Knowledge Gaps ...... 2 Literature Search Parameter ...... 3 The biomechanics of blade shaving ...... 4 Safety razors ...... 6 Method of sequentially molding a razor cap ...... 7 Liftware ...... 8 Gillette Treo ...... 9 Email from Mary Ellen Curran ...... 10 Disorders of the Nervous System ...... 11 Spastic Cerebral Palsy ...... 12 Muscular Dystrophy ...... 13 Cerebral Palsy – Britannica ...... 14 Cerebral Palsy – Gale ...... 15 The Pros and Cons of Laser Hair Removal ...... 16 WrightStuff.Biz ...... 17 Aditi Dugar ...... 18 Gripeez Built-Up Grip with Men’s Safety Razor ...... 19 Gillette Treo – Reviews ...... 20 Maggard Razors ...... 21 Nair ...... 22 Pros and Cons of Hair Removal Creams ...... 23 Dangers of Nair Hair Removal ...... 24 Safety Razor System ...... 25 Threading Hair Removal 101 ...... 26 Waxing Hair Removal 101 ...... 27

Knowledge Gaps

Knowledge Gap Resolved By Definition Lubricating strip (lubrastrip) WPI Summon – “lubricating strip” Reference p. 5 Trunk Strength Googling “trunk strength” Core Strength

2 Literature Search Parameter

Database/Search Engine Keywords WPI Summon

Google Patents

Google Search

Source Title The biomechanics of blade shaving

Source Citation Cowley, K. and Vanoosthuyze, K. (2016), The biomechanics of blade shaving. Int J Cosmet Sci, 38: 17–23. doi:10.1111/ics.12330

WPI Summon: “razors” and “shaving” Source Found By Journal Article Source Type Beard, Biomechanical Phenomenon, blade, friction, Hair Removal/adverse Keywords effects/instrumentation, humans, irritation, male, razor, shaving, Skin **Focused on beard shaving. How skin irritation is caused concerning the forces in blade Summary shaving as well as the engineering of the physical razor and the process of shaving. Wanted general information about how razors work Reason for Interest Three forces in shaving: Notes 1. Perpendicular to skin – for loading the razor 2. Parallel to skin – for dragging the razor 3. Cutting the hairs Majority of razors can pivot forwards and backwards to spread load evenly on skin. There is a ratio between the number of blades and the space between the blades. Less space between blades=less load on each blade and less skin irritation from blades. Bigger cartridge=more skin irritation. The skin stretches up to 20% when shaving. This can cause irritation. Lubricating elements (shaving gel, lubricating strip, etc.) can cause less drag/irritation by reducing friction. Lubricating strip is usually placed after the blades. Wet shaving (when hair is hydrated) causes less irritation (force to cut beard is 40% less). Skin irritation can be measured using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI).

Questions

4 Pre-Conditioning During Testing Questionnaire Results Phase (for lubrication)

•7 days • 16 people shaved • Questions about • Most preferred the •shave wit Gillette with a 2-blade the shaving 5-Blade razor Fusion ProGlide razor for 1 week experience • There is a Razor and 5-blade razor • 5 Point Scale, connection •Use Gillette for another week Poor to Excellent, between blood Series gel • The people would used for key flow (measured by arrive and get attributes: LSCI) and the acclimated with • Being consumer ratings the temperaite of comfortable for the razors the room for 15 while shaving min (before shave) • Gliding smoothly and get over your skin measurements • Not leaving you taken with LSCI with nicks and • Measurements cuts were taken 10 min • 10 point scale, Not post shave again at all to extremely, • Measurements used for attributes were taken on the relating directly to right side of the skin soreness: neck • Visibly Red • Sore • Burning

Source Title Safety razors Patent #: US6941659B2 Source Citation Original/Current Assignee: Gillette Co LLC Grant Date: 2005-09-13 Google Patents: “Lubricating strip” Source Found By Patent Source Type Safety razor, Lubricating strip, Guard, Razor, elastomeric strip, backstop Keywords Focused on the components of a razor head and lubrication. Backstop. Summary Wanted to learn more about the Lubricating strip Reason for Interest The thicker the lubrication, the less friction there is between the skin and the blades. Direct Notes relation. What is a guard? I’m confused on the diagrams. What is an elastomeric strip? What is a Questions backstop?

