On the Theoretical Role of "Genetic Coding"
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Maynard Smith Model of Sympatric Speciation
ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Theoretical Biology 239 (2006) 172–182 www.elsevier.com/locate/yjtbi The Maynard Smith model of sympatric speciation Sergey Gavriletsa,b,Ã aDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA bDepartment of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA Received 4 March 2005; received in revised form 23 July 2005; accepted 24 July 2005 Available online 20 October 2005 Abstract The paper entitled ‘‘Sympatric speciation,’’ which was published by John Maynard Smith in 1966, initiated the development of mathematical models aiming to identify the conditions for sympatric speciation. A part of that paper was devoted to a specific two-locus, two-allele model of sympatric speciation in a population occupying a two-niche system. Maynard Smith provided some initial numerical results on this model. Later, Dickinson and Antonovics (1973) and Caisse and Antonovics (1978) performed more extensive numerical studies on the model. Here, I report analytical results on the haploid version of the Maynard Smith model. I show how the conditions for sympatric and parapatric speciation and the levels of resulting genetic divergence and reproductive isolation are affected by the strength of disruptive selection and nonrandom mating, recombination rate, and the rates of male and female dispersal between the niches. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Sympatric; Speciation; Mathematical model; Maynard Smith 1. Introduction ‘‘Animal speciation and evolution’’ which forcefully argued against the importance of sympatric speciation in nature. John Maynard Smith has made a number of extremely By the mid-1960s, solid theoretical work on sympatric important contributions to evolutionary biology, many of speciation was needed to help clarify the arguments and which have also found various applications well outside conflicting evidence on sympatric speciation. -
Our Social Discontents: Revisiting Fromm's Redemptive Psychoanalytic Critique
KRITIKE VOLUME TWELVE NUMBER ONE (JUNE 2018) 277-292 Article Our Social Discontents: Revisiting Fromm’s Redemptive Psychoanalytic Critique Ian Raymond B. Pacquing Abstract: Modern society is marked with utmost ambivalence. There is the utmost desire to be free, creative, and productive. Yet, our creative and productive desires trap us and now control our own freedom to become. Couple this inconsistency with the rapid sociostructural changes, fragmentation of traditions, and dissolution of communal well-being, what we have is a life of uncertainty. It is a life debased from its very ontological foundation with the transmission of technorationalities of the capitalist industry. In modernity, we could no longer speak of individuality and subjectivity since the very historical thread that serve as its foundation is now wavered towards accumulation and possession of the capital. Moreover, this overleaning towards the capital deadens us unconsciously that we mistake this for reality. The market ideology with all its rationalizations reifies human consciousness to the extent that we consider the technorationalities as the ontological normative structure. As a result, there is a growing dislocation of subjectivity which leads to neurotic social behaviors and inner social contradictions. As a result, we have our own social discontents. It is then the aim of this paper to ponder on the psychosocial effects of the market economy. I argue that there is a need to look at the effects of this economic system that perpetually delineate subjective experiences and plunge humanity into incontrovertible pseudo images. It is at this point that Fromm’s radical psychosocial interpretation of society becomes binding. -
Information Systems Theorizing Based on Evolutionary Psychology: an Interdisciplinary Review and Theory Integration Framework1
Kock/IS Theorizing Based on Evolutionary Psychology THEORY AND REVIEW INFORMATION SYSTEMS THEORIZING BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEW AND THEORY INTEGRATION FRAMEWORK1 By: Ned Kock on one evolutionary information systems theory—media Division of International Business and Technology naturalness theory—previously developed as an alternative to Studies media richness theory, and one non-evolutionary information Texas A&M International University systems theory, channel expansion theory. 5201 University Boulevard Laredo, TX 78041 Keywords: Information systems, evolutionary psychology, U.S.A. theory development, media richness theory, media naturalness [email protected] theory, channel expansion theory Abstract Introduction Evolutionary psychology holds great promise as one of the possible pillars on which information systems theorizing can While information systems as a distinct area of research has take place. Arguably, evolutionary psychology can provide the potential to be a reference for other disciplines, it is the key to many counterintuitive predictions of behavior reasonable to argue that information systems theorizing can toward technology, because many of the evolved instincts that benefit from fresh new insights from other fields of inquiry, influence our behavior are below our level of conscious which may in turn enhance even more the reference potential awareness; often those instincts lead to behavioral responses of information systems (Baskerville and Myers 2002). After that are not self-evident. This paper provides a discussion of all, to be influential in other disciplines, information systems information systems theorizing based on evolutionary psych- research should address problems that are perceived as rele- ology, centered on key human evolution and evolutionary vant by scholars in those disciplines and in ways that are genetics concepts and notions. -
