DOCSLIB.ORG

Neutrino Free Download

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neutrino Free Download NEUTRINO FREE DOWNLOAD Frank Close | 192 pages | 01 Apr 2012 | Oxford University Press | 9780199695997 | English | Oxford, United Kingdom What is a neutrino? Astroparticle Physics. Enhancing the basic framework to accommodate their mass is straightforward by adding a right-handed Lagrangian. Oneworld Publications. The coincidence of both events — positron annihilation and neutron capture — gives a unique signature of an antineutrino interaction. How do stars collapse and form supernovae? Bibcode : JPhCS. In Stanislav Mikheyev and Alexei Smirnov expanding on work by Neutrino Wolfenstein noted that flavour oscillations can be modified when neutrinos propagate through matter. Quantum gravity. The first pendulum is set in motion by the experimenter while the second begins at rest. When a neutrino hits the heavy water in the detector's spherical vessel, a cone of light--here clearly visible in red--spreads out to sensors Neutrino the device. Though widely reported in the media, the results were greeted with a great deal of skepticism from the scientific community. The smallest modification to the Standard Model, which only has Neutrino neutrinos, is to allow these left-handed neutrinos to Neutrino Majorana masses. Physical Review C. Categories : Astrophysics Elementary particles. Neutrino November Neutrino Main article: Seesaw mechanism. In all observations so far of leptonic processes despite extensive and continuing searches for exceptionsthere is Neutrino any change in overall lepton number; for example, if total lepton number is zero in the initial state, electron neutrinos appear in the final state together with only positrons anti-electrons or electron-antineutrinos, and electron antineutrinos with electrons or electron neutrinos. This marks the first use of neutrinos for communication, and Neutrino research may permit binary neutrino messages to be sent immense distances through even the densest Neutrino, such as the Earth's core. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our. In addition to the electron and it's anti-particle, the positronthe charged leptons include the muon with a mass times greater than that of the electronthe tau with mass 3, times greater than that of the electron and their anti-particles. However, Neutrino the Neutrino does not have sufficient energy to create its heavier partner's mass, the charged current interaction is unavailable to it. As a neutrino superposition propagates Neutrino space, the quantum mechanical phases of the three neutrino mass states advance at slightly different rates, due to the slight differences in their respective masses. Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan considered the detection of neutrinos from a bomb prior to their search for reactor neutrinos; a fission reactor was recommended as Neutrino better alternative by Los Alamos physics division leader J. Neutrino deactivate your ad blocker in order to see our subscription offer. First evidence for this third neutrino type came from the observation of missing energy and momentum in Neutrino decays analogous to the beta decay that had led to the discovery of the neutrino in the first place. Initial ideas related to flavour oscillation were met with skepticism. That is, the three neutrino states that interact with the charged leptons in weak interactions are each a different superposition of the three propagating neutrino states of definite mass. From atmospheric and solar neutrino oscillation experiments, it is known that two mixing angles of the MNS matrix are large and the third is smaller. A tau-neutrino Neutrino tau-antineutrino are associated Neutrino this third charged Neutrino as well. Neutrinos are similar to the more familiar electron, with one crucial difference: neutrinos do not carry electric charge. The first detection Neutrino tau neutrino interactions was announced in by the DONUT collaboration at Fermilab ; its existence had already been inferred by both theoretical consistency and experimental data from the Large Neutrino Collider. For example, if neutrinos are indeed Majorana particles, then lepton-number violating processes such as neutrinoless double beta decay would be allowed, while they would not if neutrinos are Neutrino particles. Ginzburg and Syrovatskii's hypothesis is supported by the specific mechanism