DOCSLIB.ORG

Memory-Driven Computing Kimberly Keeton Distinguished Technologist

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Memory-Driven Computing Kimberly Keeton Distinguished Technologist Memory-Driven Computing Kimberly Keeton Distinguished Technologist Non-Volatile Memories Workshop (NVMW) 2019 – March 2019 Need answers quickly and on bigger data Data growth 180 175 160 140 130 120 100 100 Projected 80 80 Historical 60 63 50 40 33 41 25 19 15 20 9 12 of analyzed data ($) Value Global datasphere (zettabytes) 5 0.3 1 3 0 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 10-2 100 102 104 106 Data nearly doubles every two years (2013-25) Time to result (seconds) Source: IDC Data Age 2025 study, sponsored by Seagate, Nov 2018 ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 2 What’s driving the data explosion? Record Electronic record of event Ex: banking Mediated by people Structured data ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 3 What’s driving the data explosion? Record Engage Electronic record of event Interactive apps for humans Ex: banking Ex: social media Mediated by people Interactive Structured data Unstructured data ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 4 What’s driving the data explosion? Record Engage Act Electronic record of event Interactive apps for humans Machines making decisions Ex: banking Ex: social media Ex: smart and self-driving cars Mediated by people Interactive Real time, low latency Structured data Unstructured data Structured and unstructured data ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 5 More data sources and more data Record Engage Act 40 petabytes 4 petabytes a day 40,000 petabytes a day* 200B rows of recent Posted daily by Facebook’s 4TB daily per self-driving car transactions for Walmart’s 2 billion users (2017) 10M connected cars by 2020 analytic database (2017) Front camera 2MB per active user Front ultrasonic sensors 20MB / sec 10kB / sec Infrared camera Front radar 20MB / sec sensors 100kB / sec Side ultrasonic sensors 100kB / sec Front, rear and top-view cameras 40MB / sec Crash sensors 100kB / sec Rear ultrasonic cameras Rear radar sensors 100kB / sec 100kB / sec * Driver assistance systems only ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 6 The New Normal: system balance isn’t keeping up +24.5%/year 2x / 3.2 years +14.2%/year 2x / 5.2 years Balance Ratio (FLOPS / memory / memory (FLOPS Ratio access)Balance Date of Introduction Processors are becoming increasingly imbalanced with respect to data motion J. McCalpin, “Memory Bandwidth and System Balance in HPC Systems,” Invited talk at SC16, 2016. http://sites.utexas.edu/jdm4372/2016/11/22/sc16-invited-talk-memory-bandwidth-and-system-balance-in-hpc-systems/ ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 7 Traditional vs. Memory-Driven Computing architecture Today’s architecture Memory-Driven Computing: is constrained by the CPU Mix and match at the speed of memory PCI SATA DDR If you exceed what can be connected Ethernet to one CPU, you need another CPU ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 8 Outline – Overview: Memory-Driven Computing – Memory-Driven Computing enablers – Initial experiences with Memory-Driven Computing – The Machine – How Memory-Driven Computing benefits applications – Fabric-aware data management and programming models – Memory-Driven Computing challenges for the NVMW community – Summary ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 9 Memory-Driven Computing enablers ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 10 Memory + storage hierarchy technologies LATENCY 1-10ns SRAM + Massive b/w Two new (caches) On- entries! 50ns package DRAM DDR 50-100ns DRAM 200ns-1µs NVM 1-10µs SSDs DISKs ms TAPEs s MBs 10-100GBs 1TBs 1-10TBs 10-100TBs CAPACITY ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 11 Non-volatile memory (NVM) Phase-Change Memory NVDIMM-N Latency ns μs Spin-Transfer Torque MRAM Resistive RAM 3D Flash (Memristor) – Persistently stores data Source: Haris Volos, et al. "Aerie: Flexible File-System Interfaces to Storage-Class Memory," Proc. EuroSys 2014. – Access latencies comparable to DRAM – Byte addressable (load/store) rather than block addressable (read/write) – Some NVM technologies more energy efficient and denser than DRAM ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 12 Scalable optical interconnects Relay Mirrors λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4 – Optical interconnects – Ex: Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) – 4 λ Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) – 100Gbps/fiber; 1.2Tbps with 12 fibers CWDM filters ASIC λ – Order of magnitude lower power and cost (target) λ1 λ2 λ3 4 Substrate VCSEL – High-radix switches enable low-diameter network optics topologies HyperX topology Source: J. H. Ahn, et al., “HyperX: topology, routing, and packaging of efficient large-scale networks,” Proc. SC, 2009. ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 13 Heterogeneous compute: accelerators CPU extensions GPUs Deep Learning Accelerators ISA-level acceleration Data parallel calculations ASIC-like flexible performance – Vector and matrix extensions – Optimized for throughput – Data-flow inspired, systolic, spatial – Reduced precision – High-bandwidth memory – Cost optimized – Example: ARM SVE2 – Example: Nvidia, AMD – Example: Google’s TPU, FPGAs ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 14 Gen-Z: open systems interconnect standard http://www.genzconsortium.org Open Standard – Open standard for memory-semantic interconnect CPUs Accelerators – Memory semantics Memory Memory – All communication as memory operations (load/store, Memory put/get, atomics) SoC SoC FPGA NEURO ASIC GPU – High performance – Tens to hundreds GB/s bandwidth – Sub-microsecond load-to-use memory latency Direct Attach, Switched, or Fabric Topology – Scalable from IoT to exascale – Spec available for public download NVM NVM NVM Network Storage Dedicated or shared fabric-attached memory I/O ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 15 Consortium with broad industry support Consortium Members (65) System OEM CPU/Accel Mem/Storage Silicon IP Connect Software Cisco AMD Everspin Broadcom Avery Aces Redhat Cray Arm Micron IDT Cadence AMP VMware Dell EMC IBM Samsung Marvell Intelliprop FIT H3C Qualcomm Seagate Mellanox Mentor Genesis Govt/Univ Hitachi Xilinx SK Hynix Microsemi Mobiveil Jess Link ETRI HP Smart Modular Sony Semi PLDA Lotes Oak Ridge HPE Spintransfer Synopsys Luxshare Simula Huawei Toshiba Molex UNH Lenovo WD Samtec Yonsei U NetApp Senko ITT Madras Nokia Tech Svc Provider Eco/Test TE Yadro Google Allion Labs 3M Microsoft Keysight Node Haven Teledyne LeCroy ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 16 Gen-Z enables composability and “right-sized” solutions – Logical systems composed of physical components – Or subparts or subregions of components (e.g. memory/storage) – Logical systems match exact workload requirements – No stranded, overprovisioned resources – Facilitates data-centric computing via shared memory – Eliminates data movement ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 17 Spectrum of sharing Exclusive data Shared data Composable systems Coarse-grained data Fine-grained data • FAM allocated at sharing sharing boot time • Single exclusive • Concurrent sharing • Per-node exclusive writer at a time by multiple nodes access • “Owner” may • Requires change over time mechanism for • Reallocation of concurrency control memory permits efficient failover • Uses: scale out • Uses: sharing data • Uses: fine-grained composable by reference, data sharing, multi- infrastructure, SW- producer/consumer, user data structures, defined storage memory-based memory-based communication coordination ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 18 Initial experiences with Memory-Driven Computing ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 19 Fabric-attached memory (FAM) architecture – Byte-addressable non-volatile memory accessible via memory Local DRAM SoC operations NVM – High capacity disaggregated memory pool Local DRAM NVM – Fabric-attached memory pool is accessible by all compute resources SoC – Low diameter networks provide near-uniform low latency – Local volatile memory provides lower latency, high performance tier – Software Network – Memory-speed persistence Local DRAM SoC NVM – Direct, unmediated access to all fabric-attached memory across the memory fabric NVM Local DRAM – Concurrent accesses and data sharing by compute nodes SoC Fabric- Communications and memory fabric Attached – Single compute node hardware cache coherence domains Memory Pool – Separate fault domains for compute nodes and fabric-attached memory ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 20 HPE introduces the world’s largest single-memory computer Prototype contains 160 terabytes of fabric-attached memory – The Machine prototype (May 2017) https://www.nextplatform.com/2017/01/09/hpe-powers-machine-architecture/ – 160 TB of fabric-attached, shared memory – 40 SoC compute nodes – ARM-based SoC – 256 GB node-local memory – Optimized Linux-based operating system – High-performance fabric – Photonics/optical communication links with electrical-to-optical transceiver modules – Protocols are early version of Gen-Z – Software stack designed to take advantage of abundant fabric-attached memory ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 21 Applications ©Copyright 2019 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company 22 Memory-Driven Computing benefits applications Memory is shared In-memory In-memory Memory is large noncoherently over fabric communication indexes Unpartitioned Simultaneously datasets explore multiple In-situ analytics alternatives Easier load Pre-compute balancing, analyses failover No storage overheads No explicit data loading Fast checkpointing, verification
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Licensing Open Government Data Jyh-An Lee
    Hastings Business Law Journal Volume 13 Article 2 Number 2 Winter 2017 Winter 2017 Licensing Open Government Data Jyh-An Lee Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_business_law_journal Part of the Business Organizations Law Commons Recommended Citation Jyh-An Lee, Licensing Open Government Data, 13 Hastings Bus. L.J. 207 (2017). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_business_law_journal/vol13/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Business Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 2 - LEE MACROED.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 5/5/2017 11:09 AM Licensing Open Government Data Jyh-An Lee* Governments around the world create and collect an enormous amount of data that covers important environmental, educational, geographical, meteorological, scientific, demographic, transport, tourism, health insurance, crime, occupational safety, product safety, and many other types of information.1 This data is generated as part of a government’s daily functions.2 Given government data’s exceptional social and economic value, former U.S. President Barack Obama described it as a “national asset.”3 For various policy reasons, open government data (“OGD”) has become a popular governmental practice and international * Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Law in the Chinese University