Source Title Method of sequentially molding a razor cap Patent #: US4778640A Source Citation Original/Current Assignee: Warner-Lambert Co LLC Grant Date: 2005-09-13 Google Patents: “Lubricating strip polyethylene oxide” Source Found By Patent Source Type Lubricating strip, polyethylene oxide, razor Keywords Focused on the lubricating strip and its chemical make up and how to attach the strip to the Summary razor Wanted to learn more about the Lubricating strip and its chemical components Reason for Interest The strip is made separately then attached to the head. “The strip is attached either by the Notes use of acrylate adhesives or by mechanical means.” Made of polyethylene oxide and polystyrene. High temperatures need to be reached to mold the strip and the razor cap.

Confused on the two different ways that the strip is attached. Questions

Source Title Liftware https://www.liftware.com/steady/ Source Citation Googling “utensils for Parkinson’s” Source Found By Website/company Source Type Parkinson’s, utensils Keywords Utensils were made that include stabilizing technology so that Parkinson’s patients can eat Summary without the food falling off of the utensil. Wanted to learn the technology used in helpful Parkinson’s inventions. Reason for Interest The stabilizing technology was created using Arduinos. I am looking more into the Notes mechanical aspects of things. Because there is no mechanical inventions for Parkinson’s, and my project is dangerous because it concerns blades, I think that I will stay away from the Parkinson’s aspect of things.

Questions

Source Title Gillette Treo https://gillette.com/en-us/handlewithcare Source Citation Googling “Gillette Treo” Source Found By Website/company Source Type Gillette, Treo, assisted shaving Keywords Gillette recently made a razor that allows someone to shave someone else Summary My project is essentially creating a razor for people with muscle or motion disabilities. I Reason for wanted to see what else was out there in terms of shaving with a disability or assisted Interest shaving. I tried to look up the patent for Gillette Treo but couldn’t find it. So, I don’t know the type of Notes technology that Gillette used for this razor.

Questions

Source Title Email from Mary Ellen Curran Mary Ellen Curran Source Citation Emailing Mary Ellen Curran Source Found By Email Source Type Shoulder motion, trunk strength, balance, cerebral palsy, stroke, muscular dystrophy, tone, Keywords spasticity, apraxia Mrs. Curran has the knowledge of a physical therapist and was therefore able to provide Summary information about muscles and body movement important to shaving Before I design the component to the razor, I want to be able to understand the motion Reason for involved and disabilities that people may encounter that make it difficult for them to shave. Interest This will allow me to focus on one problem and invent a razor attachment to help solve that problem. There was a lot of information in that email which gave me many ideas to look up. I want to Notes look at shoulder movement as well as impaired mobility caused by a stroke and Cerebral Palsy.

Questions

Source Title Disorders of the Nervous System Reeves, A. G., & Valenstein, E. (1981). Disorders of the nervous system. Chicago [u.a.]: Year Source Citation Book Medical.

Googling “low vs. high tone muscle” Source Found By (online?) textbook Source Type Motor system, muscle tone, reflexes, gait Keywords Talks all about how to test for muscle strength, reflexes, muscle tone, and multiple different Summary disorders that affect muscles. I needed to learn more about muscles and how how they work. I also wanted to learn where Reason for what disorders or illnesses affect muscles Interest -Person might not have enough strength to sit up right Notes -there can be muscle damage through neurons - “Spasticity is an increased in muscle tone that is detected during passive movement of the limbs.” -Cerebellar Disease “This means that the patient has difficulty recovering from being pushed backward or from a backward-leaning position even though they may have no active or forced retropulsion at rest.” I am still confused on what muscle tone is. What exactly is muscle tone? Questions

Source Title Spastic Cerebral Palsy https://www.cerebralpalsy.org.au/what-is-cerebral-palsy/types-of-cerebral-palsy/spastic- Source Citation cerebral-palsy/ Cerebral Palsy Alliance Googling “Cerebral Palsy Muscles” Source Found By Article Source Type Cerebral Palsy, muscles, Spastic Keywords Talks about what muscles are like when affected by Cerebral palsy. Talks about mobility Summary limits in Cerebral Palsy. Cerebral Palsy is one of the diseases that I was told to look into. Reason for Interest - Cerebral Palsy causes muscle stiffness Notes - Spasticity is not being able to control a group of muscles or an individual muscle - Can cause a flexion(bent) elbow or wrist - Can make the hand into a fist (not allowing for individual finger use)