of "shock wave acceleration" happening in supernova remnants, which is consistent with the original Neutrino picture drawn by Enrico Fermi Neutrino, and is Neutrino support from observational data. Hexaquark Heptaquark Skyrmion. Double Chooz collaboration 28 March Neutrinos Neutrino between different flavors in flight. In a neutral current interaction, the neutrino leaves the detector after having transferred some of its energy and momentum to a target particle. Bibcode : JHEP Bibcode : JETP Bibcode : ApJ Detectors built to find them only see a year. Bumfiel, Neutrino. Faddeev—Popov ghosts. Retrieved 25 June Andrew Zimmerman Jones. It is thought that, just like the cosmic microwave background radiation left over from the Big Bangthere is a background of low-energy neutrinos in our Neutrino. Two scintillation detectors Neutrino placed next to the cadmium targets. Maki; M. Neutrino experiments observing neutrino oscillation measure the squared mass difference and not absolute mass, one might claim that the lightest neutrino mass is exactly Neutrino, without contradicting observations. Effectively, they travel so quickly and time passes so slowly in their rest-frames that they do not have enough time to Neutrino over any observable path. The study of neutrinos is important in particle physics because neutrinos typically have the Neutrino mass, and hence are examples of the lowest-energy particles theorized in extensions of Neutrino Standard Model of particle physics. Not to be Neutrino with neutron or Neutrino. Main article: Solar neutrino problem. Neutrinos are also useful for probing astrophysical sources beyond the Solar System because they are the Neutrino known particles that Neutrino not significantly attenuated by their travel Neutrino the interstellar medium. Physical Review D. The exact time delay of the electromagnetic waves' Neutrino depends on the velocity of the shock wave and on the thickness of the outer layer of the star. An electron-neutrino is emitted along with a positron in positive beta decay, while an electron-antineutrino is emitted with an electron in negative beta decay. Neutrino from the original on 3 March Eventually it was realized that both were actually correct, and that the Neutrino between them was due to neutrinos being more complex than was previously assumed. Typically, a low-energy neutrino will travel through many light-years of normal matter Neutrino interacting with anything. Bibcode : PhR A group of researchers discovered the neutrino inNeutrino finding which later earned them the Nobel Prize in Physics..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (2380) in a Hexaquark Scenario
    Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Quarks and Nuclear Physics (QNP2018) Downloaded from journals.jps.jp by Deutsches Elek Synchrotron on 11/15/19 Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Quarks and Nuclear Physics (QNP2018) JPS Conf. Proc. 26, 022016 (2019) https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSCP.26.022016 The Properties of d∗(2380) in a Hexaquark Scenario Yubing Dong1;2;3;y, Pengnian Shen1;4, Fei Huang2, and Zongye Zhang1;2;3 1 Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 2 School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China 3 Theoretical Physics Center for Science Facilities (TPCSF), CAS, Beijing 100049, China 4 College of Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China E-mail: [email protected] (Received January 5, 2019) The properties of the newly observed dibaryon resonance d∗(2380) (IJ p = 03+), calculated in a constituent chiral quark model, are briefly reported. Comparing to the available experimental data for its decays, we conclude that the resonance d∗(2380) can be reasonably interpreted as a compact heaxquark dominant state. KEYWORDS: d∗(2380), dibaryon, chiral constituent quark model, hexaquark 1. Introduction The history of the studies of dibaryon systems, like d∗, d0 and H particles, can be traced back to about half century ago (see the review article of Clement [1]). The clear experimental evidence for the d∗ was not observed until 2009. They were the CELSIUS/WASA and WASA@COSY collaborations, who carried out the study of ABC effect [2–5], and found that their measurements cannot be simply explained by the contribution either from the intermediate Roper excitation or from the t-channel ∆∆ contribution, except introducing an intermediate new resonance.
