Alstyne, K. J. Anderson, J. Dohman, M. E. and biotic stress (viruses, grazers and allelopathic Salyan and S. A. Gifford interactions). Production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) under stress conditions and consequently

115 alterations in cell redox state have been shown to play and Spain. Tests for cross-amplification in Porphyra a central role in regulation of cell fate signal dioica were also performed. For Porphyra linearis, transduction pathways in plants and animals. We allele number ranged from 3 to 15 per locus, and with therefore explored diatom mechanisms of perception estimates of total heterozygosity varying from 0.06 to of stress conditions by combining in vivo imaging of 0.86. These markers will provide an opportunity to redox response with quantification of the whole redox explore the genetic variability and biogeography in the proteome (redoxome) in the model diatom Porphyra/Pyropia genus. Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In vivo imaging of the redox state in various subcellular compartments, using 307 the redox sensitive GFP (roGFP), revealed distinct MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND compartmentalized signaling in response to light MOLECULAR CONFIRMATION OF THE regime, nitrogen or iron availability as well as RED ALGAE HYPNEA MUSCIFORMIS infochemicals that are derived from diatom biotic interactions. We further identified intriguing (CYSTOCLONIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) correlations between early oxidation patterns in the FROM YUCATAN PENINSULA, MEXICO mitochondria and subsequent induction of cell death. E. F. Vázquez-Delfín1, G. H. Boo2, S. M. Boo2 and D. Using a redox proteomics approach we were able to 1 unravel the redox-sensitive protein network which Robledo ([email protected]) includes key enzymes in diatom metabolic pathways. 1 Comparative analysis of the diatom redoxome across CINVESTAV Merida, Mexico 2Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea 48 genomes revealed reactive cysteines that are evolutionarily conserved across kingdoms. We The genus Hypnea exhibits large morphological propose that redox regulation may provide diatoms variation resulting in great confusion concerning its with important machinery for rapid and reversible taxonomy. With over 71 species currently accepted responses to multiple environmental cues therefore taxonomically and 41 synonyms, the major challenge essential for their ecological success in the marine today is to integrate morphological and molecular ecosystem. information in order to assign the proper species

names. Hypnea musciformis is widely distributed

306 along the Atlantic, the Pacific and Indian Oceans. MARKER DEVELOPMENT AND Taxonomical confirmation for each region is needed in POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF order to discard the presence of cryptic species due to PORPHYRA SPP. IN THE PENINSULA the morphological variations mentioned. In Yucatan IBERICA peninsula H. musciformis has been reported, however, no morphological description or molecular E. Varela-Álvarez1, C. Paulino1, A. C. Balau1, E. confirmation is available for this region. This work Berecibar2, G. Pearson1 and E. A. Serrão1 reports the great morphological diversity found in H. ([email protected]) musciformis from Yucatan peninsula, including 1Universidade do Algarve, Portugal ecological, culture observations and molecular 2EMEPC/M@rBis, Portugal analysis. RbcL (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase gen) and cox1 (cytochrome oxidase I gen) analysis In order to examine the population genetic structure of confirmed the taxonomic identity of the specie Porphyra spp. in the Iberian Peninsula, nine showing that variations in morphology are probably polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from due to plasticity. Examination of specimens from several enriched DNA libraries in Porphyra species different regions (Gulf of Mexico, western Atlantic from Portugal: Porphyra umbilicalis and Porphyra coast and Mediterranean coast) allowed the linearis, and they were optimized for future studies of identification of the relevant morphological characters its population genetic structure across the North for the taxonomical analysis of this species. Eastern Atlantic. The newly developed markers were screened for variability among more than 100 individuals from different locations mainly in Portugal

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308 global dataset containing over 3000 DNA-verified EVOLUTION OF THE THERMAL NICHE specimen records belonging to the Dictyotales to AND ITS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY elucidate the mechanisms that drive speciation in this PATTERNS IN SEAWEEDS brown algal order. The focus is on tropical and warm temperate environments. We characterize the H. Verbruggen1, V. R. Marcelino1, L. Tyberghein2 taxonomic structure on large geographic scales and O. De Clerck3 (between and within ecoregions) and examine the ([email protected]) predictions of various geographic (allopatric, 1University of Melbourne, Australia sympatric, and peripatric) models of speciation, using 2Flanders Marine Institute, Belgium patterns of range overlap and range size symmetry 3Ghent University, Belgium between sister clades. Adaptive processes are addressed on a more local scale in New Caledonia. The thermal niche of seaweed species is known to Focusing on the genus Lobophora, we examine up to have a strong influence on their distribution ranges. In which extent individual sympatric species are adapted turn, geographical distributions determine patterns of to specific environments. Many species of Lobophora species richness across the globe. But the thermal engage in allelopathic seaweed-coral interactions, with niche is not a static feature over evolutionary coral bleaching and mortality resulting from direct timescales. Our goal is to incorporate the evolutionary contact. We quantify coral-algal interactions by dynamics of thermal niches into assessments of global mapping host occupancy of the individual Lobophora patterns of species richness. Using evolutionary species and by conducting field experiments whereby modeling approaches in a phylogenetic context for coral hosts are exposed to lipid-soluble extracts from three seaweed genera, we show that the thermal niche different Lobophora species. Results from geographic evolves at different rates in different lineages, and speciation models and adaptation to specific illustrate relationships between microhabitat environments at a local scale are combined to draw preferences and rates of thermal niche evolution. We conclusions on the relative roles of adaptive and non- show that niche evolution promotes the diversification adaptive processes on diversification of seaweeds. of taxa by different mechanisms and reveal its impact on global diversity patterns. In summary, our results 310 show that the thermal niche evolves in a highly taxon- ASSESSMENT OF FRESHWATER RED specific manner and that it has a clear impact on the ALGAL (THOREALES AND species richness patterns of those taxa. BATRACHOSPERMALES, RHODOPHYTA) TYPE SPECIMENS IN THE HERBIER 309 CRYPTOGAMIE THE ROLE OF ADAPTIVE AND NON- ADAPTIVE PROCESSES IN MARINE M. L Vis and W. B. Chiasson ALGAL SPECIATION ([email protected]) Ohio University, USA C. Vieira1, F. Leliaert2, C. Payri1 and O. De Clerck2 ([email protected]) The Batrachospermales and Thoreales are macroscopic 1Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, New algae inhabiting freshwater streams worldwide. French Caledonia naturalists, such as Bory de Saint Vincent, Montagne, 2 Ghent University, Belgium LePrieur and Sirodot, were among the first to collect and study these organisms. Their specimens from 18th Only recently, by a combination of adopting molecular and 19th centuries are within the sub-herbaria (Thuret, techniques and global sampling, phycologists started Montagne, General France, General World and to obtain a meaningful idea of algal species diversity, Sirodot) in the Herbier Cryptogamie (PC), Muséum the distribution of the individual species and ultimately d‘Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Recently, researchers have patterns of diversity. The emerging information utilized the collections and referred to them in enables us to test hypotheses on the modes of publications. However, most type material was not speciation and the role of a divergent natural selection annotated and due to duplicate specimens within and on adaptive traits in diversification. Here we use a

