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CESS MONOGRAPH 26 RULNR MONOGRAPH - 13 Let it be Banni Understanding and Sustaining Pastoral Livelihoods of Banni Charul Bharwada Vinay Mahajan RESEARCH UNIT FOR LIVELIHOODS AND NATURAL RESOURCES (Supported by Jamsetji Tata Trust) CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STUDIES Begumpet, Hyderabad-500016 August, 2012 CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STUDIES MONOGRAPH SERIES Number - 26 August, 2012 ISBN 81-922201-7-8 Series Editor : S. Galab © 2012, Copyright Reserved Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad Note: The views expressed in this document are solely those of the individual author(s). Rs. 200/- Published by : Centre for Economic and Social Studies Begumpet, Hyderabad-500 016 Ph : 040-23402789, 23416780, Fax : 040-23406808 Email : [email protected], www.cess.ac.in Printed by : Vidya Graphics 1-8-724/33, Padma Colony, Nallakunta, Hyderabad - 44 Foreword The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) was established in 1980 to undertake research in the field of economic and social development in India. The Centre recognizes that a comprehensive study of economic and social development issues requires an interdisciplinary approach and tries to involve researchers from various disciplines. The Centre's focus has been on policy relevant research through empirical investigation with sound methodology. Being a Hyderabad based think tank, it has focused on, among other things, several distinctive features of the development process of Andhra Pradesh, though its sphere of research activities has expanded to other states as well as to issues at the nation level. The Research Unit for Livelihoods and Natural Resources (RULNR) was established in the CESS in the year 2008 with financial support of the Jamsetji Tata Trust. The core objectives of the RULNR are to conduct theoretical and applied research on policy relevant issues on human livelihoods and natural resource management, especially in areas related to river basins, forest and dry land ecosystems and to provide an effective platform for debates on policy relevant aspects for academicians, policy makers, civil society organizations and development practitioners. RULNR intends to adopt a multi-disciplinary approach drawing on various disciplines such as ecology, economics, political science, and social anthropology. The present monograph "Let it be Banni" by Charul Bharwada and Vinay Mahajan is an attempt to understand the pastoralism in the Banni grasslands in Kutch of Gujarat State. Pastoralism is an important livelihood system that uses the scarce resources of dry land ecology and converts it into several useful products. Situating the inquiry in the larger context of history and recent developments in Kutch, the study tries to examine both the traditional and current system of breeding livestock, grazing practices, utilizing water sources and their economy. Based on both primary and secondary data, it brings out various factors that have impacted the grasslands and pastoralism and various ways adopted by the pastoralists of Banni to cope with these. It also brings out that mobility and free grazing movements are the key to the survival of pastoralism in Banni. The study suggests socially and ecologically sensitive interventions for sustainability of the pastoral system. I hope that the research community, policy makers and development practitioners will find it useful. Manoj Panda Director, CESS. While we are all trying striving to evolve sustainable systems, here is a region, a community desiring to build future around its ecology, history, skills and knowledge. We need to be with them. In constant struggle to save grasslands, their life. In an effort to create a sustainable livelihood. In their dream to let Banni be Banni. Preface It is cold winter of 1996. Since past three weeks we are in Kutch in the context of a study to understand its water problem. In this first visit to Kutch, like many others, we too are truly awed by its unique landscape and interesting people. One early morning, we leave Bhuj on our little LML Vespa to explore Banni. As we are moving away from Bhuj and the Bhujia hill range, a vast flat expanse of near nothingness begins to unfold. We have never experienced such a landscape before. Chill in the air is penetrating and driving through thick fog is making us feel like entering a new world beyond this. We cross the army cantonments, cross the Rann of Banni and reach Bhirandiara. It is a small village. On both sides of the road are few shops, few acacia trees and very few, less than a dozen people. None of the houses are visible from the road while there are few makeshift shops on both