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Støv På Mars MER MPE I Forbindelse Med Overfladematerialet

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Støv På Mars MER MPE I Forbindelse Med Overfladematerialet DET NATURVIDENSKABELIGE FAKULTET KØBENHAVNS UNIVERSITET Kandidatspeciale Jon Gaarsmand Støv på Mars MER MPE i forbindelse med overfladematerialet Vejleder: Morten Bo Madsen Afleveret den: 22/04/2009 Specialeafhandling Institutnavn: Niels Bohr Instituttet for Fysik, Astronomi og Geofysik Ørsted Laboratoriet Københavns Universitet Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Forfatter: Jon Gaarsmand Titel og evt. undertitel: Støv på Mars, MER MPE i forbindelse med overfladematerialet Title / Subtitle: Dust on Mars, MER MPE related to the soil. Emnebeskrivelse: Undersøgelse af magnetiske egenskaber ved støvet på Mars i relation til Magnetic Properties Experiment (MPE) på Mars Exploration Roveres missionen (MER). Med særligt fokus på laboratorieundersøgelser af mineraler af basaltisk oprindelse. Vejleder: Morten Bo Madsen Afleveret den: 22. april 2009 Karakter: Jon Gaarsmand 3 Summary in English The Magnetic Properties Experiment (MPE) on the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) mission has been collecting atmospherically elevated dust on Mars for quite some time on both Spirit and Opportunity. The magnetic and crystalline properties of the dust and the soil have been ob- served with the MIMOS-II Mössbauer spectrometer onboard the rover. The APXS spectrometer has been used to identify the composition of the dust and the soil. The atmospherically elevated dust, settling on the MPE magnets, has been analyzed and compared to the Martian soil and to two dust samples of Earthly origin. One of these is a sample of the well-known red soil from Salten Skov, Jutland, which exhibits similar magnetic properties as the dust on Mars. The ot- her sample is a dark basaltic sand of volcanic origin from the Kuril Islands, which is located between Japan and Russia. The Martian soil has been identified as primarily of basaltic origin and globally well-distributed. The major constituents of the soil are olivine and pyroxene, with the more oxidized hematite as a minor part of the soil, indicating that the soil has been mechanically weathered and to a lesser extend chemically altered. The Martian dust is part of the soil, but a part of the dust also exhibits a strong magnetic component with magnetite and possibly pyrite, likely to have a volca- nic origin. Goethite has been identified as a minor constituent of the dust, indi- cating that some part of the dust was formed in a process involving liquid wa- ter. Jon Gaarsmand 1 Indholdsfortegnelse 1 Introduktion........................................................................................4 1.1 Den våde planet..............................................................................5 2 Baggrund for udforskning af Mars...........................................................6 2.1 Mars i dag......................................................................................6 2.2 Geologisk historie på Mars................................................................7 2.3 Missioner på Mars' overflade.............................................................9 2.3.1 Mars Exploration Rover missionen.............................................9 3 Mars Exploration Rovers projektet.........................................................10 3.1 MER missionens formål...................................................................10 3.1.1 Landingsstederne..................................................................11 3.2 Beskrivelse af Mars Exploration Roverne...........................................12 3.2.1 Den videnskabelige nyttelast...................................................12 3.2.2 Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS).................................13 3.2.3 Mössbauer Spectrometer (MIMOS-II).......................................14 3.2.4 Microscopic Imager (MI).........................................................15 3.2.5 Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT).......................................................15 3.2.6 Panoramic Camera (PanCam)..................................................16 3.2.7 Mini-TES..............................................................................17 3.2.8 Magneteksperimenterne.........................................................18 4 Mössbauerspektroskopiens magnetisme.................................................19 4.1 Den kvantemekaniske beskrivelse af magnetisme..............................19 4.1.1 Ferromagnetisme..................................................................21 4.1.2 Antiferromagnetisme.............................................................21 4.1.3 Ferrimagnetisme...................................................................21 4.1.4 Kantet antiferromagnetisme....................................................22 4.1.5 Paramagnetisme...................................................................22 4.1.6 Diamagnetisme.....................................................................22 4.1.7 Superparamagnetisme...........................................................22 4.2 Mössbauer-effekten og dens applikation............................................23 4.2.1 Teorien bag Mössbauer effekten..............................................24 4.2.2 Isomerskift...........................................................................27 4.2.3 Quadrupol-opsplitningen.........................................................28 4.2.4 Hyperfinstruktur opsplitningen................................................30 4.2.5 Kombineret elektrisk og magnetisk opsplitning..........................31 4.2.6 Mössbauer spektroskopi med Fe-atomer...................................32 4.2.7 Mössbauer spektroskopi i praksis.............................................35 4.3 Alfa-partikel røntgen spektroskopi....................................................36 4.4 Superparamagnesme i partikler......................................................38 5 Magnetiske eksperimenter på MER........................................................40 2 Støv på Mars 5.1 Sweep-magneten...........................................................................40 5.2 Capture- og Filtermagneterne..........................................................41 5.2.1 Capturemagneten..................................................................42 5.2.2 Filtermagneten......................................................................42 5.2.3 Geometriens betydning for Mössbauerspektret..........................43 5.3 Rock Abrasion Tool magneterne.......................................................48 6 Magnetiske mineraler i støv.................................................................49 6.1 Forvitringsprocesser.......................................................................49 6.2 Jernmineralerne.............................................................................50 6.2.1 Jernoxider............................................................................51 6.2.2 Substitutioner.......................................................................53 6.2.3 Mössbauer parametre for jernforbindelser.................................54 7 Analyse af Mars støv analoger..............................................................58 7.1 Behandling af støvanaloger i laboratoriet...........................................58 7.2 Støv fra Salten Skov på Capturemagneten........................................59 7.3 Basaltisk sand fra Kurillerne............................................................64 7.3.1 APXS af basaltisk sand fra Kurillerne på Capturemagnet.............66 7.3.2 Mössbauerspektroskopi af basaltisk sand fra Kurillerne på Captu- remagnet......................................................................................69 8 Støvet på Mars ..................................................................................71 8.1 Kalibrering af MIMOS-II spektrene...................................................72 8.2 Støv på overfladen.........................................................................76 8.2.1 Analyser af uforstyrret støv i Gusev Krateret.............................77 8.2.2 Forstyrret støv og lyst støv i Gusev Krateret..............................85 8.2.3 Analyser af uforstyrret støv på Terra Meridiani..........................88 8.2.4 Resultater af støv- og jordlagsprøver på overfladen....................93 8.3 Støvet på MPE magneterne.............................................................94 8.3.1 Støvet på MPE magneterne på Spirit........................................95 8.3.2 Støvet på MPE magneterne på Opportunity.............................108 8.3.3 Resultater af støvet på MPE magneterne.................................113 9 Konklusion.......................................................................................115 10 Litteraturliste...................................................................................117 11 Appendix.........................................................................................121 Appendix A: Publikationer..................................................................122 Jon Gaarsmand 3 4 Støv på Mars 1 Introduktion 1 Introduktion ”Da livet tog sin begyndelse her på Jorden, var de fysiske og kemiske forhold på de to kloder stort set ens. Problemet er imidlertid, at vi ikke ved, om livet på Jorden er opstået af sig selv her på planeten el- ler er bragt til os ude fra rummet i en eller anden meget primitiv grundform.” - citat af Jens Martin Knudsen† Jens Martin Knudsen, der i sin tid inspirerede mig til dette spændende område: udforskningen af vores naboplanet Mars, pointerer med ovenstående citat det mest grundlæggende
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