Universityof Michiganlibrary
of Michigan UNIVERSITYextra edition! LIBRARYwww.lib.umich.edu seven cents or best offer READ! READ! READ! THE SOCIAL SCIENCES * * * The Origins of Totalitarianism Salt: A World History Descartes’ Baby POLITICS AND ECONOMICS Hannah Arendt (Schocken, 2004) Mark Kurlansky (Penguin, 2003) Paul Bloom (Basic, 2004) This rather bland food item is a life-sustaining necessity. Psychologist Bloom ‘s account of human nature contends that Freakonomics [Revised and Expanded]: A Rogue Economist The classic analysis of totalitarian political movements; as relevant today as when it was first published. Without salt as a preservative, humans could not have people are natural-born dualists and discusses how we divide the Explores the Hidden Side of Everything embarked on epic explorations of continents and oceans. Salt world into physical objects and mental states and how this leads Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner (William Morrow, 2006) The Essential America: Our Founders and the Liberal has played a pivotal role in economic trade, territorial wars, to such uniquely human traits as humor, disgust, religion, art and This best selling economics book (yes, though hard to and the death rituals of several cultures. morality. believe, an econ book topped the best-sellers lists for months) Tradition George McGovern (Simon & Schuster, 2004) “deconstruct[s] everything from the organizational structure of Vegetarian America: A History Strangers at the Gates: New Immigrants in Urban America drug-dealing gangs to baby-naming patterns.” An intellectual history of the development of liberal thought in America. Karen & Michael Iacobbo (Praeger, 2004) Roger Waldinger (Editor) (University of California Press, 2001) The Iacobbos’ book is an excellent introduction to the Waldinger’s assembled collection of essays on the status and Microtrends: the Small Forces Behind Tomorrow’s Big vegetarian movement in the United States. -
Spirituality and Religiosity on Compassion and Altruism
Running Head: SPIRITUALITY, COMPASSION, AND ALTRUISM The Social Significance of Spirituality: New Perspectives on the Compassion-Altruism Relationship Laura R. Saslow, University of California, San Francisco Oliver P. John, University of California, Berkeley Paul K. Piff, University of California, Berkeley Robb Willer, University of California, Berkeley Esther Wong, University of California, Berkeley Emily A. Impett, University of Toronto, Canada Aleksandr Kogan, University of Cambridge, UK Olga Antonenko, University of California, Berkeley Katharine Clark, University of Colorado, Boulder Matthew Feinberg, University of California, Berkeley Dacher Keltner, University of California, Berkeley and Sarina R. Saturn, Oregon State University Author’s Note: This work was funded by a Metanexus Grant to Dacher Keltner and funding from the Center for the Economics and Demography of Aging made possible through the National Institute of Aging grant P30 AG01283. We gratefully acknowledge our wonderful research assistants for their help with data collection. We thank Frank Sulloway and Christina Maslach for their helpful comments. 0 Running Head: SPIRITUALITY, COMPASSION, AND ALTRUISM Abstract In the current research we tested a comprehensive model of spirituality, religiosity, compassion, and altruism, investigating the independent effects of spirituality and religiosity on compassion and altruism. We hypothesized that, even though spirituality and religiosity are closely related, spirituality and religiosity would have different and unique associations with compassion and altruism. In Study 1 and 2 we documented that more spiritual individuals experience and show greater compassion. The link between religiosity and compassion was no longer significant after controlling for the impact of spirituality. Compassion has the capacity to motivate people to transcend selfish motives and act altruistically towards strangers. -
Bringing in Darwin Bradley A. Thayer
Bringing in Darwin Bradley A. Thayer Evolutionary Theory, Realism, and International Politics Efforts to develop a foundation for scientiªc knowledge that would unite the natural and social sci- ences date to the classical Greeks. Given recent advances in genetics and evolu- tionary theory, this goal may be closer than ever.1 The human genome project has generated much media attention as scientists reveal genetic causes of dis- eases and some aspects of human behavior. And although advances in evolu- tionary theory may have received less attention, they are no less signiªcant. Edward O. Wilson, Roger Masters, and Albert Somit, among others, have led the way in using evolutionary theory and social science to produce a synthesis for understanding human behavior and social phenomena.2 This synthesis posits that human