    [Show full text]
  • The Principles of Open Standards
    11/13/13 World Standards Day 1998 A newer version of this paper was published in The International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research, Vol. 4 No. 1, January - June 2006. This paper is the property of Standards Engineering Society. It was submitted to the World Standards Day paper competition for 1998, and won second place. It was published in Standards Engineering, Vol. 50, No. 6, November/December 1998, p. 1- 6. It is reprinted here with permission. The Principles of Open Standards by Ken Krechmer Communications Standards Review 757 Greer Road Palo Alto, CA USA 94303-3024 +1 650 856-8836 http://www.csrstds.com [email protected] "Who ever knew Truth put to the worse, in a free and open encounter?" 1 The values underlying Open Standards are impressive. In the USA the Open Standards concept has been applied to technical standards 2 since 1918 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 3 as the administrator and coordinator of the United States private sector voluntary standardization system. A major goal of ANSI is to ensure that its guiding principles of openness, consensus and due process - the cornerstones of Open Standards - are followed. The personal computer revolution and the following Internet explosion have resulted in a large influx of new technical standards stakeholders.4 These new stakeholders are making new demands on the Open Standards processes. Today, considering the rapid changes in technology and the expanding importance of technical standards, ANSI and its Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) need to reexamine what constitutes the "free and open encounter" that Open Standards strive to achieve.
    [Show full text]
  • Applying Library Values to Emerging Technology Decision-Making in the Age of Open Access, Maker Spaces, and the Ever-Changing Library
    ACRL Publications in Librarianship No. 72 Applying Library Values to Emerging Technology Decision-Making in the Age of Open Access, Maker Spaces, and the Ever-Changing Library Editors Peter D. Fernandez and Kelly Tilton Association of College and Research Libraries A division of the American Library Association Chicago, Illinois 2018 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of Ameri- can National Standard for Information Sciences–Permanence of Paper for Print- ed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. ∞ Cataloging-in-Publication data is on file with the Library of Congress. Copyright ©2018 by the Association of College and Research Libraries. All rights reserved except those which may be granted by Sections 107 and 108 of the Copyright Revision Act of 1976. Printed in the United States of America. 22 21 20 19 18 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................ix Peter Fernandez, Head, LRE Liaison Programs, University of Tennessee Libraries Kelly Tilton, Information Literacy Instruction Librarian, University of Tennessee Libraries Part I Contemplating Library Values Chapter 1. ..........................................................................................................1 The New Technocracy: Positioning Librarianship’s Core Values in Relationship to Technology Is a Much Taller Order Than We Think John Buschman, Dean of University Libraries, Seton Hall University Chapter 2. ........................................................................................................27
    [Show full text]
  • FOSS Philosophy 6 the FOSS Development Method 7
    1 Published by the United Nations Development Programme’s Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.apdip.net Email: [email protected] © UNDP-APDIP 2004 The material in this book may be reproduced, republished and incorporated into further works provided acknowledgement is given to UNDP-APDIP. For full details on the license governing this publication, please see the relevant Annex. ISBN: 983-3094-00-7 Design, layout and cover illustrations by: Rezonanze www.rezonanze.com PREFACE 6 INTRODUCTION 6 What is Free/Open Source Software? 6 The FOSS philosophy 6 The FOSS development method 7 What is the history of FOSS? 8 A Brief History of Free/Open Source Software Movement 8 WHY FOSS? 10 Is FOSS free? 10 How large are the savings from FOSS? 10 Direct Cost Savings - An Example 11 What are the benefits of using FOSS? 12 Security 13 Reliability/Stability 14 Open standards and vendor independence 14 Reduced reliance on imports 15 Developing local software capacity 15 Piracy, IPR, and the WTO 16 Localization 16 What are the shortcomings of FOSS? 17 Lack of business applications 17 Interoperability with proprietary systems 17 Documentation and “polish” 18 FOSS SUCCESS STORIES 19 What are governments doing with FOSS? 19 Europe 19 Americas 20 Brazil 21 Asia Pacific 22 Other Regions 24 What are some successful FOSS projects? 25 BIND (DNS Server) 25 Apache (Web Server) 25 Sendmail (Email Server) 25 OpenSSH (Secure Network Administration Tool) 26 Open Office (Office Productivity Suite) 26 LINUX 27 What is Linux?
    [Show full text]
  • Open Data Policy Purpose Definitions
    Open Data Policy OD-1 V1.0 February 1, 2016 City of Seattle Purpose The City of Seattle is committed to expanding both the data it makes available to the public and tools for understanding this data, and the Seattle Open Data Program has been created to realize these commitments. This Open Data Policy defines the principles governing City of Seattle Open Data and describes the expectations for department participation and governance of the Seattle Open Data Program. Definitions City of Seattle Data All data created, collected and/or maintained by the City of Seattle or by contractors or agencies on the City’s behalf. Open Data Specific datasets that are made available to the public by the City. Machine-Readable Any widely-accepted, nonproprietary, platform-independent, machine- readable method for formatting data (such as JSON, XML, and API’s) which permits automated processing of such data and facilitates search capabilities. Open Standard A technical standard developed and maintained by a voluntary consensus standards body that is available to the public without royalty or fee. Open Data Program dedicated to making City of Seattle data available to the public Program and engaging civic technologists, the research community, and other partners to make use of Open Data in support of the Program’s goals. Open Data Guide defining strategies City departments and offices can implement to Playbook making their data open, encourage public use consistent with the City’s privacy and security policies, and realize benefits for their departments. Open Data Portal Data.seattle.gov, the City’s catalog and primary repository for Open Data, created and maintained by the City for the express purpose of ensuring permanent, lasting open access to public information and Open Data Policy V1.0 February 1, 2016 1 enabling the development of innovative solutions that exemplify the goals of the Open Data Program.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Educational Resources (Oers)
    Open Educational Resources: Introduction Booklet and Webinar sensitize everyone. Open Educational Resources (OERs) Introduction Booklet and Webinar In this context, the Development Gateway Open Education Resources http://topics.developmentgateway.org/openeducation (OER) dgCommunity drives a Community Awareness & Sensitization project which includes a free Booklet and Webinar introducing the concept of Open Educational Resources and its potential to serve Education and Development programmes and practitioners, with a special emphasis on Developing Countries. The Booklet and the Webinar both provide: - a definition of Open Educational Resources, - an introduction to Open licenses and Standards, - an introduction to the Production and Distribution of OER, - a list of OER content repositories, search engines and projects. This project directly serves the OER dgCommunity main objective, which is to sensitize Development practitioners and citizens to Open Educational Resources, for the benefit of all. The Booklet and the Webinar are also to be considered as gateways for beginners to major OER projects, content repositories and search engines. An important part of its content introduces third part initiatives and portals in the domain of Open Drawings by Andrzej Krause. © 2004 BioMed Central, reproduced with permission. Education. Context The Webinar uses real-time Web conferencing tool, enabling trainees to During the past five years, thanks to innovative universities and interact with the trainer and to discuss together at the end of the session. educational projects from around the world, the Open Educational The associated Booklet is published under Creative Commons Attribution Resources (OER) movement has appeared and grown rapidly, addressing 3.0 license and can be used freely. major educational issues such as the “knowledge divide” and access for all to relevant information.
    [Show full text]
  • MASTER SPECIFICATIONS Division 25 – INTEGRATED AUTOMATION
    MASTER SPECIFICATIONS Division 25 – INTEGRATED AUTOMATION AND HVAC CONTROL Release 1.0 [March] 2017 Released by: Northwestern University Facilities Management Operations 2020 Ridge Avenue, Suite 200 Evanston, IL 60208-4301 All information within this Document is considered CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY. By receipt and use of this Document, the recipient agrees not to divulge any of the information herein and attached hereto to persons other than those within the recipients’ organization that have specific need to know for the purposes of reviewing and referencing this information. Recipient also agrees not to use this information in any manner detrimental to the interests of Northwestern University. Northwestern University Master Specifications Copyright © 2017 By Northwestern University These Specifications, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without the permission of the Northwestern University. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PROJECT NAME ____________ FOR: ___________ JOB # ________ ISSUED: 03/29/2017 MASTER SPECIFICATIONS: DIVISION 25 – INTEGRATED AUTOMATION AND HVAC CONTROL SECTION # TITLE 25 0000 INTEGRATED AUTOMATION AND HVAC TEMPERATURE CONTROL 25 0800 COMMISSIONING OF INTEGRATED AUTOMATION ** End of List ** NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PROJECT NAME ____________ FOR: ___________ JOB # ________ ISSUED: 03/29/2017 SECTION 25 0000 - INTEGRATED AUTOMATION AND HVAC TEMPERATURE CONTROL PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 SUMMARY AND RESPONSIBILITIES A. The work covered under this Division 25 of the project specifications is basically for: 1. Providing fully functioning facility/project HVAC system DDC controls. 2. Controlling systems locally, with communication up to the Tridium integration platform for remote monitoring, trending, control, troubleshooting and adjustment by NU Engineering and Maintenance personnel. 3. Tying specified systems to the Northwestern University (NU) integration platform for remote monitoring, trending, control, management, troubleshooting and adjustment by NU Engineering and Maintenance personnel.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Standards - Definitions and Background
    Open Standards - Definitions and Background Open Standards Standards (in the context of technology) are a set of definitions, rules, or specifications which allow interoperability. Standards can be open or closed. Open standards are distinguished from closed standards in that anyone is allowed to know and use an open standard while closed standards are kept secret and/or have significant encumbrances upon their use. Open standards are typically arrived at through negotiation and consensus within the com- munity affected. The Wikipedia article on open standards contains additional accurate information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open standards “Open standards are publicly available specifications for achieving a specific task. By allow- ing anyone to use the standard, they increase compatibility between various hardware and software components, since anyone with the technical know-how and the necessary equipment to implement solutions can build something that works together with those of other vendors.” Occassions when a choice between open/closed standard occurs You wish to distribute a document to a large group of collegues. You select the format for this file. If you select an open standard (eg ascii/txt, rtf, pdf, odf), it is likely that all users will have an appropriate viewing application. If you choose a closed standard (eg MS doc), it is likely that a fraction of your collegues will not be able to view your file. In particular, Microsoft does not have a version of Word for Linux and has gone back and forth on whether it will provide a version for Macs (the current plan is to support macs).
    [Show full text]
  • Open Standards Principles
    Open Standards Principles: For software interoperability, data and document formats in government IT specifications ii OPEN STANDARDS PRINCIPLES: For software interoperability, data and document formats in government IT specifications #opengovIT iii iv Foreword Government IT must be open - open to the people and organisations that use our services and open to any provider, regardless of their size. We currently have many small, separate platforms operating across disconnected departments and IT that is tied into monolithic contracts. We need to have a platform for government that allows us to share appropriate data effectively and that gives us flexibility and choice. Already we have started to make progress and there is activity right across government that demonstrates our commitment to achieving the change we need. The Government Digital Service has launched GOV.UK - a simpler, clearer, faster and common platform for government's digital services, based on open source software. The whole site is designed around the needs of the user. GDS has also developed the online petitions system for the UK Parliament to enable people to raise, sign and track petitions. It was developed by SMEs and is built on open standards. Another site legislation.gov.uk – the online home of legislation – was designed around open standards so more participants could get involved. It connects with inhouse, public and private sector systems and has allowed The National Archives to develop an entirely new operating model for revising legislation. The private sector is investing effort in improving the underlying data. Companies then re- use the source code for processing the data and are including this in their own commercial products and services.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Content Licensing
    Open Content Licensing Open Content Licensing From Theory to Practice Edited by Lucie Guibault & Christina Angelopoulos Amsterdam University Press Cover design: Kok Korpershoek bno, Amsterdam Lay-out: JAPES, Amsterdam ISBN 978 90 8964 307 0 e-ISBN 978 90 4851 408 3 NUR 820 Creative Commons License CC BY NC (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) L. Guibault & C. Angelopoulos / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2011 Some rights reversed. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). Contents 1. Open Content Licensing: From Theory to Practice – An Introduction 7 Lucie Guibault, Institute for Information Law, University of Amsterdam 2. Towards a New Social Contract: Free-Licensing into the Knowledge Commons 21 Volker Grassmuck, Humboldt University Berlin and University of Sao Paulo 3. Is Open Content a Victim of its Own Success? Some Economic Thoughts on the Standardization of Licenses 51 Gerald Spindler and Philipp Zimbehl, University of Göttingen 4. (Re)introducing Formalities in Copyright as a Strategy for the Public Domain 75 Séverine Dusollier, Centre de Recherche Informatique et Droit, Université Notre- Dame de la Paix (Namur) 5. User-Related Assets and Drawbacks of Open Content Licensing 107 Till Kreutzer, Institute for legal questions on Free and Open Source Software (ifrOSS) 6. Owning the Right to Open Up Access to Scientific Publications 137 Lucie Guibault, Institute for Information Law, University of Amsterdam 7. Friends or Foes? Creative Commons, Freedom of Information Law and the European Union Framework for Reuse of Public Sector Information 169 Mireille van Eechoud, Institute for Information Law, University of Amsterdam 8.
    [Show full text]
  • An Economic Basis for Open Standards Flosspols.Org
    An Economic Basis for Open Standards flosspols.org An Economic Basis for Open Standards Rishab A. Ghosh Maastricht, December 2005 This report was supported by the FLOSSPOLS project, funded under the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Union, managed by the eGovernment Unit of the European Commission's DG Information Society. Rishab Ghosh ([email protected]) is Programme Leader, FLOSS and Senior Researcher at the United Nations University Maastricht Economic and social Research and training centre on Innovation and Technology (UNU- MERIT), located at the University of Maastricht, The Netherlands Copyright © MERIT, University of Maastricht 1 An Economic Basis for Open Standards flosspols.org An Economic Basis for Open Standards Executive Summary This paper provides an overview of standards and standard-setting processes. It describes the economic effect of technology standards – de facto as well as de jure – and differentiates between the impact on competition and welfare that various levels of standards have. It argues that most of what is claimed for “open standards” in recent policy debates was already well encompassed by the term “standards”; a different term is needed only if it is defined clearly in order to provide a distinct economic effect. This paper argues that open standards, properly defined, can have the particular economic effect of allowing “natural” monopolies to form in a given technology, while ensuring full competition among suppliers of that technology. This is a distinct economic effect that deserves to be distinguished by the use of a separate term, hence “open” rather than “ordinary” standards – referred to as “semi-open” in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Existing Open Standards
    EMPOWERING CITIZENS THROUGH STEAM EDUCATION WITH OPEN SCHOOLING DELIVERABLE 3.1 Report on existing Open Standards Authors — Maria Vicente and Pedro Russo (ULEI) Contributors — All partners Disclaimer The information and documentation in this deliverable are written by the OSHub project con- sortium under EC grant agreement No. 824581 and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. The European Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Acknowledgement OSHub has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 824581 2 Document Identification Sheet Submission 29 February 2020 Month Due 31.03.2020 Dissemination level Public Deliverable type Report Deliverable name D3.1: Report on existing Open Standards WP / Task WP 3 Establish Open Science Hub Physical Spaces Number of pages 29 Authors Maria Vicente and Pedro Russo, ULEI Contributors All partners Reviewers Cristina Olivotto, FAB 3 Revision History — REVISION DATE AUTHOR ORGANISATION DESCRIPTION Maria Vicente 25 February 0.1 and ULEI Initial Draft 2020 Pedro Russo 27 February 0.2 Cristina Olivotto FAB Review 2020 Maria Vicente 29 February 0.3 and ULEI Final Version 2020 Pedro Russo 4 List of Acronyms — ACRONYM DEFINITION CC Creative Commons EC European Commission EU European Union FAB Onl’Fait Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the GLOBE Environment HE Higher Education ICT Information and Communication Technology JRC Joint Research Centre LRE Learning Resource Exchange MOOC Massive Online Open Course MS Member States ODS Open Discovery Space OER Open Educational Resources OSHub Open Science Hub OSHub.Network Open Science Hub Network STE(A)M Science, Technology, Engineering (Art) and Mathematics ULEI Leiden University WP Work Package 5 Glossary of Terms — Open Education The European Commission working definition of open education is “a way of carrying out edu- cation, often using digital technologies.
    [Show full text]