    [Show full text]
  • Diffractive Dissociation of Alpha Particles As a Test of Isophobic Short-Range Correlations Inside Nuclei ∗ Jennifer Rittenhouse West A, , Stanley J
    Physics Letters B 805 (2020) 135423 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Physics Letters B www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb Diffractive dissociation of alpha particles as a test of isophobic short-range correlations inside nuclei ∗ Jennifer Rittenhouse West a, , Stanley J. Brodsky a, Guy F. de Téramond b, Iván Schmidt c a SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309, USA b Laboratorio de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501 San José, Costa Rica c Departamento de Física y Centro Científico Tecnológico de Valparáiso-CCTVal, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Casilla 110-V, Valparaíso, Chile a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The CLAS collaboration at Jefferson Laboratory has compared nuclear parton distributions for a range Received 15 January 2020 of nuclear targets and found that the EMC effect measured in deep inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering Received in revised form 9 April 2020 has a strongly “isophobic” nature. This surprising observation suggests short-range correlations between Accepted 9 April 2020 neighboring n and p nucleons in nuclear wavefunctions that are much stronger compared to p − p or n − Available online 14 April 2020 n correlations. In this paper we propose a definitive experimental test of the nucleon-nucleon explanation Editor: W. Haxton of the isophobic nature of the EMC effect: the diffractive dissociation on a nuclear target A of high energy 4 He nuclei to pairs of nucleons n and p with high relative transverse momentum, α + A → n + p + A + X. The comparison of n − p events with p − p and n − n events directly tests the postulated breaking of isospin symmetry.
    [Show full text]
  • Search for Pentaquarks
    Search for Pentaquarks Volker D. Burkert Jefferson Lab Science and Technology Review, Jefferson Lab, June 14, 2004 Office of Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Science OUTLINE Hadron Spectroscopy and Pentaquarks Evidence for and against Θ+(1540) and other Pentaquarks Theory response to the Θ+(1540) The experimental program at JLab Summary Office of Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Science Hadron Spectroscopy 101 − Meson: quark-antiquark pair K s u −1/3 p −2/3 u Baryon: three quarks (valence) +2/3 d −1/3 u Pentaquark: 4 quarks + 1 antiquark +2/3 Each quark has a unique • charge (+2/3 or -1/3) d Θ+ • flavor (u,d,s,c,b,t) −1/3 • color (red, green, blue) u s Hadrons must be colorless +2/3 +1/3 d −1/3 + u The Θ represents a new form of quark +2/3 matter containing a minimum of five quarks. Office of Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Science Types of Pentaquarks •“Non-exotic” pentaquarks – The antiquark has the same flavor as one of the other quarks – Difficult to distinguish from 3-quark baryons Example: uudss, same quantum numbers as uud Strangeness = 0 + 0 + 0 - 1 + 1 = 0 •“Exotic” pentaquarks – The antiquark has a flavor different from the other 4 quarks – They have quantum numbers different from any 3-quark baryon – Unique identification using experimental conservation laws Example: uudds Strangeness = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = +1 Office of Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Science Hadron Multiplets K Mesons qq π K ∆- ∆++ Baryons qqq N Σ Ξ Ω─ B+S + Baryons built from qqqqq 2 Θ 1 I3 +1/2 1 -1 -1/2 Ξ-- Ξ+ Office of Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Science The Anti-decuplet in the χSM D.
    [Show full text]
  • The End of the Constituent Quark Model?
    The End of the Constituent Quark Model? F.E. Close Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Rd., Oxford, OX1 3NP, United Kingdom; [email protected] Abstract. In this conference summary talk at Hadron03, questions and challenges for Hadron physics of light flavours are outlined. Precision data and recent discoveries are at last exposing the limitations of the naive constituent quark model and also giving hints as to its extension into a more mature description of hadrons. These notes also pay special attention to the positive strangeness baryon Θ+(1540) and include a pedagogic discussion of wavefunctions in the pentaquark picture, their relation with the Skyrme model and related issues of phenomenology. Introduction My brief was to concentrate on light hadrons; but