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Sphingomonadaceae: Protective Against Breast Cancer? Ebidor Ufoumanefe Lawani‑Luwaji* and Tolulope Alade

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Sphingomonadaceae: Protective Against Breast Cancer? Ebidor Ufoumanefe Lawani‑Luwaji* and Tolulope Alade Lawani‑Luwaji and Alade Bull Natl Res Cent (2020) 44:191 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269‑020‑00447‑0 Bulletin of the National Research Centre REVIEW Open Access Sphingomonadaceae: Protective against breast cancer? Ebidor Ufoumanefe Lawani‑Luwaji* and Tolulope Alade Abstract Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer‑linked deaths in women. The development of the mammary gland is regulated by oestrogen whose activities have also been linked with various diseases including breast cancer. Research has shown that host–microbiota relationship plays a role in human health and disease, so we investigated the association between breast microbiota and breast cancer. A search of the literature was conducted using search tools such as Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCO and Cochrane library with the terms breast cancer, breast microbiota, microbiome and dysbiosis. A further search included Sphingomonas, Sphingobium yanoikuyae and oestrogen. The search terms were combined in original forms to get relevant stud‑ ies related to the subject under review. All articles written in English were included and publication dates were not limited. Conclusion: Taken together, the studies show that Sphingobium yanoikuyae might have a protective role in breast cancer, especially oestrogen positive, and highlights the need for further investigation into the use of the bacteria for prevention and possibly management of breast cancer. Keywords: Breast cancer, Microbiota, Dysbiosis, Sphingomonas Background to understand oestrogen receptor signalling (Korach Breast carcinoma embraces a group of diseases with def- et al. 2019). nite clinical, molecular and histopathologic properties. Tere are two main types of breast cancer: in situ It is the most common malignancy in females and is one and invasive carcinoma. In situ breast carcinoma ema- of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. It has also nates from either the lobular or ductal epithelium and been is described on the molecular level as a heterogene- is restricted to these spaces without invading the mam- ous disease (Harbeck 2020). mary basement membrane, which makes up the bound- Te human breast is characterised by connective, fat aries. When the malignancy extends from the lobes or and glandular tissues separated into lobes with a web of ducts past the basement membrane, such malignancy is ducts spreading to the nipples from the lobes. Te mam- referred to as invasive carcinoma. Te principal cause of mary glands develops in three stages, it starts during death from breast cancer is mainly because of the metas- puberty and development continues during lactation, tasis of invasive disease (Richie and Swanson 2003). and fnally in pregnancy. Te process is regulated by the Breast cancer is further divided into molecular sub- autogenous hormone oestrogen which is produced by the types: luminal A and luminal B, triple-negative/basal-like ovaries; therefore, the mammary glands create a system breast cancer, HER2-enriched breast cancer and normal- like breast cancer. Breast tumours that express either ER and or progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 are consid- ered as hormone receptor-positive, while tumours that *Correspondence: [email protected] do not express any of the receptors are known as triple- College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, negative breast cancers (TNBC) (Harbeck 2020). Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria © The Author(s) 2020. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. Lawani‑Luwaji and Alade Bull Natl Res Cent (2020) 44:191 Page 2 of 5 Oestrogen has several physiological roles in the body Research has shown that bacteria species possessing and not limited to maintaining the female reproductive the enzymes β-glucuronides and β-glucuronidases are organs. Te hormone also initiates and exacerbate sev- involved in oestrogen conjugation and deconjugation eral disease conditions including gastrointestinal can- (Plottel and Blaser 2011). We conducted a scoping review cers such as gastric cancer, colon cancer, oesophageal designed at summarising and analysing published scien- cancer (Chen et al. 2019) and breast cancer (Platet et al. tifc articles regarding breast cancer and breast micro- 2004). Te efect of oestrogen is exerted in a classical and biota. Tis review is aimed at identifying microbial non-classical manner, the classical action of oestrogen is specie(s) that could have a protective role against breast orchestrated through the protein receptors isoform (ERα cancer. and ERβ), and transcription factors are involved in the non-classical pathway (Tomas and Potter 2013). Method Tese receptors are naturally present and expressed in Study design the mammary gland but have been reported to mediate oestrogen signalling in hormone-dependent breast can- Te review was designed by identifying a distinct cer. ERα is a predictive indicator in breast cancer, but research objective and search strategy by fnding relevant the prognostic role of ERβ in breast cancer is less clear articles, extracting, analysing, discussing and report- (Burns and Korach 2012). It is documented that approxi- ing the results. We designed the review process (Fig. 1) mately 70% of primary breast malignancies are oestrogen according to the framework designed by Arksey and receptor-positive, and even though the use of targeted O’Malley (2005). We searched online literature articles hormonal and biological treatments have increased sur- in the databases of EBSCO (Medline), Google Scholar, vival rates, metastasis remains a signifcant clinical prob- PubMed and Cochrane. We made use of the search terms lem (Zhang et al. 2013). breast cancer, breast microbiota or breast microbolome Te binding of oestrogen to the receptors encourages and Sphingobium yanoikuyae. Also, we included all the an upsurge in DNA replication and cell division with appropriate scientifc articles involving human subjects increased replication errors. Accumulation of mutated written in English in the review. DNA upsets the regular cell processes such as DNA repair and apoptosis and encourages the proliferation of Main text mammary cells (Deroo and Korach 2006). Breast microbiota Oestrogen circulates in the bloodstream as free mol- Te human microbiota is diverse with the human intes- ecules or bound to proteins for entry into target tissues. tinal tract, a rich environment bustling with trillions of It is eliminated from the body by conjugation through microbes. Te colon is home to microbiota with con- glucuronidation, sulfonation or methylation (Plottel and centrations of 1011–1012 cells/ml, which is the highest Blaser 2011). Conjugation is a detoxifcation mechanism recorded for any microorganism habitat (Ley et al. 2006). by which hormones are made water-soluble and excreted Te microbiota of the breast difers from other body in the urine or faeces, or turned into a more lipophilic sites and research shows it contains both pathogenic and moiety (fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents) with ele- non-pathogenic bacteria (Urbaniak et al. 2012). Bacteria vated half-lives (Lakhani et al. 2003). have been isolated from the lobules ducts and fatty tis- Conjugated oestrogen is a target for the gene products sues, and scientists have proposed that the breast micro- of the estrobolome, which is a collection of gene prod- biome could be benefcial because they contribute to ucts from enteric bacteria with the capability of digest- maintaining a healthy breast tissue (Xuan et al. 2014). ing oestrogen. Tis activity by the estrobolome infuences Te researchers showed that bacteria have been iso- the level of circulating oestrogen in the bloodstream. A lated from both lactating and non-lactating breast reduction of circulating oestrogen by the estrobolome (Urbaniak et al. 2016). Major phyla identifed by 16S will have resultant physiologic efects. An estrobolome pyrosequencing are Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Ver- that favours oestrogen deconjugation encourages the rucomicrobia, Deinococcus-Termu, Firmicutes, Bacte- reabsorption of free oestrogen, therefore contributing to roidetes and Fusobacteria. Te most abundant phyla in the host oestrogen levels. Some factors have been found breast tissue were Proteobacteria followed by Firmicutes to afect the distribution of the estrobolome and include as shown in Fig. 2 (Xuan et al. 2014; Urbaniak et al. 2016). both environmental and host-specifc elements (Plottel Te maintenance of an equilibrium between the micro- and Blaser 2011). biota and host is delicate and a change in this balance Tere has been an advance in microbiome researches could have a negative efect on the individuals’ health over the years which is helping cancer scientist to re- leading to several
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