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The Internet and Drug Markets
INSIGHTS EN ISSN THE INTERNET AND DRUG MARKETS 2314-9264 The internet and drug markets 21 The internet and drug markets EMCDDA project group Jane Mounteney, Alessandra Bo and Alberto Oteo 21 Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA accepts no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the EMCDDA’s partners, any EU Member State or any agency or institution of the European Union. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016 ISBN: 978-92-9168-841-8 doi:10.2810/324608 © European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2016 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. This publication should be referenced as: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2016), The internet and drug markets, EMCDDA Insights 21, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. References to chapters in this publication should include, where relevant, references to the authors of each chapter, together with a reference to the wider publication. For example: Mounteney, J., Oteo, A. and Griffiths, P. -
Creation and Resilience of Decentralized Brands: Bitcoin & The
Creation and Resilience of Decentralized Brands: Bitcoin & the Blockchain Syeda Mariam Humayun A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Administration Schulich School of Business York University Toronto, Ontario March 2019 © Syeda Mariam Humayun 2019 Abstract: This dissertation is based on a longitudinal ethnographic and netnographic study of the Bitcoin and broader Blockchain community. The data is drawn from 38 in-depth interviews and 200+ informal interviews, plus archival news media sources, netnography, and participant observation conducted in multiple cities: Toronto, Amsterdam, Berlin, Miami, New York, Prague, San Francisco, Cancun, Boston/Cambridge, and Tokyo. Participation at Bitcoin/Blockchain conferences included: Consensus Conference New York, North American Bitcoin Conference, Satoshi Roundtable Cancun, MIT Business of Blockchain, and Scaling Bitcoin Tokyo. The research fieldwork was conducted between 2014-2018. The dissertation is structured as three papers: - “Satoshi is Dead. Long Live Satoshi.” The Curious Case of Bitcoin: This paper focuses on the myth of anonymity and how by remaining anonymous, Satoshi Nakamoto, was able to leave his creation open to widespread adoption. - Tracing the United Nodes of Bitcoin: This paper examines the intersection of religiosity, technology, and money in the Bitcoin community. - Our Brand Is Crisis: Creation and Resilience of Decentralized Brands – Bitcoin & the Blockchain: Drawing on ecological resilience framework as a conceptual metaphor this paper maps how various stabilizing and destabilizing forces in the Bitcoin ecosystem helped in the evolution of a decentralized brand and promulgated more mainstreaming of the Bitcoin brand. ii Dedication: To my younger brother, Umer. -
A Solution Towards Eliminating Transaction Malleability in Bitcoin
J Inf Process Syst, Vol.14, No.4, pp.837~850, August 2018 ISSN 1976-913X (Print) https://doi.org/10.3745/JIPS.03.0101 ISSN 2092-805X (Electronic) A Solution towards Eliminating Transaction Malleability in Bitcoin Ubaidullah Rajput*, Fizza Abbas*, and Heekuck Oh** Abstract Bitcoin is a decentralized crypto-currency, which is based on the peer-to-peer network, and was introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. Bitcoin transactions are written by using a scripting language. The hash value of a transaction’s script is used to identify the transaction over the network. In February 2014, a Bitcoin exchange company, Mt. Gox, claimed that they had lost hundreds of millions US dollars worth of Bitcoins in an attack known as transaction malleability. Although known about since 2011, this was the first known attack that resulted in a company loosing multi-millions of US dollars in Bitcoins. Our reason for writing this paper is to understand Bitcoin transaction malleability and to propose an efficient solution. Our solution is a softfork (i.e., it can be gradually implemented). Towards the end of the paper we present a detailed analysis