117 among sub-herbaria, relocating this material is 312 difficult. Specimens are now being high-resolution PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS scanned, barcoded and databased making it easier to AMONG DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF locate specimens. Among the sub-herbaria, there is FRESHWATER BROWN ALGAE type material for 32 currently recognized HERIBAUDIELLA FLUVIATILIS AND species/varieties many of which are represented by BODANELLA LAUTERBORNI lectotypes, syntypes and topotypes. The Sirodot collection consists of hundreds of previously X. Wang1, J. D. Wehr2 and K. G. Karol3 unexamined specimens, almost all of which would ([email protected]) have some type designation. In addition, specimens of 1The New York Botanical Garden/Fordham University, USA rare taxa have been located and will be designated as 2Fordham University, USA lectotypes. Overall, the PC collection is an important 3The New York Botanical Garden, USA resource with ~3000 freshwater red algal specimens. Of an estimated 2,000 brown algae species 311 (Phaeophyceae), less than 1% occur in freshwater OPTIMIZING ALGAE BIOFUELS: habitats. Freshwater brown algae have been known for ARTIFICIAL SELECTION TO IMPROVE more than 150 years, but the phylogenetic LIPID SYNTHESIS relationships and taxonomic placement of some species remains unclear. Currently, there are no S. Volz comprehensive molecular phylogenetic studies of ([email protected]) freshwater brown algae, which would provide Cheyenne Mountain High School, USA additional insight into evolution within this class. This study aims to resolve the phylogenetic positions and Algae biofuels are a promising alternative to better understand the relationships among populations petroleum-based fuels, but algae oil yields must of the freshwater brown algae Heribaudiella fluviatilis improve to make implementation economically (Areschoug) Svedelius (1930) and Bodanella feasible. Here, artificial selection is investigated as an lauterborni Zimmermann (1927). Heribaudiella original approach to increase algae lipid production. fluviatilis has been reported in Europe, Asia, and North To heighten the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase America, and B. lauterborni has been found only in (ACCase), an enzyme crucial to lipid synthesis, Europe. Although quite different morphologically, artificial selection was used to isolate cell lines tolerant these two species were found to be relatively similar to the ACCase-inhibiting herbicide sethoxydim. genetically. Variable regions from the organellar Incremental nitrogen deficiency was implemented as a genomes of these two species were selected as control condition to refine GC-MS lipid analysis, molecular markers to compare different individuals of ACCase immunoblotting, and a spectrophotometric H. fluviatilis collected from North America and from ACCase enzymatic assay. These techniques were Europe, and B. lauterborni from Europe. Phylogenetic applied to determine changes in lipid metabolism relationship generated using both mitochondrial and caused by acquired sethoxydim tolerance. Developed plastid markers support H. fluviatilis from North lipid analytical protocols show repeatability. NMR America as sister to B. lauterborni from Europe, and spectroscopy indicates efficient fatty acid H. fluviatilis from Europe sister to these. Three esterification. Anti-biotin immunoblotting allows possible taxonomic conclusions inferred from this visualization of ACCase. Significant increases in both result will be discussed, including: (1) although B. lipid accumulation and sethoxydim tolerance were lauterborni is morphologically distinct from H. observed in selected cultures even after multiple fluviatilis, these three lineages might represent generations out of selection, indicating potential different phenotypes of one polymorphic species (H. success in selecting for algal cell lines with heritably fluviatilis sensu lato); (2) these lineages might increased ACCase and lipid production. If such represent three distinct species within Heribaudiella; populations can be sustained, artificial selection could (3) these three lineages might each warrant separate prove a novel method to increase microalgae oil generic status. yields, and thus the viability of algae biofuels.

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313 development between epilithic and epiphytic SUCCESSFUL INVADERS ARE BETTER populations and 3) the average growth rate. Each DEFENDED: THE EXAMPLE OF month for two years, fifty representative fronds were GRACILARIA VERMICULOPHYLLA collected from each dulse beach and the reproductive state was determined. We found that reproductive F. Weinberger1, M. Hammann1, G. Pohnert2, G. G. maturity of the fronds peaked in the late fall with the Wang3 and S. M. Boo4 majority of the frond being identified as male or ([email protected]) tetrasporophytes. Fifteen of the largest thalli were 1GEOMAR, Germany collected from epiphytic and epilithic populations each 2Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Germany month for 6 months. There was no significant 3Ocean University of China, China difference between the fronds in different habits and 4Chungnam University, Republic of Korea the proportions of fronds in each size category were similar. All thalli had a high number of smaller fronds To evaluate the importance of anti-herbivore resistance (between 1 cm and 5 cm) and a low number of larger for algal invasion success we compared resistance fronds (25 to 30 cm or over 31 cm). The average traits among specimens of the red macroalga growth rate of vegetative fronds in August was 0.7 Gracilaria vermiculophylla from six native cm/day. populations in Korea and China and eight invasive populations in Europe and Mexico that were 315 maintained under identical conditions in the REASSESSMENT OF SIMONSENIA laboratory. Herbivorous snails both from the native (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) FROM range (Littorina brevicula) and from the invaded range MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR (Littorina littorea) consumed significantly less of PHYLOGENETIC DATA SUGGESTS A seaweed specimens originating from non-native RELATIONSHIP TO PSEUDONITZSCHIA populations. Metabolome profiling revealed that this preference was correlated with an increased wound- 1 2 3 4 activated production of deterring prostaglandins and A. Witkowski , F. Barka , E. Gusev , R. Trobajo , D. G. Mann5, P. Dabek1, A. I. Gomes6, E. I. Gorecka1, M. hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Thus, invasive 1 7 populations of G. vermiculophylla are more strongly Krzywda and C. Desrosiers ([email protected]) defended against challenge by herbivores and other 1 biological enemies that cause local tissue or cell University of Szczecin, Poland 2Goethe University, Germany disruption and activate oxylipin production. 3Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation Anthropogenic distribution of genotypes adapted to 4Institute of Agriculture and Food Research &Technology, resist elevated feeding pressure probably contributed Spain to the invasion success of this species. 5Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, United Kingdom 6Universidade do Algarve, Portugal 314 7Asconit Consultants, France POPULATION ECOLOGY OF PALMARIA PALMATA ON DIGBY NECK, NOVA Species belonging in the genus Simonsenia, including SCOTIA CANADA S. delognei, have been studied by means of light and electron microscopy. One of them, from estuarine

environments in the Guadiana River (Atlantic coast, K. L. White and D. J. Garbary close to the border of southern Portugal) has also been ([email protected]) St. Francis Xavier University, Canada maintained in culture, making it possible to use molecular (rbcL gene) data to study its relationships. Population ecology of Palmaria palmata (dulse) was In the LM, Simonsenia presents Nitzschia-like investigated in Digby Neck, Nova Scotia, where frustules with transapical costae being separated by the commercial harvesting occurs. The primary objectives striae. It is only electron microscope (EM) of this study were to determine: 1) the reproductive examination that reveals that the raphe canal bearing phenology of dulse, 2) the seasonality of vegetative keel is raised above the valve surface on alar canals, with the latter separated by fenestrae. Based on this,

