Stefan George E Friedrich Hölderlin: Due Ciclicità a Confronto

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Stefan George E Friedrich Hölderlin: Due Ciclicità a Confronto View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Unitn-eprints PhD Dottorato di Ricerca in Studi umanistici Indirizzo: Studi letterari e linguistici Ciclo XXVIII Tesi di Dottorato Stefan George e Friedrich Hölderlin: due ciclicità a confronto Relatore: prof. Alessandro Fambrini Dottorando Coordinatore del Dottorato: prof.ssa Elvira Migliario Marco Serio anno accademico 2012-2015 Indice Introduzione ………………………………………………………………………2 1.1 La nozione di ‹ciclicità› nella lirica ….………………….…………………..10 1.2 Il ‹rituale ciclico› in Stefan George ……………………………………....….18 1.3 Analisi contenutistica del Teppich des Lebens………………………….……31 1.4 Le strutture cicliche in Der Teppich des Lebens …………………………...106 1.5 Note sulle intersezioni tra Friedrich Hölderlin e il «George-Kreis» ……….135 1.6 Note sulla poetica di Friedrich Hölderlin …………………………………..160 1.7 La ciclicità negli inni di Hölderlin …………………………………………174 Bibliografia …………………………………………………………………….189 1 Introduzione Il presente studio si focalizza sull’analisi della nozione di ciclicità in due grandi poeti della letteratura tedesca: Stefan George e Friedrich Hölderlin. L’indagine ha riguardato segnatamente i motivi e le strutture cicliche della raccolta di poesie Der Teppich des Lebens und die Lieder von Traum und Tod mit einem Vorspiel e degli inni hölderliniani Patmos, Friedensfeier, Brot und Wein e Der Zeitgeist al fine di comprendere le modalità in cui George ha ereditato la nozione di ciclicità hölderliniana. In prima battuta la nozione di ciclicità è stata scandagliata a partire dal suo significato etimologico. A fronte dell’esponenziale incremento di ricerche letterarie sulla nozione di ciclo, in uno studio del 2008, Siegfried Ulbrecht ha parlato di un vero e proprio «Zweig der Literaturwissenschaft»1, attribuendo al ciclo la definizione di genere letterario. Se storicamente il ciclo ha indicato l’avvicendarsi periodico di una tendenza all’interno di un’epoca, nella sua totalità esso è portato a reiterare una struttura mitica. Col termine ‹ciclo› si indicano gruppi omogenei di testi lirici, teatrali o narrativi che interagiscono fra loro sulla base di intrinseche successioni diegetiche o variazioni tematiche, permettendo ai singoli testi di rapportarsi in modo dialogico e discorsivo. Le ripetizioni interne a un gruppo di testi, costituiti da particolari versi di apertura e chiusura, implicano la presenza di una particolare coerenza testuale. La stessa collocazione dei testi è portatrice di senso e implica la necessità di leggere ogni poesia del ciclo non isolatamente ma nel complesso del ciclo stesso, ossia su due distinti livelli di significazione, che corrispondono a precisi modi di comprensione e interpretazione della realtà. La poesia ciclica si caratterizza per il particolare rapporto che si instaura tra la dimensione della coerenza testuale, che si basa su ricorrenze di significato, e la dimensione delle componenti epiche, discorsivo- sintagmatiche. Il ciclo si differenzia da altre forme poetiche per la modalità in cui le singole poesie utilizzano come nucleo lirico una particolare esperienza che Joachim Müller definisce ‹variazione ciclica di un fulcro di vita vissuta›, che funge da ‹costante tematica› e impedisce la rottura del ciclo nel momento in cui la 1 Siegfried Ulbrecht, Das literarische Verfahren der Zyklisierung in der Germanistik. Mit einem Ausblick auf die slavische Philologie sowie Ansätze einer europäischen Zyklusforschung, in «Weimarer Beiträge» 54 (2008), pp. 612-623. 2 poesia tende ad allontanarsi dal nucleo di esperienza vissuta. Il concetto di poesia ciclica deriva dal particolare rapporto che una poesia instaura con un corpus di testi poetici e in particolare con quelli antecedenti e successivi ad essa. In seconda battuta si è cercato di investigare il concetto di rituale ciclico in Stefan George. La Germania dei primi anni del Novecento è contraddistinta dalla frattura tra la Bourgeoise, quale classe attiva e militante nel contesto politico e il Bildungsbürgertum degli intellettuali, quale classe autonoma, conservatrice e antipositivista. Basata su un sistema politico di aristocrazia feudale, la borghesia colta è minacciata dalla civiltà moderna, portatrice di imbarbarimento e assume una posizione zivilisationskritisch di netta condanna del governo guglielmino. Per sanare i problemi sociali i tedeschi si rifugiano nel culto dei sentimenti più intimi dell’anima tedesca che prosperano protetti dal potere politico, nell’idealizzazione del passato e nel lavoro al mito che mira a ricreare una tradizione culturale funzionale ai bisogni della Germania, a legittimare cioè i caratteri di specificità, eccellenza ed esclusività della Germania rispetto alle altre nazioni, nonché