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L'universite Bordeaux 1 N°d’ordre : 3749 THESE PRESENTEE A L’UNIVERSITE BORDEAUX 1 ECOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE PAR Maude BERNARDET POUR L’OBTENTION DU GRADE DE DOCTEUR SPECIALITE: NEUROSCIENCES ETUDE DES TRAITS AUTISTIQUES CHEZ UN MODELE SOURIS DU X FRAGILE Soutenue publiquement le 16 décembre 2008 devant la commission d’examen constituée par : Catherine Belzung, Pr Rapporteur externe Pascal Branchereau, Pr Président du jury Georges Chapouthier, DR Rapporteur externe Wim Crusio, DR Directeur de thèse Tobias Hévor, Pr Membre invité Pierre Mormède, DR Membre invité Remerciements Je tiens en premier lieu à remercier Georges Di Scala de m’avoir accueillie au sein du Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et le remercie également de nos conversations scientifiques et non scientifiques. Il a été pour moi un directeur de laboratoire présent et attentionné, sur le soutien duquel j’ai pu compter tout au long de mon cursus dans ce laboratoire. Merci à Wim de m’avoir donné l’opportunité de travailler avec lui et de m’avoir guidée dans mes premiers pas de chercheurs. Je le remercie également de sa disponibilité et de sa joie de vivre la science. On vous dit quand la pression monte et que l’échéance pour rendre le manuscrit approche: ce n’est qu’une thèse, personne ne la lira. Bizarrement ça ne diminue pas la tension créatrice. C’est pourquoi je suis infiniment reconnaissante à mes rapporteurs Catherine Belzung et Georges Chapouthier d’avoir pris le temps de lire et de critiquer mon travail, ainsi qu’à Pierre Mormède, Tobias Hévor et Pascal Branchereau d’avoir accepté de participer à mon jury de thèse. Je tiens à remercier Lydia Schiller avec qui j’ai travaillé quasiment en binôme lors de ma deuxième année de thèse. Elle a participé à mon apprentissage de la méthode et de l’organisation, ce qui n’est pas une mince affaire. Un grand merci à Alexis, Brice et Marie-Paule pour leur aide qui m’a été très précieuse au-delà des malentendus et des incompréhensions sur les aléas de l’organisation d’un projet en formation et d’un chercheur en formation. Merci à Philippe Rosay de son travail sur la morphométrie dans la partie histologique. Merci à Yves Tupinier qui m’a fait part avec générosité de ses connaissances en matière d’enregistrement d’ultrasons. Un remerciement du fond du cœur avec les yeux humides à Daniel Cattaert pour son émulation et son investissement, ainsi qu’à Alain Marchand, pour leur aide et leur efficacité dans le traitement des données de vocalisations des souriceaux. Merci à Yoon et Yannick pour les discussions animées et leur concours sur la partie de la rigidité cognitive. Bien que cette partie reste à creuser ces discussions ont été enrichissantes et très stimulantes. Merci à Jan qui s’est investit dans le programme d’exploitation de l’expérience préliminaire de conditionnement appétitif dans des boîtes automatisées. J’espère bien que cette expérience ne restera pas dans les tiroirs. Je remercie beaucoup les animaliers pour leurs soins aux élevages : Raphaël, Laëtitia et Elodie, ainsi que Dominique, Jennifer et Nathalie. 1 Remerciements Merci à l’ensemble des acteurs de ce laboratoire pour l’ambiance dynamique et chaleureuse qu’ils instaurent. Il a vraiment été agréable et stimulant de travailler dans un tel milieu. Un merci particulier aux quatre ours de mon bureau ces deux premières années de thèse : Pierre, Ludo, Stéphane et Sébastien. Pour leurs réponses à mes questions impromptues et parfois incongrues, pour leurs discussions, pour m’avoir fait part de leur expérience et de leur savoir. Merci à eux également pour leur guidage sur le fonctionnement du laboratoire et le monde scientifique. Ils m’ont instruite tant sur le comportement et le fonctionnement animal qu’humain. J’ai beaucoup apprécié de travailler dans cette ambiance brute de décoffrage et passionnée. Merci aux étudiants pour leur dynamisme dans l’organisation des multiples évènements créatifs et récréatifs qui ont contribué à une créer ambiance stimulante au laboratoire. Enfin je manifeste ma gratitude à l’égard de mes fondations sociales hors labo ô combien précieuses : à mes colocataires, ma famille tuyau de poêle et mon amoureux, merci de m’apporter joie et occupation, merci pour votre patience et votre amour. A tous ceux là, et aux autres en dehors du laboratoire qui contribuent à mon bien-être et mon enrichissement quotidien, un grand MERCI. 2 Sommaire Sommaire Chapitre I : Introduction générale I. PROBLEMATIQUE………………………………………………………..…..…9 II. LE TROUBLE AUTISTIQUE……………………………………………………10 1. Les troubles du spectre autistique……………………………….……….……......10 2. Historique et définition de l’autisme……………………………………………...11 2.1. Généralités…………………………………………………………………..……..11 2.2. Diagnostic de l’autisme……………………………………………………..……..12 2.2.1 Caractéristiques diagnostiques …………………………….…………………12 2.2.2. Caractéristiques variables et troubles associés………….…………………14 2.2.3. Evolution……………………………………………………….………….…….15 3. Biologie de l’autisme……………………………………………….……….…..….16 3.1. Neuroanatomie……………………………………………………………..…..….17 3.2. Psychopharmacologie……………………………………………………………..19 4. Thérapie………………………………………………………………………….....20 5. Etiologie……………………………………………………………………………..21 III. LE SYNDROME DU X FRAGILE……………………………………………...24 1. Historique et définition………………………………………………………….....24 1.1. Généralités…………………………………………………………………………24 1.2. Symptômes ………………………………………………………………………..25 1.3. Etiologie, mode de transmission…………………………………………………..27 1.4. Variabilité phénotypique……………………………………….………………….28 1.5. Diagnostic………………………………………………………………………….29 2. Bases neuroanatomiques et moléculaires du syndrome du X fragile…………...30 2.1. Neuroanatomie du SXF……………………………………………………………30 2.2. Le gène FMR1 …………………………………………………………………….32 2.3. La protéine FMRP…………………………………………………………………33 2.4. Gènes proches : la famille de gènes FXR et leurs fonctions………………………33 3 Sommaire IV. MODELES ANIMAUX POUR LES MALADIES NEUROPSYCHIATRIQUES………………………………………………………...34 1. Utilité et validité des modèles animaux pour les maladies neuropsychiatriques.34 2. Modèles rongeurs pour l’autisme………………………………………………….35 2.1. Dérégulation des fonctions synaptiques chez des modèles souris pour l’autisme...36 2.2. Modèles de maladies génétiques impliquées dans l’autisme ……………………..37 2.3. Modèles mimant les effets épigénétiques potentiels à l’origine de l’autisme……..38 2.4. Souris mutantes pour des gènes candidats de l’autisme…………………………...38 2.5. Autres pistes explorées……………………………………………………..……...38 V. LES SOURIS Fmr1 KO : MODELE POTENTIEL POUR L’AUTISME……..39 1. La souris Fmr1 KO ………………………………………………………………...39 2. Données phénotypiques concernant les traits autistiques……………………......40 VI. OBJECTIFS DES TRAVAUX DE THESE…………………………………......44 Chapitre II : Matériel et méthodes générales I. ANIMAUX………………………………………………………………………......47 1. Souches utilisées…………………………………………………………………….47 1.1. C57BL/6J………………………………………………………………………......47 1.2. FVB.129P2-Fmr1 tm1Cgr/ J…………………………………………………………...47 2. Elevage………………………………………………………………………………48 2.1. Types de croisements………………………………………………………………48 2.2. Gestion de l’élevage…………………………………………………...………......48 2.3. Schéma expérimental ……………………………………………………………...49 2.4. Génotypage………………………………………………………………………...51 II. STATISTIQUES…………………………………………………………………...53 4 Sommaire Chapitre III : Résultats expérimentaux de l’étude comportementale I. TRAITS AUTISTIQUES PRINCIPAUX…………………………………………55 1. Interactions sociales : Test de Crawley……………………………………………55 1.1. Principe…………………………………………………………………………….55 1.2. Matériel et méthodes………………………………………………………………55 1.3. Résultats……………………………………………………………………………56 1.4. Conclusion intermédiaire………………………………………………………......61 2. Communication sociale : Vocalisations ultrasoniques chez le souriceau isolé….62 2.1. Principe…………………………………………………………………………….62 2.2. Matériel et méthodes………………………………………………………………63 2.2.1. Spécificité de la gestion de l’élevage…………………………………………63 2.2.2. Enregistrement des vocalises……………………………………………….....63 2.3. Traitement des données et analyse………………………………………………...64 2.4. Résultats……………………………………………………………………………66 2.5. Conclusion intermédiaire………………………………………………………......71 3. Intérêts restreints, rigidité cognitive et stéréotypies : Labyrinthe en T………...72 3.1. Principe…………………………………………………………………………….72 3.2. Matériel et méthodes………………………………………………………………72 3.3. Résultats……………………………………………………………………………74 3.4. Conclusion intermédiaire………………………………………………………......75 II. TRAITS AUTISTIQUES VARIABLES………………………………………….77 1. Agressivité : test de résident-intrus…………………………………………...…...77 1.1. Principe………………………………………………………………………...…..77 1.2. Matériel et méthodes………………………………………………………...…….77 1.3. Résultats……………………………………………………………………………78 1.4. Conclusion intermédiaire……………………………………………………...…...79 2. Activité, rythme circadien et stéréotypies : Cages d’actimétrie……………...….80 2.1. Principe………………………………………………………………………….....80 2.2. Matériel et méthodes………………………………………………………………80 2.3. Résultats……………………………………………………………………………81 2.4. Conclusion intermédiaire………………………………………………………......85 5 Sommaire 3. Apprentissage : labyrinthe radial…………………………………………………86 3.1. Principe…………………………………………………………………….……....86 3.2. Matériel et méthodes…………………………………………………..…………..86 3.3. Résultats………………………………………………………………...………….88 3.4. Conclusion intermédiaire………………………………………………...………...95 Chapitre IV : Etude histologique de l’hippocampe chez la souris Fmr1 KO I. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………...…….…......97 II. MATERIEL ET METHODES……………………………………...……….……97 1. Histologie………………………………………………………………....…….…...97 1.1. Perfusion………………………………………………………………....…….…..97
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