Questions

Source Title Muscular Dystrophy https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Muscular-Dystrophy-Information-Page Source Citation National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Googling “muscle dystrophy” Source Found By Article Source Type Muscular dystrophy Keywords Talks about what muscular dystrophy is and what can happen to muscles over time. Also Summary talks about the more popular versions of muscular dystrophy. Muscle dystrophy is one of the diseases that I was told to look into. Reason for Interest - There are over 30 genetic muscular dystrophy diseases Notes - Causes progressive weakness of the muscles that control body movement

Questions

Source Title Cerebral Palsy – Britannica Cerebral palsy. (2017). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved Source Citation from http://academic.eb.com.ezproxy.wpi.edu/levels/collegiate/article/cerebral- palsy/22137 WPI Summon – “Cerebral palsy” Source Found By Article Source Type Cerebral palsy Keywords - Definition of CP Summary - The types of CP - Wanted to know more about CP. How it is caused and what it affects. Also, did not know Reason for there there we multiple types of CP. Interest Types of CP Notes - Spastic = “severe paralysis of voluntary movements” - Athetoid = “there are slow, involuntary spasms of the face, neck” - Ataxic = rare, lack of coordination. Difficulty with find movements (shaving) - Mixed = when symptoms of more than one type of CP are present Vocab words - Hemiplegia = affects one side of the body - Diplegia = affects both sides of the body - Paraplegia = both legs are affected Causes of CP - Damage to the cerebral cortex - Damage to the basal ganglia ** can happen during pregnancy or before birth for multiple reasons

Questions

Source Title Cerebral Palsy – Gale Polzin, Scott J., et al. "Cerebral palsy." The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, edited by Source Citation Jacqueline L. Longe, 5th ed., Gale, 2015. Science in Context, libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/WJQQAI457 119160/SCIC?u=mlin_c_worpoly&xid=cb72c7d9. Accessed 5 Nov. 2017. WPI Summon – “Cerebral palsy” Source Found By Article Source Type Cerebral palsy Keywords - Definition of CP Summary - Demographics of CP - Types of CP - Risk factors - Causes/ symptoms Wanted to know more about CP. How it is caused and what it affects. Also, did not know Reason for there there we multiple types of CP. Interest - Palsy = paralysis Notes - Voluntary movement is controlled by skeletal muscles which is controlled by the cerebral cortex - CP is static (non-progressive) – CP will not worsen the brain over time - Tight muscles that contract = spastic - Involuntary squirming = athetosis - Hard time with voluntary movement = dyskinesia - Difficulty with coordination and balancing = ataxia - Muscles weakness has a range of mild – partial paralysis Risk factors - Multiple birth pregnancies ( twins 4X more likely to develop CP. Triplets 18X more likely to develop CP) - Premature births Causes and Symptoms - Prenatal =during pregnancy *maternal – fetal infections may cause CP (when the mother contracts and illness than can affect the baby)* *blood vessel bursts in baby’s brain* - Perinatal = during birth *some cases of CP are caused by traumatic births* *birth asphyxia* - Postnatal = after birth *physical trauma or anything that can damage the brain after birth* Addressing CP - Type movement + what limbs are affected Ex. Spastic diplegia = tight muscles in both legs

Questions

Source Title The Pros and Cons of Laser Hair Removal Cruel, J. (2017, June 1,). The pros and cons of laser hair removal. Retrieved Source Citation from https://www.self.com/story/the-pros-cons-of-laser-hair-re

Googling pros and cons of laser hair removal Source Found By Article Source Type Laser Hair Removal Keywords The Cosmetology website goes over how laser hair removal works and its pros and cons Summary Wanted to learn more about laser hair removal specifically, to rule it out as an option for Reason for the device Interest How it works: Notes The laser will target the hair follicles based on the pigment. The laser will then burn the root of the hair follicle.