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Simonsenia has been proposed to be a genus caught algal organisms most likely differs between the intermediate between Bacillariaceae and Surirellaceae. aquatic traps of different carnivorous plant species. However, the results of our study reveal that Simonsenia shares its major characteristics with 317 Nitzschia (plastids) and Pseudonitzschia (plastids, A NEW CANDIDATE SPECIES OF striation, rbcL phylogeny). As in Nitzschia, there are CRASPEDOCARPUS (CYTOCLONIACEAE, two plastids in Simonsenia, one located towards each GIGARTINALES) FROM KOREA valve end. In EM part or all of the Simonsenia striae contain 2–3 transapical rows of areolae arranged in a B. Y. Won, S. Y. Jeong and T. O. Cho quincunx pattern, strongly resembling the striation of ([email protected]) Pseudonitzschia. Also the areolae occlusions are of the Chosun University, Republic of Korea same type in both genera. Finally the rbcL gene sequence of the Guadiana River species seems to place Seven species of Craspedocarpus (Cystocloniaceae, Simonsenia in the same clade as Pseudonitzschia, Gigartinales) have been reported from worldwide; five Denticula and Fragilariopsis well separated from all species from Australia and New Zealand, one from remaining Bacillariaceae. Our study also shows that North Carolina, and one from Brazil. Our diversity of Simonsenia is probably underestimated, Craspedocarpus species collected from Jindo, Korea particularly concerning the marine environment in August 2010 and June 2013. It was recognized by because apart from the two established species, we several morphological characters such as well have identified at least three unknown species from developed rosettes of small outer cortical cells around Portugal, Martinique and South Africa. the large inner cells, 3-5 cm in height, dichotomous branch, discoid holdfast, cystocarp produced from 316 marginal thalli, zonate tetrasporangia and the terminal TRAPS OF CARNIVOROUS PLANTS AS position of tetrasporangia. Phylogenetic analyses of ALGAE MICROHABITATS rbcL indicate that our unidentified species is placed in genus Craspedocarpus and is also distinguishable K. Wolowski1, M. Lukaszek1 and B. J. Plachno2 from other Craspedocarpus species. ([email protected]) 1Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland 318 2 Jagiellonian University, Poland LOCAL FRESHWATER MICROALGAE, SCENEDESMUS QUADRICAUDA, FOR Microhabitats are small ecosystems usually occupying NUTRIENT REMOVAL AND BIOFUEL closely separated areas with specific physical and PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT chemical properties which often present a barrier to the growth of certain organisms or allow the development WASTEWATER of only a small group of organisms. The aim of this study was to examine the structure of algae Y. K. Wong, K. L. Yung and J. L. Xia communities and their stability inside the traps of ([email protected]) carnivorous plant taxa belonging to the genera Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong POC

Utricularia L. and Genlisea A.St.-Hil. Their traps This article reports the results of the freshwater constitute specific microhabitats. In the investigated microalgae, Scenedesmus quadricauda, capable of Genlisea traps, two dominant groups of algae removing nitrogen & phosphorus while accumulating (Chlamydomonas div. and diatoms) in the trap lipids in primary settled & filtrate wastewater. For environment showed an ability to hydrolyze analysis of cell growth, optical density (OD), dry phosphomonoesters. In the Utricularia traps, the algal weight (DW) & cell number were measured. OD was flora derived mainly from the phytoplankton of the measured at 1.36 units in both acclimated & un- plants‘ environment, and its abundance increased acclimated cell after 16 days. The maximum value of consistently with trap age. The predominant organisms DW in acclimated & un-acclimated cell was 0.995 g/L in the traps were either commensals or intruders, and & 0.940 g/L after 14 days respectively. Due to cell occurred in numbers exceeding the captured adaptation in acclimation, it had positive growth rate macroscopic prey. We suggest that the fate of some