of our scheme with respect to various transaction malleability-based attack scenarios to show that our simple solution can prevent future incidents involving transaction malleability from occurring. We compare our scheme with existing approaches and present an analysis regarding the computational cost and storage requirements of our proposed solution, which shows the feasibility of our proposed scheme. Keywords Crypto-currency, Bitcoin, Transaction Malleability 1. Introduction After its introduction in 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto, the Bitcoin crypto-currency has gained significant popularity amongst other various crypto-currencies. -
Geraszimov-Doktrína – Egy Másik Megvilágításban
KATONAI NEMZETBIZTONSÁGI SZOLGÁLAT XVI. évfolyam 3–4. szám FELDERÍTŐ SZEMLE ALAPÍTVA: 2002 BUDAPEST 2017 A Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat tudományos-szakmai folyóirata Felelős kiadó Kovács József altábornagy, főigazgató Szerkesztőbizottság Elnök: Dr. Béres János vezérőrnagy Tagok: Dezső Sándor vezérőrnagy Dr. Magyar István ny. dandártábornok Dr. Tömösváry Zsigmond ny. dandártábornok Deák Anita alezredes Dr. Fürjes János alezredes Háry Szabolcs ezredes Dr. Magyar Sándor ezredes Dr. Tóth Sándor alezredes Dr. Vida Csaba alezredes Felelős szerkesztő: Deák Anita alezredes Olvasószerkesztő: Gál Csaba ny. ezredes Tördelőszerkesztő: Tóth Krisztina tzls. HU ISSN 1588-242X TARTALOM BIZTONSÁGPOLITIKA HOLECZ JÓZSEF ALEZREDES A GERASZIMOV-DOKTRÍNA – EGY MÁSIK MEGVILÁGÍTÁSBAN ...................................................... 5 BERTALAN DÁVID OGY. ALEZREDES A BIZTONSÁGI SZEKTOR SPECIÁLIS VONÁSAI .......................... 28 MEZŐ ANDRÁS ALEZREDES A DOKTRÍNAFEJLESZTÉS NEMZETKÖZI TAPASZTALATAI ... 45 HEGYI ÁGNES SZÁZADOS TERRORIZMUS A SZÁHEL-ÖVEZETBEN ....................................... 74 DR. GERENCSÉR ÁRPÁD KÖZÉP-ÁZSIAI SZÉLSŐSÉGES MOZGALMAK MEGJELENÉSI FORMÁI ÉS JELENTŐSÉGE .................................. 87 HÍRSZERZÉS – FELDERÍTÉS KOÓS GÁBOR NY. ALEZREDES – PROF. DR. SZTERNÁK GYÖRGY NY. EZREDES A FEGYVERES KÜZDELEM JELLEMZŐI KUTATÁSÁNAK FONTOSSÁGA, A HÍRSZERZÉS ÉS A FELDERÍTÉS JELENTŐSÉGE ..................... 97 DR. VIDA CSABA ALEZREDES AZ ELEMZŐ-ÉRTÉKELŐ MUNKA TERMÉKEI – NEMZETBIZTONSÁGI TÁJÉKOZTATÓK KÉSZÍTÉSE .............. 112 -
Bitcoin and Money Laundering: Mining for an Effective Solution
Indiana Law Journal Volume 89 Issue 1 Article 13 Winter 2014 Bitcoin and Money Laundering: Mining for an Effective Solution Danton Bryans Indiana University Maurer School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj Part of the Internet Law Commons, and the Law and Economics Commons Recommended Citation Bryans, Danton (2014) "Bitcoin and Money Laundering: Mining for an Effective Solution," Indiana Law Journal: Vol. 89 : Iss. 1 , Article 13. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol89/iss1/13 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Indiana Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bitcoin and Money Laundering: Mining for an Effective Solution * DANTON BRYANS INTRODUCTION Technology forges ahead at a rapid pace, whether we like it or not. Criminals recognize this inevitability and use technological improvements to advance their craft,1 committing crimes from half a world away in real time. Meticulous criminals also use technological advancements to distance themselves from their illegal activities and profits through use of virtual banking and electronic money transfer systems, which allow criminals to buy, sell, and exchange goods without any physical interaction. Though such services use digital logs that serve to identify a sender and a receiver’s digital identities, criminals possess the means to obfuscate their digital identity by simply spoofing their Internet Protocol address or by using another individual’s account, essentially making their activities untraceable. -
A Bitcoin Governance Network: the Multi-Stakeholder Solution to the Challenges of Cryptocurrency