Pros: 1. Reduces hair growth 2. Every part of the body is eligible for laser hair removal 3. The pain reduces each treatment

Cons: 1. The process takes a long time because multiple treatments are needed. 2. The treatments cost a lot of money (between $200-$400) 3. Laser hair removal is not as safe with darker colored skin tones because there is little contrast between the hair color and the skin color. This proves difficult for the laser to tell what is hair is what is not. 4. If done improperly, the skin can be burned or scarred

Questions

Source Title WrightStuff.Biz Daily living aids. Retrieved from https://www.wrightstuff.biz/ Source Citation Suggested by Mary Ellen Curran Source Found By Website that sells products Source Type Disabilities, Daily Living Aids Keywords The website has multiple products that aid people with disabilities to continue their daily Summary routines Wanted to look specifically at what was out their for shaving and hair removal to get some Reason for ideas Interest Products: Notes - Electric Razor Strap Price: ~$32.95 1. Secure grip 2. Conforms to hand 3. Helps with weak hands 4. Thumb loops 5. Velcro straps 6. Fits razors

- Razor extension handle Price: ~$35.95 1. Velcro straps 2. Works with both electric and non-electric razors 3. Has a bend to reach hard places 4. Can hold an object with up to a 2” diameter

- Weight razor cuff Price: ~$26.95 1. Holds disposable razor 2. Strap is made to fit over hand 3. Thumb Loops 4. Weights are used to balance shaky hands

Questions

Source Title Aditi Dugar Dugar, A.OverCap product design. Retrieved from http://aditidugar.com/overcap/ Source Citation Google OverCap Source Found By Personal product website Source Type OverCap Keywords Describes what an OverCap is and the design Summary Some products, such as the Gillette Treo, described using an OverCap. Wanted to Reason for understand what and OverCap is and why it is important Interest An OverCap is a plastic covering to protect the blades while the razor is being transported Notes

Questions

Source Title Gripeez Built-Up Grip with Men’s Safety Razor Gripeez built-up grip with mens safety razor. Retrieved Source Citation from https://www.amazon.com/Gripeez-Built-Up-Grip-Safety-Razor/dp/B006X4G984

Googling devices to help people shave Source Found By Amazon Source Type Shaving, razor, disabilities Keywords A product on Amazon Summary Wanted to look at products out in the market to help people with disabilities remove their Reason for hair Interest The grip is aimed to reduce the amount of muscle needed from the user Notes The grip can be used on almost any razor

Positive Reviews Price: ~$15.00

Questions

Source Title Gillette Treo – Reviews Lakin, D., & HighYa Staff. (2017, October 20,). About gillette TREO. Retrieved Source Citation from https://www.highya.com/gillette-treo-reviews

Googling Gillette Treo Source Found By Website Source Type Gillette Treo, Gillette Treo Reviews Keywords Gives details on how the razor works features of the razor, and reviews on the razor Summary The Gillette Website did not give much information on the Treo. Wanted to find more Reason for information on the razor itself Interest Made to shave someone else. Dimensions of the product are currently unavailable Notes Features 1. Shave gel is built into the handle 2. Has a blade OverCap (a plastic cover to protect the user and the blade while being transported) 3. Can be held like a pencil or paintbrush

Overall positive reviews. No set price yet.

Questions

Source Title Maggard Razors Maggard razors MR3 thick stainless steel handle safety razor. Retrieved Source Citation from https://www.maggardrazors.com/product/maggard-razors-mr3-thick-handle- chrome-safety-razor/

Googling hair removal devices to aid people with disabilities Source Found By Product Website Source Type Razors, hair removal, razors for disabilities Keywords Gives details on Maggard razors Summary Wanted to Look at the Product out on the market Reason for Interest Assembled razor weight: 129 g Notes Handle length: 3” Assembled length: 3.38” Handle weight: 98 g Handle diameter: 0.64”

Highly rated Price: ~$22.95-$34.95

Questions

Source Title Nair Nair™ lotion with aloe & lanolin. Source Citation Googling Nair Source Found By Product Website Source Type Nair, Hair Remover Cream Keywords Gives details on Nair Summary Wanted to focus on a specific brand of Hair Removal Cream Reason for Interest - Test small area with lotion to see if reaction occurs Notes - Put a thick layer of the cream on the area where the hair is to be removed - Let sit for 3-10 min - After correct time has allotted, take a wet cloth and remove the cream and the hair *** DO NOT RUB - can cause ski irritation and allergic reactions The lotion may need to stay on the area different amounts of time based on how coarse the hair is

Questions

Source Title Pros and Cons of Hair Removal Creams Pros and cons of hair removal creams (depilatories) (). Retrieved Source Citation from https://hairfreelife.com/hair-removal-cream-pros-and-cons/

Googling Pros and cons of hair removal creams Source Found By Article Source Type Hair Remover Cream, Hair Removal Cream, Pros and cons of Hair Remover Cream Keywords Describes how hair removal cream works and its pros and cons Summary Wanted to learn more about hair removal cream and why it should or shouldn’t be a viable Reason for option for the device that I want to create Interest Hair is made out of the protein keratin. Most hair removal creams use thioglycolic acid Notes (TGA) to break down keratin so that the hair can be wiped away from the follicle

Pros: 1. No previous experience required 3. Does not take a long time (10 minutes max) 4. Does not cost a lot of money 5. Does not necessarily cause pain 5. Can be used on most parts of the body

Cons: 1. Does not last a long time 2. Can smell bad 3. Should not be used on the face or any sensitive areas 4. Different types of cream are needed for each part of the body 5. Can cause allergic reactions

Questions

Source Title Dangers of Nair Hair Removal Sherwood, C. (2017, July 18,). Dangers of nair hair removal. Retrieved Source Citation from https://www.livestrong.com/article/80270-dangers-nair-hair-removal/

Googling Pros and cons of hair removal creams Source Found By Article Source Type Hair Remover Cream, Hair Removal Cream, Pros and cons of Hair Remover Cream, dangers Keywords of Hair Remover Cream Describes the dangers of hair removal cream Summary Wanted to look more into the cons of hair removal cream because I decided to go with hair Reason for removal cream. Information for disclaimer Interest Allergies can be caused Notes Skin irritation Rashes Chemical burns Hives Swelling

Questions

Source Title Safety Razor System Shurtleff, J. M., & Lee, A. C. (2007). In Shurtleff J. M., Lee A. C. and The Gillette Source Citation Company(Eds.), Safety razor system-

Googling Razor OverCap Source Found By Patent Source Type Gillette, Razor OverCap, Disposable Razors Keywords Explains disposable Razors and OverCaps Summary Wanted to Understand OverCaps Reason for Interest OverCap Protects the Blade Notes

Questions

Source Title Threading Hair Removal 101 Torres, N. (2017a, September 8,). Threading hair removal 101. Retrieved Source Citation from https://www.liveabout.com/threading-hair-removal-101-1717114

Googling pros and cons of Threading Source Found By Article Source Type Threading, Hair Removal Keywords Explains how threading works and the pros and cons of threading Summary Wanted to understand threading and think of it as an option for my project Reason for Interest A thread is twisted very tightly around the hair, then lifts the hair from the hair follicle Notes Pros: 1. Very sanitary because only the thread is used to remove the hair 2. Very precise 3. No chemicals needed 4. Very fast 5. May stun hair growth enough for it to become permanent

Cons: 1. If done improperly, the hairs may break instead of being pulled out of the follicle completely 2. Skilled technicians may be hard to find 3. If the hair is not long enough, it cannot be threaded 4. Not the best approach for big areas. Usually done on the face 5. May create cuts if skin is soft 6. Could cause pain for some

Questions

Source Title Waxing Hair Removal 101 Torres, N. (2017b, July 14,). Waxing hair removal 101. Retrieved Source Citation from https://www.liveabout.com/waxing-hair-removal-101-1717166

Googling pros and cons of waxing Source Found By Article Source Type Waxing, Hair Removal Keywords Explains how waxing works and the pros and cons of waxing Summary Wanted to understand waxing and think of it as an option for my project Reason for Interest Melted wax is spread over the area where the hair is to be removed. A paper is then placed Notes on the wax and is pulled off, ripping the hair out.

Pros: 1. It can be done quickly 2. A professional is not necessarily needed 3. Sometimes, waxing can cause permanent hair removal or slowed growth of the hair due to damage of the hair follicle caused by waxing

Cons: 1. The hair will have need to grown enough before being waxed to actually see results 2. Results may not last a long time (couple of weeks) 3. Skin irritation can occur if done improperly

Questions