120 while the un-acclimated one had negative result in Day the type and quantity of nutrients released differed 1. The greatest daily growth rate of acclimated & un- significantly with different wastewaters. Municipal acclimated cell was in Day 3 & Day 5 respectively. wastewater shows the most promise by demonstrating For nutrient analysis, 95% and 90% of P-pollutant, e.g. a rapid release in nutrients and exhibiting relatively (PO4-P), in acclimated & un-acclimated cell was little propensity for contamination, while cutting the removed after 5 days respectively. Over 90% of N- cost of culture media in half when compared to BG-11. pollutants, e.g. NH3-N, NO3-N & NO2-N, in both Likewise, cultures of Scenedesmus sp. 0414 cultivated acclimated & un-acclimated cell was removed after 5 on municipal wastewater media exhibited similar days. The lipid content of acclimated & un-acclimated growth and lipid productivities as cultures grown on cell was 20.3% & 19.8% respectively after 16 days. BG-11. A similar process is underway to evaluate The lipid production was the highest in Day 3, then several local agricultural waste streams for their reached the lowest in Day 11 & increased until Day 14 commercial potential as algae culture media. in both conditions. The saturated fatty acid was higher in un-acclimated (~58%) than acclimated (~54%), 320 while the poly-saturated fatty acid was higher in SPLICE-RELATED CODON AND AMINO acclimated (~40%) than un-accumulated (~37%). SKEWS AT EXONIC ENDS IN Moreover, the cell growth in 25% & 50% filtrate was ECTOCARPUS ARE COMMON AND higher than in 75% & 100% ones. Due to higher N RESEMBLE THOSE SEEN IN HUMANS concentration in filtrate, cell had positive daily growth rate after Day 3. The removal efficiency of N & P was X. Wu1, A. Tronholm2 and L. Hurst1 higher in 25% and 50% filtrate. For lipid production, ([email protected]) the highest one was in 50% filtrate (18.1%) while the 1University of Bath, United Kingdom lowest was in 100% filtrate (13.6%). So it is an 2University of Alabama, USA innovative tool for wastewater treatment & biofuel production so as to mitigate the red tide formation and The control of RNA splicing is often modulated by create a green energy for future use. exonic splice enhancers (ESEs), causing predictable skews in codon and amino acid usage towards exonic 319 ends, especially in species with relatively abundant DEVELOPING OPTIMIZED CULTURE introns. To date the only intron-rich species that have MEDIA FROM WASTEWATERS FOR THE been analysed are mammals, precluding any EMERGING MICROALGAE-BASED conclusions about the likely ancestral condition. Here BIOFUEL INDUSTRY we examined the patterns in the vicinity of exon-intron junctions in Ectocarpus siliculosus. Noteworthy J. Wray, E. Puruhito, M. Kent, E. Eustance and M. findings were: (1) amino acids and codons Sommerfeld preferred/avoided at both 3‘ and 5‘ ends tended to also ([email protected]) be preferred/avoided at the same exon ends in humans; Arizona State University, USA (2) the preferences observed at the 5‘ ends of exons were largely the same as those at the 3‘ ends, a Agricultural runoff, cattle, swine, poultry, and symmetry trend only previously observed in animals; municipal wastewaters were aerobically digested and (3) the proportion of codons and amino acids showing evaluated for their performance as a culture medium in a significant skew towards exon ends was greatly in comparison to the algae industry standard BG-11 excess of anything reported previously. We conclude culture medium. Preliminary data were gathered on the that: (a) in intron rich genomes splice associated skews digestion of the wastewaters to track nutrient release are highly phylogenetically conserved; (b) from solid waste. Nitric acid digestion and ICP symmetrical exon trends are not restricted to animals; analysis showed that the wastewaters generally and (c) the exclusivity of translationally optimal and contained most of the nutrients necessary to sustain splice optimal codon sets is not universal. microalgae growth. Aerobic digestions carried out on the wastewaters showed a significant release of nutrients via ICP and flow injection analysis, although

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321 corals, their cellular and molecular biology is still ELEVATED CO2 IN COMBINATION WITH poorly understood. We have been developing a proxy INCREASED TEMPERATURE – EFFECTS system for examining coral mutualism in which an ON SPRING AND SUMMER axenic dinoflagellate symbiont Symbiodinium is PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES introduced into a clonal population of the host Aiptasia, a small sea anemone closely related to corals.

Axenic Symbiodinium strain SSB01 is being examined A. Wulff, M. Karlberg, A. M. Grivogiannis Forsberg for both its growth and physiological characteristics. and A. Torstensson When cultured in low light with glucose, the cells lose ([email protected]) pigmentation and photosynthetic activity. However, in University of Gothenburg, Sweden spite of the loss of pigmentation, the algae maintain Due to the complexity of environmental factors rapid heterotrophic growth. When bleached cultures associated with climate change, and their potential are moved into medium without glucose, the cells synergistic effects, we believe that a multifactorial regain their pigmentation, photosynthetic activity and approach is required to resolve and predict climate the capacity to grow photoautotrophically. We are effects on phytoplankton communities. Therefore, we currently using RNA-seq to characterize global gene expression in SSB01 during both the bleaching and tested the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on a spring and summer phytoplankton community, recovery process. Our studies will provide an entry respectively. The experiments were conducted in point into elucidation of chloroplast biogenesis, collaboration with the KOSMOS 2013 mesocosm pathways for heterotrophic and photoautotrophic experiment in the Gullmar Fjord inlet at the Swedish growth in dinoflagellates, and generate insights into mechanisms associated with coral bleaching. west coast. Target levels of pCO2 were 400 and 1000 µatm. The spring community was exposed for the 323 target pCO2 for 6 weeks and the summer community for 12 weeks before we applied a temperature gradient ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF THE of five temperatures. For the spring community, MARINE DIATOMS PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA preliminary results show that photosynthetic activity MULTISERIES AND PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA (Fv/Fm) increased with temperature and CO2 had no PUNGENS ON COMPETING effects. For particulate primary productivity, PHYTOPLANKTON significant treatment effects were found for both 1 2 1 1 temperature and CO2 treatments; the ambient N. Xu , Y. Z. Tang , J. L. Qin , S. S. Duan and C. J. temperature differed from the two highest Gobler2 temperatures and primary productivity was higher in ([email protected]) 1 elevated CO2. Species composition, biomass, bacterial Jinan University, China biomass and productivity remain to be analyzed. 2Stony Brook University, USA Results from the summer community experiment have not yet been compiled. Here we demonstrate the ability of three strains of Pseudo-nitzschia isolated from the South China Sea 322 and the Bay of Fundy, Canada, to produce GLUCOSE MODULATES extracellular compounds capable of lysing and/or PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY AND inhibiting the growth of three phytoplankton species INDUCES SYMBIODINIUM BLEACHING during bi-algal culture experiments. Since extracellular, lytic activity was found for both P. multiseries, which produces domoic acid (DA), and P. T. Xiang, D. Tolleter and A. Grossman pungens, which produces little if any DA, the ([email protected]) Carnegie Institution for Science, USA allelopathic effects of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. seem to be unrelated to DA. Allelopathic inhibition of other The cnidarian-dinoflagellate mutualism is essential for phytoplankton was documented during exponential the survival of the coral-reef ecosystem. Despite the and stationary phase growth of Pseudo-nitzschia cells enormous ecological and economic importance of and the strongest allelopathic effects were obtained

122 from sonicated cultures, suggesting the sudden release 325 of allelochemicals via processes such as cell lysis or CELL DIVISION CYCLE AND DISCHARGE zooplankton grazing may have the strongest effect in PATTERN OF A SYMBIOTIC an ecosystem setting. Differences in the responses of DINOFLAGELLATE SYMBIODINIUM target species to Pseudo-nitzschia spp. suggest these WITHIN ACROPORA CORAL algae may produce multiple compounds that vary in their allelopathic potency and composition as a H. Yamashita and G. Suzuki function of species, strain, growth stage, and perhaps ([email protected]) other factors. Allelopathy may play important role in Fisheries Research Agency, Japan the formation and persistence of natural and iron- fertilized Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. Corals utilize photosynthetic products of symbiotic

dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp. Although 324 Symbiodinium discharge can take place under non- DIVERSITY OF MORPHOLOGY AND stress conditions, little is known about the timing or PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN quantity of cells discharged. We set up an experiment DINOTOMS, INCLUDING THOSE OF TWO in which coral Acropora muricata was maintained in NEW SPECIES 12-L aquariums with running seawater (27 °C), under LED lights in a 12 h light:12 h dark cycle (07:00– N. Yamada1, A. Tanaka1, S. D. Sym2 and T. 19:00 light and 19:00–07:00 dark). Aquarium water Horiguchi1 samples were collected every 3 h to quantify ([email protected]) discharged planktonic Symbiodinium cells, using 1Hokkaido University, Japan quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, symbiont cells 2University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa remaining within the corals were observed under microscope, to determine the cell division cycle. Currently, 11 species of ‗dinotom‘ (=dinoflagellates Discharge of Symbiodinium cells reached a peak, of ca. harboring a diatom endosymbiont) are known. We 460000 cells from 196 g (skeletal weight) coral, during successfully cultured 6 ‗dinotoms‘ including two the 10:00–11:00 period. Symbiodinium cell divisions undescribed species (strains DA10 and DA11), and were synchronous, reaching a peak at 04:00–05:00. analyzed their photosynthetic pigment profiles by The cell division pattern was congruent with that of HPLC in addition to taxonomic studies for two new cultured Symbiodinium, indicating that this cycle is not species. Free-floating non-motile cell clumps are completely disturbed in individuals living dominant throughout the division cycles of the two symbiotically within corals. The proliferated new species. Each cell is almost spherical and the cell Symbiodinium cells were discharged and/or digested surface of DA10 is verrucose, while that of the DA11 by corals, which served to adjust the algal density is smooth. Both are close to Galeidinium rugatum within corals. based on SSU rDNA phylogeny, which can be distinguished by having attached and dome-like non- 326 motile cell with a wrinkled surface. A total of 22 SPECIES DIVERSITY OF GIGARTINALES unknown carotenoids were detected in all 6 (RHODOPHYTA) WITH THE NEW ‗dinotoms‘. DA10 and G. rugatum share 9 unknown DISCOVERY OF HYPNEA AND but unique carotenoids, so this suggests G. rugatum is more close to DA10 than to DA11. Surprisingly, 19 CRASPEDOCARPUS out of the 22 unknown carotenoids are not shared with those of the free-living diatom, Cylindrotheca M. Yang and M. Kim closterium, which is phylogenetically close to ([email protected]) Jeju National University, Republic of Korea ‗dinotom‘ endosymbionts. This indicates that

‗dinotoms‘ acquired unique carotenoids after gaining a The order Gigartinales contains red algae of the class diatom as the plastid. Florideophyceae. It is considered a large, unwieldy,

and complicated order, an artificial construct formed by merging the Cryptonemiales and Gigartinales.

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Much progress and effort have been made in the last increased; oleic is a desired biodiesel precursor. decade to resolve the complexity of relationships Longer exposure to red further enhanced oleic acid among members in this order. In Korea, 24 genera and content per cell. While this study showed that red 62 species of Gigartinales are reported in the literature. light, but not necessarily far-red, can improve Although several species have economic importance, triacylglyceride yield and quality in E. oleoabundans, the order has never been studied to determine its further study into red far-red switching should prove accurate taxonomic status in Korea. We started the useful for this and other oleaginous algal species. survey of Korean Gigartinales to confirm how many species are present, to determine the phylogenetic 328 relationships among them, and to discover cryptic SEAWEED AQUACULTURE FOR species. We analyzed nuclear SSU, plastid rbcL, and NUTRIENT BIOEXTRACTION IN LONG mitochondrial COI genes for molecular phylogeny. As ISLAND SOUND AND THE URBANIZED a result, so far we have identified 11 families, 15 BRONX RIVER ESTUARIES genera and 30 species in the order. Among them, two species of Hypnea have the potential to be a new 1 1 2 C. Yarish , J. K. Kim and G. P. Kraemer species and the genus Craspedocarpus, typically ([email protected]) distributed in the southern hemisphere, is found for the 1University of Connecticut, USA first time in Korea. The research is progressing to 2Purchase College, USA identify the proper scientific names demonstrated by molecular support and redefining morphologically Gracilaria tikvahiae and Saccharina latissima were confused taxa. The case study presented here will cultivated and harvested for nutrient bioextraction at further enhance our knowledge of systematics two sites: off Fairfield, CT (LIS), and the other at the including cryptic species in the order Gigartinales. mouth of the Bronx River estuary (BRE) during 2011- 2013. Gracilaria grew up to 16.5% d-1 at the BRE site. 327 Saccharina grew from <1mm to 3.0 m in length and EFFECTS OF LIGHT QUALITY ON yielded 18 kg m-1 of longline over the five months ETTLIA OLEOABUNDANS: ROLE OF RED (Dec.-May) of the growing season. We estimated a AND FAR-RED LIGHTS ON GROWTH AND hypothetical one hectare farm of Gracilaria at the LIS OIL site, with 3 m spacing between longlines, could -1 -1 remove 5.0 (Aug.) to 7.9 (Oct.) kg N ha mon , and -1 -1 Y. Yang and P. Weathers 9.96 (Oct.) to 41.9 (July) kg N ha mon at the BRE ([email protected]) site per hectare. Saccharina, with 1.5 or 6 m spacing -1 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA between longlines, could remove 71 to 280 kg N ha during that winter-spring growing season at our The effect of light quality on biomass and lipid hypothetical nutrient bioextraction farm in LIS. These production was investigated in Ettlia oleoabundans. results suggest that year round seaweed aquaculture Previous studies showed that cultures under full can be a useful technique for nutrient bioextraction in spectrum light produced significantly more urbanized coastal waters. The potential applications triacylglycerides compared to cool white, which emits using the harvested Gracilaria and Saccharina were little red or far-red. Compared to cool white controls, also tested for human food, hydrocolloids, animal feed, and keeping total light intensity constant, when red and biofuel. was added at day 14, maximum biomass was 1.6-1.8 g L-1 for both conditions, but triacylglycerides increased 329 2.5-fold when the red to cool white fluence ratio was MICROPROPAGATION OF MALAYSIAN 1:1. On the other hand, triacylglyceride yields ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT decreased when the proportion of red was reduced, or SEAWEEDS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF by adding far-red when red was already present. If CLONAL PLANTING MATERIALS only far-red was added to cool white, there was no significant increase in triacylglycerides. Furthermore, while adding red decreased palmitic, oleic acid