where do heavy hadrons end and light begin? I shall focus on what heavy flavours can teach us about light, and vice versa. The possible discovery of an exotic and metastable baryon with positive strangeness, the Θ+(1540), has led to an explosion of interest in recent months and throughout this conference. There was a dedicated discussion session about it, which highlighted much confusion. In the hope of clarifying some of the issues, I have decided to devote a considerable part of this summary to a pedagogic description of wavefunctions and a review of some of the emerging literature that drew comment at the conference. Light Hadron Spectroscopy and Dynamics: Present and Future arXiv:hep-ph/0311087v1 6 Nov 2003 As regards the future of light hadrons experimentally: we have heard of several examples of innovative methods involving high energy machines.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Possibility for Light-Quark Dark Matter 2
    A new possibility for light-quark Dark Matter M. Bashkanov Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, Y010 5DD, UK E-mail: [email protected] D. P. Watts Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, Y010 5DD, UK E-mail: [email protected] July 2019 Abstract. Despite many decades of study the physical origin of ”dark matter” in the Universe remains elusive. In this letter we calculate the properties of a completely new dark matter candidate - Bose-Einstein condensates formed from a recently discovered bosonic particle in the light-quark sector, the d∗(2380) hexaquark. In this first study, we show stable d∗(2380) Bose-Einstein condensates could form in the primordial early universe, with a production rate sufficiently large that they are a plausible new candidate for dark matter. Some possible astronomical signatures of such dark matter are also presented. Submitted to: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. Introduction arXiv:2001.08654v1 [astro-ph.CO] 23 Jan 2020 The physical origin of dark matter (DM) in the universe is one of the key unsolved questions for physics and astronomy. There is strong indirect evidence for the existence of such matter[1] from measurements of cosmic primordial radiation, anomalies in the radial dependence of galactic rotational curves and gravitational lensing. Despite its apparently pivotal role in the universe the physical origin of DM remains unknown, with significant research focused on beyond standard model (yet currently undiscovered) particles such as axions, sterile neutrinos and weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs)[1]. Recent advances in experimental searches have now eliminated significant fractions of the parameter space for WIMP candidates and the initial motivation as a full solution to the dark matter problem appears weaker.
    [Show full text]
  • Pentaquarks from Chiral Solitons
    Pentaquarks from chiral solitons Maxim V. Polyakov Liege Universitiy & Petersburg NPI Outline: -Predictions -Post-dictions -Implications GRENOBLE, March 24 Baryon states All baryonic states listed in PDG can be made of 3 quarks only * classified as octets, decuplets and singlets of flavour SU(3) * Strangeness range from S=0 to S=-3 A baryonic state with S=+1 is explicitely EXOTIC •Cannotbemadeof 3 quarks •Minimal quark content should be qqqqs , hence pentaquark •Must belong to higher SU(3) multiplets, e.g anti-decuplet observation of a S=+1 baryon implies a new large multiplet of important baryons (pentaquark is always ocompanied by its large family!) Searches for such states started in 1966, with negative results till autumn 2002 Possible reason: searches were for heavy and wide states Theoretical predictions for pentaquarks 1. Bag models [R.L. Jaffe ‘76, J. De Swart ‘80] Jp =1/2- lightest pentaquark Masses higher than 1700 MeV, width ~ hundreds MeV Mass of the pentaquark is roughly 5 M +(strangeness) ~ 1800 MeV An additional q –anti-q pair is added as constituent 2. Soliton models [Diakonov, Petrov ‘84, Chemtob‘85, Praszalowicz ‘87, Walliser ‘92] Exotic anti-decuplet of baryons with lightest S=+1 Jp =1/2+ pentaquark with mass in the range 1500-1800 MeV. Mass of the pentaquark is rougly 3 M +(1/baryon size)+(strangeness) ~ 1500MeV An additional q –anti-q pair is added in the form of excitation of nearly massless chiral field The question what is the width of the exotic pentaquark In soliton picture has not been address untill 1997 It came out that it should be „anomalously“ narrow! Light and narrow pentaquark is expected −> drive for experiments [D.
    [Show full text]
  • Lattice QCD Study of the $ H $ Dibaryon Using Hexaquark and Two
    CERN-TH-2018-098, DESY 18-066, HIM-2018-02, MITP/18-030, TIFR/TH/18-12 Lattice QCD study of the H dibaryon using hexaquark and two-baryon interpolators A. Francis,1 J. R. Green,2 P. M. Junnarkar,3 Ch. Miao,4, 5 T. D. Rae,4 and H. Wittig4, 5 1Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland 2NIC, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany 3Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005. India. 4PRISMA Cluster of Excellence and Institut f¨urKernphysik, University of Mainz, Becher Weg 45, D-55099 Mainz, Germany 5Helmholtz Institute Mainz, University of Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany (Dated: April 16, 2019) We present a lattice QCD spectroscopy study in the isospin singlet, strangeness −2 sectors relevant for the conjectured H dibaryon. We employ both local and bilocal interpolating operators to isolate the ground state in the rest frame and in moving frames. Calculations are performed using two flavors of O(a)-improved Wilson fermions and a quenched strange quark. Our initial point-source method for constructing correlators does not allow for bilocal operators at the source; nevertheless, results from using these operators at the sink indicate that they provide an improved overlap onto the ground state in comparison with the local operators. We also present results, in the rest frame, using a second method based on distillation to compute a hermitian matrix of correlators with bilocal operators at both the source and the sink. This method yields a much more precise and reliable determination of the ground-state energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Deciphering the Recently Discovered Tetraquark Candidates Around 6.9 Gev
    Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:25 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-08818-7 Regular Article - Theoretical Physics Deciphering the recently discovered tetraquark candidates around 6.9 GeV Jacob Sonnenschein1,a, Dorin Weissman2,b 1 The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel 2 Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan Received: 6 October 2020 / Accepted: 28 December 2020 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Recently a novel hadronic state of mass 6.9 GeV, or, using a second fitting model that decays mainly to a pair of charmonia, was observed in [ ( )]= ± ± LHCb. The data also reveals a broader structure centered M X 6900 6886 11 11 around 6490 MeV and suggests another unconfirmed reso- [X(6900)]=168 ± 33 ± 69 (1.2) nance centered at around 7240 MeV, very near to the thresh- The data also reveals a broader structure centered around old of two doubly charmed cc baryons. We argue in this note that these exotic hadrons are genuine tetraquarks and 6490 MeV, referred to as a “threshold enhancement” in [1], not molecules of charmonia. It is conjectured that they are and also suggests the existence of another resonance centered V-baryonium , namely, have an inner structure of a baryonic at around 7240 MeV,very near to the threshold of two doubly vertex with a cc diquark attached to it, which is connected by charmed cc baryons. See Fig. 1. The higher state, which we ( ) a string to an anti-baryonic vertex with a c¯c¯ anti-diquark.
    [Show full text]
  • Tetraquark and Pentaquark Systems in Lattice QCD
    Journal of Modern Physics, 2016, 7, 774-789 Published Online April 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmp http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2016.78072 Tetraquark and Pentaquark Systems in Lattice QCD Fumiko Okiharu1, Takumi Doi2, Hiroko Ichie3, Hideaki Iida4, Noriyoshi Ishii5, Makoto Oka3, Hideo Suganuma6, Toru T. Takahashi7 1Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan 2Theoretical Research Division, Nishina Center, RIKEN, Wako, Japan 3Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan 4Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan 5Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan 6Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 7Gunma National College of Technology, Maebashi, Japan Received 12 February 2016; accepted 26 April 2016; published 29 April 2016 Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract We study multi-quark systems in lattice QCD. First, we revisit and summarize our accurate mass measurements of low-lying 5Q states with J = 1/2 and I = 0 in both positive- and negative-parity channels in anisotropic lattice QCD. The lowest positive-parity 5Q state is found to have a large mass of about 2.24 GeV after the chiral extrapolation. To single out the compact 5Q state from NK scattering states, we use the hybrid boundary condition (HBC), and find no evidence of the com- pact 5Q state below 1.75 GeV in the negative-parity channel. Second, we study the multi-quark po- tential in lattice QCD to clarify the inter-quark interaction in multi-quark systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Dark Matter, Symmetries and Cosmology
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Symmetries, Dark Matter and Minicharged Particles DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Physics by Jennifer Rittenhouse West Dissertation Committee: Professor Tim Tait, Chair Professor Herbert Hamber Professor Yuri Shirman 2019 © 2019 Jennifer Rittenhouse West DEDICATION To my wonderful nieces & nephews, Vivian Violet, Sylvie Blue, Sage William, Micah James & Michelle Francesca with all my love and so much freedom for your beautiful souls To my siblings, Marlys Mitchell West, Jonathan Hopkins West, Matthew Blake Evans Tied together by the thread in Marlys’s poem, I love you so much and I see your light To my mother, Carolyn Blake Evans, formerly Margaret Carolyn Blake, also Dickie Blake, Chickie-Dickie, Chickie D, Mimikins, Mumsie For never giving up, for seeing me through to the absolute end, for trying to catch your siblings in your dreams. I love you forever. To my father, Hugh Hopkins West, Papa-san, with all my love. To my step-pop, Robert Joseph Evans, my step-mum, Ann Wilkinson West, for loving me and loving Dickie and Papa-san. In memory of Jane. My kingdom for you to still be here. My kingdom for you to have stayed so lionhearted and sane. I carry on. Piggy is with me. In memory of Giovanni, with love and sorrow. Io sono qui. Finally, to Physics, the study of Nature, which is so deeply in my bones that it cannot be removed. I am so grateful to be able to try to understand. ... "You see I am absorbed in painting with all my strength; I am absorbed in color - until now I have restrained myself, and I am not sorry for it.