ad esorcizzare lo stereotipo di verspätete Nation assegnato alla Germania, quale nazione tardiva condannata fino al 1871 a restare in uno stato di frammentazione territoriale in oltre trecento unità statali molto piccole, il cui comune denominatore era l’appartenenza al Sacro Romano Impero. Al movimento nazional-patriottico mancano l’eroismo, i capi e un mito capace di tradurre in realtà la volontà di potenza e le aspirazioni del popolo tedesco. Il nuovo mito deve essere il risultato della volontà, fantasia e creatività artistica dello Herrscher germanico, opportunamente elevato al di sopra dei limiti storici, nonché della sua costante tensione ad una palingenesi e fusione col cosmo. Nella Spätromantik il poeta si colloca in un punto di scissura tra fenomeno e noumeno, reale e ideale, essenza e apparenza. La ragione è in grado di dischiudere solo la minima parte del senso del reale, mentre l’identità segreta del mondo è rivelata dalla libera associazione delle cose. Per la prima volta in letteratura il poeta è rappresentato nell’immaginario collettivo come esponente di una realtà potenziata e come tale è l’unico a poter comunicare questa realtà infinita ai contemporanei. Si tratta di una concezione prettamente demiurgica, mistico-religiosa e sacerdotale della letteratura che sfocia nel Simbolismo e rende il poeta amministratore di un apparato di carattere simbolico, mistico e oscuro. Lungi dal percepire la storia in 3 maniera lineare, il poeta matura una concezione ciclica del mondo e una maggiore consapevolezza della crisi storica per il venir meno dell’idea positivistica di progresso inarrestabile e continuativo, sicché la letteratura della Jahrhundertwende diviene sempre più simile a un rituale estetico nel momento in cui condivide le sue stesse caratteristiche di ripetizione di un’azione, messinscena, elaborazione estetica, autoreferenzialità, espressività, simbolicità e, così facendo, assicura stabilità, continuità, ordine. La comunicazione poetica si svolge all’interno di una sfera religiosa, nella quale il poeta svolge l’ufficio di celebrante, che si rivolge a una comunità di fedeli con l’obiettivo di redimerli, dischiudendo loro l’essenza segreta delle cose. L’obiettivo perseguito da George con la sua poesia è una trasfigurazione estetica della realtà, concepita quale sogno di una vita potenziata che si compie sia nei termini di una rimitizzazione dell’esistente, attraverso la destrutturazione dei materiali della tradizione, sia sotto forma di una risemantizzazione del linguaggio mediante pratiche di evocazione del senso basate su processi di ritualizzazione ciclica che scaturiscono da uno stato intuitivo di illuminazione e da un atto culturale intenzionale. Il culto della bellezza genera un cerchio magico in cui George si trasforma da esteta e sacerdote della bellezza – che attraverso l’utilizzo di un linguaggio criptico e desueto, fatto di coercizioni linguistiche e preziosismi esoterici, cerca di distanziarsi dalla massa – in vate ideologo e mitologo, che concepisce la bellezza quale ideale dello spirito dietro il quale si cela il disprezzo della plebe e il desiderio di palingenesi dell’umanità. L’opera di Stefan George è il caso più rappresentativo di estetica del rituale. Sussunta nella categoria di rituale ciclico è l’unità georgeana di vita e opera, giacché i rituali officiati all’interno del cenacolo coniugano la sfera sociale con quella estetica ed esercitano un potere di coesione sociale. Come per George il servizio svolto all’interno della comunità di adepti deve rispondere all’autorità suprema di una guida spirituale così il singolo componimento poetico si incardina in un più ampio e strutturato complesso di liriche che prende il nome di ciclo. L’ermeneutica dei georgeani verte su una rilettura della memoria culturale in chiave pedagogica, poiché si focalizza sul potenziale identitario racchiuso nell’antico e in grandi personalità del passato che George opportunamente rievoca al fine di esorcizzare i disagi del presente. Postulando l’unità ideale di classicismo tedesco e spirito della grecità, George punta a un processo di rigenerazione della realtà destinato a ripetersi ciclicamente. Il mito assurge così a una forma di 4 appropriazione del mondo, in quanto si sostanzia di circolarità e annulla l’indifferenza nei confronti della realtà, causata dalla perdita della verità primordiale dell’anima (Seele), a favore della tecnica e dello spirito (Geist). Servendosi di un rituale parareligioso, che implica l’esercizio di una gestualità sacerdotale e di una posa ieratica, George ritualizza il senso dell’enunciazione poetica e porta a compimento la sua missione poetica in due momenti consecutivi: come esteta, che disprezza la realtà esterna e vagheggia un mondo alternativo fondato sul potere di redenzione della parola poetica che con la sua
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