sides of roads. Air is filled with the fragrance of boiling milk. Some men are stirring something in huge black pans kept over big makeshift chullahs near shops. They are making the famous mava of Banni. A small buffalo herd passes by. While sipping a cup of tea, we began chatting with Mamad, owner of the tea joint. He narrates several stories about this unique land; her beautiful and sturdy cattle, her good natured peace loving people; their cordial relations with erstwhile rulers of Kutch; invasion of this land by a foreign plant and extreme degradation of their once beautiful grasslands. He warmly offers fresh, hot mava saying, “You can not leave without having this.” Yes. Indeed it is delicious. He takes money only for the tea as mava is offered with a gesture us being guests and not customers. After few hours, we are at the highest point of Banni on Kalo Dungar at the height of 1500 feet, sitting on a huge boulder at this highest point of Banni overlooking the vast, limitless misty expanse of Rann of Kutch. There is infinite stillness and the quietness. Endless white layer of salt is breathtaking. Line of horizon is invisible and blurred by the reflection from salt. Sitting there, we feel at once connected to the past, to our history, to so many things we had read about Kutch and Indus Valley civilization. We could visualize camel caravans moving across the Rann; visualize the distant line that divided this land and her people in 1947. Can nothingness be so beautiful? Images of our first trip to Banni are still fresh. Since that day, we have always felt like knowing more, understanding more. In a later trip to Kutch, Sandeep and his team told us about presence of an interesting tradition of bullock trade in Banni. We had a cursory meeting with one trader and were more curious to understand this land in some detail, some day. This study is a result of that curiosity and concern. During our other field works and interactions with dozens of pastoralists across Gujarat, we realized how ignorant and insensitive we have been about these people, this occupation; their social contribution and relevance in fragile ecology. There is a need to understand and go beyond our popular belief that this is a ‘backward’ occupation practiced by ‘ignorant’ and ‘illiterate’ people; that they are least bothered about their ecology and its regeneration; that they know little science; and that it is an occupation of keeping few animals with whom these pastoralists make random anarchic movements to graze them. We hope that this work will help in opening a small window in the complex world of pastoralism and pastoralists of Banni. Charul Bharwada Vinay Mahajan CONTENTS Page No. Foreword iii Preface v List of Figures, Boxes and Tables x Glossary of Terms xii Abbreviations ivx Acknowledgements xv 1. Pastoralism and the Study 1 - 5 1.1 Background to the Study 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study 4 1.3 Methodology for the Study 4 1.4 Relevance of this Work 5 2. Land and People 6 - 23 2.1 History of Pastoralism in Kutch 7 2.2 Post Independence Development in Kutch 8 2.3 Land, Origin & Climatic Conditions 11 2.4 Ecology favouring Pastoralism - Grasslands 12 2.5 Pastoral Communities of Banni 14 2.6 Demography, Amenities, Infrastructure 15 2.7 Productive and Consumer Asset Ownership 18 2.7.1 Livestock Ownership 19 2.8 Primary and Secondary Sources of Income 22 3. Pastoral Resources, Use and Mobility 24 - 56 3.1 Livestock, Breeds and Breeding Practices 24 3.1.1 Livestock Composition 24 3.1.2 Cattle and Buffalo Breeds 25 3.1.3 Breeding and Rearing Practices 26 3.2 Diversity of Grasses 32 3.3 Grazing Sources and System 34 3.3.1 Pastures of Other Villages 36 3.3.2 Wetlands of Banni 41 3.3.3 Bets in the Rann: Erstwhile Grazing Source 42 CESS Monograph - 26 viii 3.3.4 Purchasing Fodder from the Market 43 3.4 Daily Grazing Cycle 43 3.5 Grazing Norms among Pastoralists of Banni 44 3.6 Water Sources for Livestock 47 3.6.1 Using Diverse Water Sources 46 3.6.2 Traditional Water Systems: Zheel and Virdas of Banni 46 3.7 Mobility among Banni Pastoralists 47 3.7.1 Earlier Migrations 51 3.7.2 Current Mobility 53 3.8 Immigrant Livestock in Banni 56 4. Changing Pastoral Economy of Banni 57 - 75 4.1 Current Pastoral Economy 57 4.2 Bullock Trade of Banni 58 4.2.1 Procuring Young Calves 60 4.2.2 Rearing the Calves 61 4.2.3 Moving to Saurashtra: Selling Bullocks to Farmers 63 4.2.4 Buy Now, Pay Later: Interest Free Installments 64 4.3 Buffalo Trade of Banni 66 4.4 Changing Face of Banni: Milk and Other Pastoral Products 68 4.4.1 Arrival and Impact of Dairies 68 4.4.2 Economics of Buffalo Keeping: Pre and Post Dairy 71 4.4.3 Other Pastoral Products 72 4.5 Banni's Pastoral Economy: From Breeders to Milkmen 75 5.