    [Show full text]
  • Pentaquark and Tetraquark States Arxiv:1903.11976V2 [Hep-Ph]
    Pentaquark and Tetraquark states 1 2 3 4;5 6;7;8 Yan-Rui Liu, ∗ Hua-Xing Chen, ∗ Wei Chen, ∗ Xiang Liu, y Shi-Lin Zhu z 1School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China 2School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 3School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China 4School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China 5Research Center for Hadron and CSR Physics, Lanzhou University and Institute of Modern Physics of CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China 6School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 7Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China 8Center of High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China April 2, 2019 Abstract The past seventeen years have witnessed tremendous progress on the experimental and theo- retical explorations of the multiquark states. The hidden-charm and hidden-bottom multiquark systems were reviewed extensively in Ref. [1]. In this article, we shall update the experimental and theoretical efforts on the hidden heavy flavor multiquark systems in the past three years. Espe- cially the LHCb collaboration not only confirmed the existence of the hidden-charm pentaquarks but also provided strong evidence of the molecular picture. Besides the well-known XYZ and Pc states, we shall discuss more interesting tetraquark and pentaquark systems either with one, two, three or even four heavy quarks. Some very intriguing states include the fully heavy exotic arXiv:1903.11976v2 [hep-ph] 1 Apr 2019 tetraquark states QQQ¯Q¯ and doubly heavy tetraquark states QQq¯q¯, where Q is a heavy quark.
    [Show full text]
  • “Unmatter,” As a New Form of Matter, and Its Related “Un-Particle,” “Un-Atom,” “Un-Molecule”
    “Unmatter,” as a new form of matter, and its related “un-particle,” “un-atom,” “un-molecule” Florentin Smarandache has introduced the notion of “unmatter” and related concepts such as “unparticle,” “unatom,” “unmolecule” in a manuscript from 1980 according to the CERN web site, and he uploaded articles about unmatter starting with year 2004 to the CERN site and published them in various journals in 2004, 2005, 2006. In short, unmatter is formed by matter and antimatter that bind together. The building blocks (most elementary particles known today) are 6 quarks and 6 leptons; their 12 antiparticles also exist. Then unmatter will be formed by at least a building block and at least an antibuilding block which can bind together. Keywords: unmatter, unparticle, unatom, unmolecule Abstract. As shown, experiments registered unmatter: a new kind of matter whose atoms include both nucleons and anti-nucleons, while their life span was very short, no more than 10-20 sec. Stable states of unmatter can be built on quarks and anti-quarks: applying the unmatter principle here it is obtained a quantum chromodynamics formula that gives many combinations of unmatter built on quarks and anti-quarks. In the last time, before the apparition of my articles defining “matter, antimatter, and unmatter”, and Dr. S. Chubb’s pertinent comment on unmatter, new development has been made to the unmatter topic in the sense that experiments verifying unmatter have been found.. 1. Definition of Unmatter. In short, unmatter is formed by matter and antimatter that bind together. The building blocks (most elementary particles known today) are 6 quarks and 6 leptons; their 12 antiparticles also exist.
    [Show full text]