A BITCOIN GOVERNANCE NETWORK: The Multi-stakeholder Solution to the Challenges of Cryptocurrency Alex Tapscott Director, Institutional Equity Sales Canaccord Genuity Cryptocurrencies are products of the digital revolution and the networked age. As distributed networks with no central issuer and no central command, they are also a distinctly global phenomenon that will force national governments to not only re-evaluate a number of substantive regulatory issues but perhaps also re-think the very nature of governance itself. Cryptocurrencies are wresting control over many issues from traditional decision-makers. Multi-stakeholder governance, founded on principles of transparency and inclusiveness and legitimized by consensus, is the 21st century solution. When leaders of the old paradigm adapt and collaborate more closely with private enterprise, civil society organizations and other stakeholders in the network, then bitcoin and other cryptocurrency technologies can fulfill their potential and gain widespread adoption. © Global Solution Networks 2014 A Bitcoin Governance Network: The Multi-stakeholder Solution to the Challenges of Cryptocurrency i Table of Contents Idea in Brief 1 The Challenge for Governments 2 How Cryptocurrencies Work 4 Bitcoin Volatility and Price 5 Opportunities and Challenges 6 Opportunities 6 Challenges 11 A Bitcoin Governance Network 13 GSN Types for a Bitcoin Governance Network 16 Standards Networks 16 Policy Networks 18 Knowledge Networks 19 Watchdog Networks 20 The GSN Approach: Core Principles, Conclusions and -
I2P, the Invisible Internet Projekt
I2P, The Invisible Internet Projekt jem September 20, 2016 at Chaostreff Bern Content 1 Introduction About Me About I2P Technical Overview I2P Terminology Tunnels NetDB Addressbook Encryption Garlic Routing Network Stack Using I2P Services Using I2P with any Application Tips and Tricks (and Links) Conclusion jem | I2P, The Invisible Internet Projekt | September 20, 2016 at Chaostreff Bern Introduction About Me 2 I Just finished BSc Informatik at BFH I Bachelor Thesis: "Analysis of the I2P Network" I Focused on information gathering inside and evaluation of possible attacks against I2P I Presumes basic knowledge about I2P I Contact: [email protected] (XMPP) or [email protected] (GPG 0x28562678) jem | I2P, The Invisible Internet Projekt | September 20, 2016 at Chaostreff Bern Introduction About I2P: I2P = TOR? 3 Similar to TOR... I Goal: provide anonymous communication over the Internet I Traffic routed across multiple peers I Layered Encryption I Provides Proxies and APIs ...but also different I Designed as overlay network (strictly separated network on top of the Internet) I No central authority I Every peer participates in routing traffic I Provides integrated services: Webserver, E-Mail, IRC, BitTorrent I Much smaller and less researched jem | I2P, The Invisible Internet Projekt | September 20, 2016 at Chaostreff Bern Introduction About I2P: Basic Facts 4 I I2P build in Java (C++ implementation I2Pd available) I Available for all major OS (Linux, Windows, MacOS, Android) I Small project –> slow progress, chaotic documentation, -
Blockchain and The
NOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INDEX Notes Introduction 1. The manifesto dates back to 1988. See Timothy May, “The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto” (1992), https:// www . activism . net / cypherpunk / crypto - anarchy . html. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Timothy May, “Crypto Anarchy and Virtual Communities” (1994), http:// groups . csail . mit . edu / mac / classes / 6 . 805 / articles / crypto / cypherpunks / may - virtual - comm . html. 7. Ibid. 8. For example, as we wi ll describe in more detail in Chapter 1, the Bitcoin blockchain is currently stored on over 6,000 computers in eighty- nine jurisdictions. See “Global Bitcoin Node Distribution,” Bitnodes, 21 . co, https:// bitnodes . 21 . co / . Another large blockchain- based network, Ethereum, has over 12,000 nodes, also scattered across the globe. See Ethernodes, https:// www . ethernodes . org / network / 1. 9. See note 8. 10. Some blockchains are not publicly accessible (for more on this, see Chapter 1). These blockchains are referred to as “private blockchains” and are not the focus of this book. 11. See Chapter 1. 12. The Eu ro pean Securities and Market Authority, “Discussion Paper: The Dis- tributed Ledger Technology Applied to Securities Markets,” ESMA / 2016 / 773, June 2, 2016: at 17, https:// www . esma . europa . eu / sites / default / files / library / 2016 - 773 _ dp _ dlt . pdf. 213 214 NOTES TO PAGES 5–13 13. The phenomena of order without law also has been described in other con- texts, most notably by Robert Ellickson in his seminal work Order without Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994). 14. Joel Reidenberg has used the term “lex informatica” to describe rules imple- mented by centralized operators online. -
Cryptocurrency and the Blockchain: Technical Overview and Potential Impact on Commercial Child Sexual Exploitation
Cryptocurrency and the BlockChain: Technical Overview and Potential Impact on Commercial Child Sexual Exploitation Prepared for the Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography (FCACP) and the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) by Eric Olson and Jonathan Tomek, May 2017 Foreword The International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) advocates, trains and collaborates to eradicate child abduction, sexual abuse and exploitation around the globe. Collaboration – one of the pillars of our work – is uniquely demonstrated by the Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography (FCACP), which was launched in 2006 by ICMEC and the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. The FCACP was created when it became evident that people were using their credit cards to buy images of children being sexually abused online. Working alongside law enforcement, the FCACP followed the money to disrupt the economics of the child pornography business, resulting in the virtual elimination of the use of credit cards in the United States for the purchase of child sexual abuse content online. And while that is a stunning accomplishment, ICMEC and the FCACP are mindful of the need to stay vigilant and continue to fight those who seek to profit from the sexual exploitation of children. It is with this in mind that we sought to research cryptocurrencies and the role they play in commercial sexual exploitation of children. This paper examines several cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, and the Blockchain architecture that supports them. It provides a summary of the underground and illicit uses of the currencies, as well as the ramifications for law enforcement and industry. ICMEC is extremely grateful to the authors of this paper – Eric Olson and Jonathan Tomek of LookingGlass Cyber Solutions. -
Bitcoin and Block Chain Currency
Bitcoin Currency & Blockchain Technology April 27, 2018 Stephen Burns, CFA Vice President, Portfolio Manager Endowment and Foundation Investments Glenmede 215-419-6958 [email protected] “How seriously should we take this [Blockchain]? I would take it as seriously as we should have taken the concept of the Internet in the 1990s.” — Blythe Masters, DAH http://bit.ly/1JENgb4 2 HISTORY OF BITCOIN & BLOCKCHAIN Satoshi Nakamoto (whoever he or she is) made a significant contribution to the field of computer science by introducing the Bitcoin concept in 2007 August 18, 2008 October 31, February 2010 2007 Concept Bitcoin.org January 3, 2009 2008 First of Bitcoin registered Genesis Block “Nakamoto” cryptocurrency “Satoshi through the first block is publishes White exchange was Nakamoto” anonymous mined Paper created speech.com 3 WHAT IS BITCOIN? Bitcoin: a form of digital currency created and held electronically produced (“mined”) by people, and businesses, running computers all around the world, using software that solves mathematical algorithms first example of a growing category of money known as cryptocurrency Bitcoin Mining Rig 4 BITCOIN: DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS Decentralized Fast & Easy • One central authority cannot manipulate • A bitcoin address can be set up in monetary policy. seconds, no questions asked, and with no • Machine mine bitcoin and process fees payable. transactions, making a network • Payments are processed in real time Anonymous Transparent • Users can hold multiple bitcoin addresses, • Bitcoin stores details of every transaction and there is no link to names, addresses, or that ever happened in the network in the other personally identifying information. blockchain. Non-Repudiable Low Fees • After sending your bitcoins, there’s no • No transaction fees getting them back, unless the recipient • Minimal conversion fees returns them to you. -
Unveiling the I2P Web Structure: a Connectivity Analysis
Unveiling the I2P web structure: a connectivity analysis Roberto Magan-Carri´ on,´ Alberto Abellan-Galera,´ Gabriel Macia-Fern´ andez´ and Pedro Garc´ıa-Teodoro Network Engineering & Security Group Dpt. of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications - CITIC University of Granada - Spain Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Web is a primary and essential service to share the literature have analyzed the content and services offered information among users and organizations at present all over through this kind of technologies [6], [7], [2], as well as the world. Despite the current significance of such a kind of other relevant aspects like site popularity [8], topology and traffic on the Internet, the so-called Surface Web traffic has been estimated in just about 5% of the total. The rest of the dimensions [9], or classifying network traffic and darknet volume of this type of traffic corresponds to the portion of applications [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. Web known as Deep Web. These contents are not accessible Two of the most popular darknets at present are The Onion by search engines because they are authentication protected Router (TOR; https://www.torproject.org/) and The Invisible contents or pages that are only reachable through the well Internet Project (I2P;https://geti2p.net/en/). This paper is fo- known as darknets. To browse through darknets websites special authorization or specific software and configurations are needed. cused on exploring and investigating the contents and structure Despite TOR is the most used darknet nowadays, there are of the websites in I2P, the so-called eepsites. -
Bitcoin, the End of the Taboo on Money D.J
Bitcoin, the end of the Taboo on Money D.J. Roio Bitcoin, the end of the Taboo on Money Denis Jaromil Roio, Planetary Collegium Ph.D. candidate, M-Node 6 April 2013, version 1.0 Abstract: Bitcoin is a decentralized system of digital authentication that facilitates the circulation of value on the Internet without the presence of any intermediaries, a characteristic that has often gained it the definition of “digital cash” or “crypto currency”, since it can be used as money for payments. This article consists in a technoetic inquiry into the origins of this technology and its evolution. This inquiry will take in consideration the biopolitical dynamics that govern the Bitcoin community as well specific characteristics of the technical realization, aiming to provide insights on the future of this technology as well a post-humanist interpretation of its emergence. Keywords: Bitcoin, Crypto, Currency, Digital, Network, Community, Technoetic Contents 1 Acknowledgments 2 2 Introduction 3 3 Origins 3 4 Memorable events 4 5 Innovation 5 5.1 Networked computing . 5 5.2 Why mining . 6 5.3 Accounting science . 6 6 Community 8 7 Passion 10 8 Glory 12 9 Popularity 14 10 Conclusion 15 11 Contributor details 16 12 References 17 Dyne.org Digital Press – 1 – 6 April 2013 Bitcoin, the end of the Taboo on Money D.J. Roio 1 Acknowledgments Bitcoin, the end of the Taboo on Money from the DYNDY.net article series © 2013 Dyne.org Digital Press E-mail: <[email protected]> Author: Denis Roio aka Jaromil Peer reviewed by: Christian Nold, Susanne Jaschko, Debra Solomon, Marco Sachy, Amir Taaki Revisions: - 6 April 2013 - first public edition The original source of distribution for this article, also providing its most up to date version, is the Internet website http://jaromil.dyne.org/writings This content is licensed as Creative Commons "BY-NC-SA" 3.0 in the jurisdiction of the Netherlands: it is free to be copied, republished for non-commercial use, quoted and remixed by providing correct attribution to its author(s), while all derivative works must adopt the same license.