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H. Y. Yeong, N. S. Ismail and S. M. Phang economic importance, the red algal tree of life has ([email protected]) been under-studied. To fill this gap in eukaryote University of Malaya, Malaysia phylogeny, we assembled a research team of eight red algal taxonomy and genomics experts to address Good quality seedlings for mariculture of commercial fundamental questions in red algal evolution and their seaweeds ensure sustainable production for various place in the ToL. Nine genes (rbcL, psaA, psaB, psbA, applications including food and industrial colloids. cox1, cob, EF2, 28S and 18S rDNA) were determined Tissue and protoplast culture was conducted on from ca. 500 taxa, and here we are presenting the Kappaphycus, Gracilaria and Ulva. Agar taxon-rich phylogenies. We are conducting draft concentration, growth hormones, irradiance and genomes sequencing from 16 taxa. As a preliminary enrichment media were used to optimise culture result, we are introducing dozens of new mitochondrial conditions for callus induction and regeneration. The genomes and a data-rich phylogeny with an first filamentous callus on Kappaphycus was observed evolutionary interpretation. six days after the explants were cultured in agar solidified PES medium and more than 95% of the 331 cultured explants produced calli after 30 days. ENGINEERING AND COMMERCIAL Filamentous and compact calli were induced at the cut ASPECTS OF ALGAE-BASED surface of the explants and derived from both cortical WASTEWATER TREATMENT TO and medullary cells. Regeneration of calli was PREVENT COASTAL DEADZONES observed. Filamentous callus was observed after 16 days for Ulva. Protoplast were produced and J. Yoshitani regenerated into plants after three months for ([email protected]) Gracilaria changii. This suggested the possible use of Alga Bionics LLC, USA micropropagation technique as an alternative propagation technique for seedling production of A major source of nutrients that cause algal blooms economically important seaweeds. and dead zones in coastal waters is inadequately treated municipal wastewater. Although EPA launched 330 a national nutrient removal program in 1998, the REDTOL: RED ALGAL TREE OF LIFE majority of 16,600 operating plants in U.S. are still ill- equipped to remove nutrients. EPA has established 1 2 3 H. S. Yoon , D. Bhattacharya , S. M. Boo , S. national water quality standards for nutrients, and 4 5 6 Fredericq , M. Hommersand , J. Lopez-Bautista , G. developed pollution load allocation through the Total 7 8 A. Saunders and M. L. Vis Maximum Daily Load program. Although ([email protected]) technologies exist for removing nutrients, they tend to 1 Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea be high in capital and operating cost. An alternative to 2Rutgers University, USA 3 deploying existing technologies is to integrate algae Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea cultivation into the wastewater treatment process to 4University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA 5University of North Carolina, USA take advantage of alga‘s inherent capacity to uptake 6University of Alabama, USA nutrients. Historically, algae have been incorporated 7University of New Brunswick, Canada into pond treatment systems serving small 8Ohio University, USA communities. More robust systems are needed that can serve population centers. Residual biomass from such Red algae (Rhodophyta) are comprised of more than algae-based wastewater treatment can serve as 6000 species classified into seven classes. They play feedstock for production of marketable products. The an important role in marine and freshwater ecosystem combination of nutrient removal and production of as primary producers, and they are directly used as marketable products presents a unique opportunity for foods and industrial usage as carrageenan and agar the development of a public/private commercial production. This anciently diverged eukaryotic phylum initiative. Such an effort represents one approach to is regarded as a plastid donor for the photosynthetic begin addressing coastal dead zones. chromalveolates. Despite evolutionary, ecological, and

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332 establish cultures, assay the cultures to find strains CULTIVATION OF NATURAL ALGAL with high-lipid content, sequence plastid genomes for ASSEMBLAGES FOR WASTEWATER 10 high-lipid content diatoms, and transform the NUTRIENT REMEDIATION plastid of one of these species. A January 2013 collecting trip to the Red Sea has so far yielded 112 E. B. Young strains identified to genus (52 of which are pennate ([email protected]) diatoms), and these have been added to our existing University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA collection of over 100 marine diatom strains from other locations. Total lipid has been extracted from While stimulation of algal growth by eutrophication of more than 30 strains, and lipid content was measured coastal waters contributes to dead zones, algae can by thin layer chromatography. The plastid genome of a also offer opportunities for mitigating terrestrial marine diatom Cerataulina daemon has been nutrient inputs to freshwater resources and marine completed and annotated. The genome is 120,144 coastal waters. As well as remediation of nutrient basepairs with an inverted repeat of 7,004 basepairs. loadings in effluent waters, algal biomass produced Preliminary analyses indicate that protein-coding gene can be used as feedstocks for biofuels. Growth of algae contents are is nearly identical to those from for biofuels is not new but traditional approaches using Phaeodactylum tricornutum but gene order is unialgal cultures in ‗bioreactors‘ present challenges for rearranged. culture maintenance, cell harvesting and energy and clean water demands. Engineering life cycle 334 comparisons indicate that algal cultivation in MULTIPLE BIO-PRODUCTS FROM A wastewater can offset costs and environmental burdens NOVEL MARINE DIATOM ODONTELLA of algal biomass production over broader climatic AURITA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) regimes. Using nutrient-rich wastewater, we have been growing natural algal assemblages dominated by C. Zhang, S. Xia and A. Li cellulose-rich filamentous green algae and lipid-rich ([email protected]) diatoms, which do well in a cool temperate climate. Jinan University, China We will present data on nutrient removal characteristics, lipid and cellulose production and Odontella aurita is a unicellular marine diatom seasonal biomass harvesting in wastewater cultivation. containing multiple bioactive compounds. The We will describe a strategy for using algal cellulose as maximum biomass concentration obtained in batch a feedstock for bacteria genetically-modified to cultures with modified L1 medium was up to 6.0 g L-1. produce specific and uniform biofuel substrates. The glycolipids were dominating lipid class in O. aurita, and its proportion was significantly higher than 333 the neutral lipids and phospholipids. The major fatty TESTING THE UTILITY OF RED SEA acid compositions of O. aurita were C14:0, C16:0, MARINE DIATOMS AS MODEL C16:1, and C20:5 (EPA). EPA was mainly deposited in the glycolipids. The main pigment compositions of ORGANISMS FOR BIOTECH O. aurita were composed of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll APPLICATIONS c, fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and β- carotene. High purity of fucoxanthin (>97%) was 1 1 2 2 M. Yu , M. P. Ashworth , J. S. Sabir , N. A. Baeshen , obtained from O. aurita cultures, which was further 2 1 1 M. N. Baeshen , R. K. Jansen and E. C. Theriot identified as all-trans fucoxanthin. The ([email protected]) chrysolaminaran was found to be the major storage 1The University of Texas at Austin, USA 2 carbohydrate in O. aurita, and its content could reach King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia as high as more than 50% of dry weight. The purified

chrysolaminaran was mainly composed with glucose This project seeks to test the utility of marine diatoms and mannose, and it was further identified as β-(1→3), from the Red Sea as model organisms for (1→6)-glucan. The purified fucoxanthin and biotechnology. Our labs are responsible for completing chrysolaminaran exhibited certain antioxidant four objectives: survey the Red Sea diatom flora and