behavior is simultaneously and inextricably a result of evo- lutionary and environmental causes. The social sciences, including the study of international politics, may build upon this scholarship.3 In this article I argue that evolutionary theory can improve the realist theory of international politics. Traditional realist arguments rest principally on one of two discrete ultimate causes, or intellectual foundations. The ªrst is Reinhold Niebuhr’s argument that humans are evil. The second is grounded in the work Bradley A. Thayer is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota—Duluth. I am grateful to Mlada Bukovansky, Stephen Chilton, Christopher Layne, Michael Mastanduno, Roger Masters, Paul Sharp, Alexander Wendt, Mike Winnerstig, and Howard Wriggins for their helpful comments. I thank Nathaniel Fick, David Hawkins, Jeremy Joseph, Christopher Kwak, Craig Nerenberg, and Jordana Phillips for their able research assistance. -
The Origin of Altruism
book reviews The origin of altruism Unto Others: The Evolution and about? I think the argument is largely seman- degree of relatedness. So we have a single Psychology of Unselfish Behavior tic, and could not be settled by observation. model, but two ways of analysing it. by Elliott Sober and David Sloan Wilson Two examples will make this clearer. More briefly, here is a second example. Harvard University Press: 1998. Pp. 394. First, consider Wilson’s ‘trait group’ Evolutionary game theory was first devel- $29.95, £19.95 model, first published in 1975 but still very oped to explain the ritualistic nature of ani- John Maynard Smith much part of his thinking. A population is mal fights. This had often been explained8 in divided into trait groups, and selection acts terms of the ‘good of the species’: it seemed It is obvious that the parts of organisms have upon them. The members then disperse and desirable to George Price and myself to specific functions. Since Darwin, this has mate randomly, and their offspring come attempt an explanation in terms of individ- been explained by natural selection, but together again in trait groups. There are two ual selection. Sober and Wilson reconsider what is the target of selection? Should indi- kinds of individual: altruists, who benefit (in this model. They come to exactly the same vidual organisms be thought of as the units terms of fitness) each of their fellow group conclusions that we reached, but argue that it of selection, or must one also consider levels members to a degree b, at a cost to themselves is a case of group selection. -
Theory Is Available Light
Magazine R406 Theory in Biology without which, as we know, nothing makes sense in biology. In the 1960s, the Japanese mathematical biologist Motoo Theory is Kimura conceived the neutral available light theory of evolution, which assumes that the overwhelming majority of molecular mutations Martin A. Nowak do not affect the fitness of an individual. Today most methods Many people praise Gregor for reconstructing phylogenies Mendel as the founding father of from genetic data assume the genetics. Few, however, know that neutral theory is correct. In a as a student at the University of brilliant PhD thesis submitted in Vienna he excelled in 1964, Bill Hamilton formulated the Mathematics, but failed Botany theory behind ‘selfish genes’. In Sir Ronald Fisher, with Haldane and twice, which prevented him from the 1970s, John Maynard Smith Wright one of the founders of population pursuing an academic career. He brought game theory to biology: genetics. (Courtesy of Antony Barrington- Brown and the Science Photo Library.) entered a monastery and evolutionary game theory is a continued to do science. He found generic description of evolutionary the rules of genetic inheritance dynamics whenever fitness is not population dynamics of infectious because he had a clear constant, but depends on the agents and immune cells without mathematical hypothesis even to composition of the population. At the aid of mathematical models. the extent of ignoring ambiguous about the same time, Manfred Crucial questions, such as what results that did not fit his Eigen and Peter Schuster determines the virus load in HIV mathematical expectation. pioneered an information theoretic infection, how fast is the turnover Ronald Fisher considered approach to evolution with quasi- rate of HIV-infected cells, or what Mendel as a mathematician with species theory, while Josef explains the long and variable an interest in biology. -
Stephen Jay Gould Papers M1437
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt229036tr No online items Guide to the Stephen Jay Gould Papers M1437 Jenny Johnson Department of Special Collections and University Archives August 2011 ; revised 2019 Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford 94305-6064 [email protected] URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Guide to the Stephen Jay Gould M1437 1 Papers M1437 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Title: Stephen Jay Gould papers creator: Gould, Stephen Jay source: Shearer, Rhonda Roland Identifier/Call Number: M1437 Physical Description: 575 Linear Feet(958 boxes) Physical Description: 1180 computer file(s)(52 megabytes) Date (inclusive): 1868-2004 Date (bulk): bulk Abstract: This collection documents the life of noted American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science, Stephen Jay Gould. The papers include correspondence, juvenilia, manuscripts, subject files, teaching files, photographs, audiovisual materials, and personal and biographical materials created and compiled by Gould. Both textual and born-digital materials are represented in the collection. Preferred Citation [identification of item], Stephen Jay Gould Papers, M1437. Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif. Publication Rights While Special Collections is the owner of the physical and digital items, permission to examine collection materials is not an authorization to publish. These materials are made available for use -