126 activities by scavenging free radicals in a time- and consecutive seasons (2011–12, June – September), dose-dependent manner. Fragilaria growth and viability was assessed at weekly intervals using PDMPO, a specific Si- 335 deposition tracer in diatoms, and SYTOX Green, a NEW MARINE SPECIES AND TOXINS membrane-impermeable nucleic acid stain, FROM MARINE TEXAS WATERS respectively. Using multiple linear regression with stepwise forward selection of environmental variables, P. V. Zimba1, D. G. Gutierrez1, R. Triemer2, M. J. diatom growth and viability were found to be driven Bertin3, S. P. O'Mara1, I. Huang1 and P. D. Moeller4 by different factors. Fragilaria growth was positively affected by daily light exposure (r2 = 0.52, p<0.001) ([email protected]) 2 1Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, USA and by mean river discharge into the reservoir (r = 2Michigan State University, USA 0.34, p<0.001). However, Fragilaria viability declined 3Scripps institute of Oceanography, USA markedly with decreased ambient silica concentration 4NOAA, USA (r2 = 0.60, p<0.001), indicating that while diatom growth is tightly related to physical properties of the At least six divisions of algae produce algal toxins. environment, cell viability reflects the availability of Our work has focused on identification of these toxins, silica, which is essential for generating and and currently we are using physiological maintaining diatom siliceous frustules. Interestingly, experimentation to understand mechanistic issues. there was a significant negative correlation between Recent work on Texas blooms has focused on: 1) Fragilaria viability and growth (r2 = 0.41, p<0.001), Euglena sanguinea and >12 species produce suggesting that seasonal peaks of diatom growth are euglenophycin toxin in saline waters. Fish, coupled with low cell viability. invertebrates, and mammalian cell lines are killed from exposure. Euglenoids survived in motile states at 70 337 ppt salinity. 2) Prymnesium parvum produces fatty RED ALGAL SPECIES: WHERE DO WE acid amides (FAA) that cause fish kills. FAAs are STAND, WHERE DO WE GO? present in all strains tested, prymnesins are not. 3) A new Geitlerinema species from marine sediments G. C. Zuccarello produces a unique algal toxin having a mass of 475.3 ([email protected]) amu. This toxin kills shrimp, mammalian cell lines, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand and fish. 4) A coccoid Synechoccus-like cyanobacteria produces a chloroform soluble toxin that is partially Molecular sequence data has revealed a large amount characterized. The toxin kills fish. of genetic variation within many morphologically described species. This data is often partitioned into 336 clusters of samples occurring sympatrically or APPLICATION OF FLUORESCENCE allopatrically, based on sequence divergence and tree TECHNIQUES IN STUDIES OF FACTORS topology. While such cryptic species are being AFFECTING GROWTH AND VIABILITY continually recognized, it is commonly unclear if these OF NATURAL DIATOM POPULATIONS IN lineages fulfil other criteria of species. An important A EUTROPHIC FRESHWATER RESERVOIR aspect of species distinction has always been reproductive isolation. While the genetic basis of P. Znachor, P. Rychtecký, J. Nedoma and V. Visocká speciation is poorly understood in red algae, the ([email protected]) potential of reproductive compatibility may render Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech these species short-lived once sympatry is established. Republic Research shows that reproductive isolation is commonly reflected in sequence divergence, but also We measured growth and viability of Fragilaria that hybridization can occur between genetic clusters crotonensis, a dominant diatom of the summer and that reproductive incompatibility can occur within phytoplankton in the eutrophic, dimictic freshwater clusters. Thus, the validity of these two concepts, that Rimov Reservoir (Czech Republic). Over two reproductive isolation defines species and that lineages are species, needs to be backed up with more data and

127 targeted research. While red algae produce propagules that can disperse, it has become clear that these events are rare in most taxa and that populations can be isolated even at short distances. Reduced gene flow, together with natural selection, is a driving force of speciation. However, we have only begun to appreciate that isolation can be accompanied by fixed physiological changes. Combining molecular species designation with ecophysiological studies should be a focus to further our understanding of the selective forces that generate and shape red algal diversity. The examples I will use will be drawn mostly from my work in mangrove algae of the genera Bostrychia and Caloglossa.

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Author Index

Name, abstract number (author‘s presentation indicated in bold)

A B Bland, C. 208 Bohunicka, M. 27 Abe, J. 262 Bachvaroff, T. R. 61 Bolch, C. J. 302 Abe, T. 283 Bachy, C. 151 Bolton, J. J. 182 Aboal, M. 44,133 Baek, J. 15 Boo, G. H. 9, 30, 140, 242, Adair, J. C. 104 Baeshen, M. N. 333 307 Agostinho, D. C. 205 Baeshen, N. A. 333 Boo, S. M. 9, 30, 140, 242, Aguilar, C. P. 196 Baganz, F. 214 307, 313, 330 Aguilar Perera, A. 95, 218 Baggesen, C. 16 Boore, J. 228 Ahmed, M. 1 Baker, B. J. 6, 7, 186 Bouzon, Z. I. 31, 255 Ahmed, S. 55 Balau, A. C. 306 Bowler, C. 32 Aires, T. 2 Balestreri, C. 37, 149 Boyd, P. W. 78 Alarcón, P. F. 173 Ball, B. 99 Boyen, C. 52, 235 Albano, J. P. 56 Bárbara, I. 170, 222 Branco, C. Z. 33, 294 Alberto, F. 265 Barinova, S. 17 Branco, L. H. 33 Allen, J. L. 3 Barka, F. 315 Brandt, A. B. 16, 77 Almandoz, G. O. 80 Barman, N. 18 Braun, E. L. 228 Almanza, A. 20 Barreiro, R. 170, 222 Bretherton, L. 34 Almeida, W. R. 203 Barron, C. 65 Brodie, J. 35 Alsterberg, C. 4, 287 Barthès, A. 19 Brossett, M. P. 177 Alves-Ferreira, M. 59 Bartsch, I. 215 Brown, M. 36 Alwathnani, A. A. 5 Basualto, S. 20 Brownlee, C. 37 Amado Filho, G. M. 59, 114, 238, Beach, K. S. 109 Bruhn, A. 207 250 Beakes, G. W. 237 Bryller, C. M. 208 Amsler, C. D. 6, 7, 186, 258 Beals, M. 139 Büdel, B. 38 Amsler, M. O. 7, 186 Beardall, J. 21, 22, 118 Burhan, Z. 197 Andersen, R. A. 8 Beauchene, M. S. 135 Burke, C. 302 Anderson, K. J. 304 Beauclair Guimaraes, S. M. 203 Buschmann, A. H. 39 Andrade-Sorcia, G. 9 Becker, B. 145 Busse, L. 277 Ang, P. O. 10, 130, 189 Behrend, H. 275 Bustamante, D. E. 40 Angus, R. 258 Behrenfeld, M. J. 105 Anjos, A. 225 Belnap, J. 23 C Arakaki, N. 256 Beltran, J. 20 Arancibia-Avila, P. E. 11 Bender, D. 24 Caimanque, T. 89 Arasappan, D. 12 Bennett, M. S. 25 Caisová, L. 41 Araya, J. 89 Bentlage, B. 26 Camacho, O. 42, 256 Areces, A. 87 Berecibar, E. 306 Candelaria, C. 244 Arenas, F. 280 Berkstresser, J. E. 105 Canovas, F. 265 Arias, J. 11 Bernard, O. 236 Cao, M. 178 Arluzea, J. 156 Berrendero, E. 27 Capote, A. J. 87 Ashworth, M. P. 12, 333 Bertin, M. J. 335 Carlile, A. L. 266 Ask, E. I. 13 Bhadury, P. 60 Carré, W. 52 Assis, J. 265 Bhattacharya, D. 28, 29, 62, 83, 234, Carro, B. 170 Assis, J. M. 114 299, 303, Carty, S. 291 Augyte, S. 14 330 Casamatta, D. 282 Aury, J. M. 52 Bhuiyan, M. A. 284 Cassano, V. 43, 87, 174, 204, Auta, H. 214 Bi, G. 178 264 Avila, C. 51 Bína, D. 146 Ceballos, M. 11 Bischof, K. 143 Cefarelli, A. O. 80 Bispo, P. C. 33, 294 Chan, C. X. 28 Blair, S. 51 Chan, S. K. 289

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Chang, M. 157 Dextro, R. B. 85 Flöthe, C. R. 82 Chapuis, I. S. 44, 205 Díaz-Larrea, J. 43, 87, 171, 174, Foflonker, F. 83 Chengwu Zhang, Z. 165 264 Fredericq, S. 42, 49, 84, 239, Chi, Y. 45 Diaz-Pulido, G. 24, 65 252, 256, 263, Chiasson, W. B. 46, 310 Dijoux, L. 66 299, 330 Chirapart, A. 47 Dingman, J. E. 67 Freire-Nordi, C. S. 85 Cho, M. H. 15, 48, 137 DiRuggiero, J. 90 Freshwater, D. W. 2, 245 Cho, T. O. 40, 49, 127, 317 Dixon, R. 182 Frickenhaus, S. 112 Choi, H. G. 50 Dodson, V. J. 68 Fu, G. 142 Choi, J. 15, 48, 137 Dohman, J. 304 Fucíková, K. 86, 163 Chow, F. 255 Doi, K. 69, 301 Fujii, M. T. 43, 87, 174, 243, Chrachri, A. 37 Donadel, L. 295 264, 271 Christensen, P. B. 207 Donaghay, P. 187, 240 Chu, W. L. 227 Dong, L. 276 G Chuc-Contreras, A. 218 Dove, S. 24, 247 Churnside, J. 240 Draisma, S. 84 Gabriel, D. 84, 256 Cichra, M. F. 276 Du, G. 70 Gabrielson, P. W. 88, 113, 115, Claquin, P. 76, 160, 292 Duan, D. L. 71, 123 116, 239 Coats, D. W. 61 Duan, S. S. 323 Gaedke, U. 275 Cock, M. 55 Duanmu, D. 151 Galatchyants, Y. 202 Coelho, N. 265 Duarte, H. M. 271 Galetovic, A. 89, 90 Coelho, S. M. 55 Dudgeon, S. R. 72, 150 Galway, M. E. 103 Collado-Vides, L. 43, 51, 87 Durnford, D. G. 67, 73 Gamfeldt, L. 4 Collén, J. 52 Garbary, D. J. 91, 103, 314 Collier, J. L. 53 E Garcia-Soto, G. C. 92 Conde Álvarez, R. 280 Gardiner, W. 84 Connan, S. 280 Echevarria-Lima, J. 238 Gartrell, P. 65 Cook, P. 118 Ector, L. 290 Geider, R. J. 34, 155 Cook, S. 149 Edwards, M. D. 74, 101 Geoffroy, A. 64 Cooper, E. D. 86 Edwards, M. S. 36, 183 Gestinari, L. M. 271 Copertino, M. 153 Eggert, A. 100 Ghosh, S. 18 Costa, E. S. 54 Eklöf, J. S. 4 Ghoshroy, S. 93 Costa, J. 265 El Atouani, S. 110 Gifford, S. A. 304 Couceiro, L. 55 Elias, M. 269 Gil-Rodríguez, M. C. 43, 174, 264 Courtoise de Vicoise, G. 126 Eloranta, P. 133, 205 Giordano, M. 94 Coyne, V. E. 200 Engene, N. 75 Gjermansen, C. 16, 77 Craft, J. D. 223 Eulin, A. 63 Glöckner, G. 172 Craigie, J. S. 101 Eustance, E. 319 Gobler, C. J. 323 Critchley, A. T. 101 Evens, T. J. 56 Godhe, A. 268 Gomes, A. I. 315 D F Gomez-Silva, B. 89, 90 González Vázquez, D. J. 95 Dabek, P. 315 Fach, B. 275 Gonzalez-Barba, G. 9 Dahmen, J. L. 134 Fauchot, J. 76, 292 González-Carvajal, L. 39 D'Aiuto, P. E. 56 Favrholdt, C. E. 77 Gorecka, E. I. 315 Darienko, T. 57, 100, 233 Felix, M. R. 255 Graeve, M. 143 Dawson, S. R. 58 Feng, C. 45 Graf, L. 8 De Clerck, O. 159, 171, 308, Feng, Y. 78 Graham, J. M. 96, 98 309 Fernandez, N. 89, 90 Graham, L. E. 97, 98 de Oliveira, L. S. 59 Fernández-García, C. 79 Green, M. S. 99 Debnath, M. 60 Fernández-Palacios, H. 126 Green-Beach, E. 139 Del Monaco, C. 65 Ferrario, M. E. 80 Gregoracci, G. B. 59 Delwiche, C. F. 26, 61, 86 Figueroa, F. L. 280 Grivogiannis Forsberg, A. M. 321 DePriest, M. S. 62, 123, 299 Finkel, Z. V. 81 Gross, J. 28, 29

Desrosiers, C. 63, 315 Fitch, R. 53 Grossman, A. 322 Destombe, C. 55, 64 Guidone, M. 293

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