John Maynard Smith on Radio and Television in the 1960S and 1970S
This is a repository copy of Scientific broadcasting as a social responsibility? John Maynard Smith on radio and television in the 1960s and 1970s. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/154604/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Piel, H orcid.org/0000-0002-0218-1170 (2020) Scientific broadcasting as a social responsibility? John Maynard Smith on radio and television in the 1960s and 1970s. British Journal for the History of Science. ISSN 0007-0874 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087419000918 © British Society for the History of Science 2020. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article has been published in a revised form in British Journal for the History of Science at http://doi.org10.1017/S0007087419000918 . This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. -
John Maynard Smith (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004)
Ó Indian Academy of Sciences OBITUARY John Maynard Smith (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) The evolutionary biology community has been saddened war was over, he went back to seek a second degree in and depleted this month by the loss of Prof. John Maynard biology, studying at University College, London, with Hal- Smith who made many important contributions to evolu- dane, and then worked at University College from 1952 tionary theory, including the now ubiquitous concept of to 1965. Like his mentor, Maynard Smith was blunt and an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). In a half-century iconoclastic, irreverent about established hierarchies, and long working career, Maynard Smith – trained originally had extremely leftist political views. Also like his men- as an aeronautical engineer and then as an evolutionary tor, he was interested in a very wide range of topics and geneticist – applied his mind to a wide variety of problems usually had novel insights or viewpoints to offer. in evolutionary biology, ranging from ritualized animal In 1965 Maynard Smith moved to the University of Sus- combat to the mechanisms of speciation. In more recent sex at Brighton as founding dean of the School of Biologi- years, despite his age, he was working actively on micro- cal Sciences, and continued there as an emeritus professor bial evolution, the evolution of genetic redundancy in deve- after his retirement in 1985. In addition to his numerous lopmental systems, and the issue of how to accurately assess research publications, he wrote over a dozen influential recombinational rates from DNA sequence data. He had books, including basic books intended for students – such recently finished writing, along with David Harper, a book as ‘Models in Ecology’ (1974), and ‘Evolutionary Genetics’ on animal communication, and was working on a new edi- (1989, 1998) – as well as more narrowly focussed technical tion of his 1995 book with Eörs Szathmáry, ‘The Major books like ‘The Evolution of Sex’ (1978) and ‘Evolution and Transitions in Evolution’. -
Wien-Esi06.Pdf
Boltzmann and Evolution Basic Questions of Biology seen with Atomistic Glasses Peter Schuster Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Wien, Austria and The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA Boltzmann‘s Legacy Erwin Schrödinger Institute, Wien, 07.– 09.06.2006 Web-Page for further information: http://www.tbi.univie.ac.at/~pks … Wenn Sie mich nach meiner innersten Überzeugung fragen ob man es (das 19. Jahrhundert) einmal das eiserne Jahrhundert oder das Jahrhundert des Dampfes oder der Elektrizität nennen wird, so antworte ich ohne Bedenken, das Jahrhundert der mechanischen Naturauffassung, das Jahrhundert Darwins wird es heißen. Ludwig Boltzmann, Der zweite Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie. Vortrag, gehalten in feierlichen Sitzung der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften am 29. Mai 1886. Three necessary conditions for Darwinian evolution are: 1. Multiplication, 2. Variation, and 3. Selection. Variation through mutation and recombination operates on the genotype whereas the phenotype is the target of selection. One important property of the Darwinian scenario is that variations in the form of mutations or recombination events occur uncorrelated with their effects on the selection process. Origin of evolutionary biology Origin of genetics 1859 1865 Charles Darwin Gregor Mendel Origin of evolutionary biology Origin of genetics 1859 1865 ‘Rediscovery’ 1900 Charles Darwin Gregor Mendel s Origin of evolutionary biology Origin of genetics 1859 1865 ‘Rediscovery’ 1900 Charles Darwin Gregor Mendel First unification: