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Administration of Cannabis Causes Alterations in Monoamine Oxidase B and Serotonin Receptor 2C Gene Expressions in Wistar Rats

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Administration of Cannabis Causes Alterations in Monoamine Oxidase B and Serotonin Receptor 2C Gene Expressions in Wistar Rats ACTA FACULTATIS UDC: 613.83:576.3 MEDICAE NAISSENSIS DOI: 10.5937/afmnai38-28134 O r i g i n a l a r t i c l e Administration of Cannabis Causes Alterations in Monoamine Oxidase B and Serotonin Receptor 2c Gene Expressions in Wistar Rats Oluwatosin Adebisi Dosumu1, Oluwafemi Paul Owolabi1, Regina Ngozi Ugbaja1, Akinola Popoola2, Solomon Oladapo Rotimi3, Odunayo Anthonia Taiwo1,4,, Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo5 1Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria 2Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria 3Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Sango Ota, Nigeria 4Department of Biochemistry, Chrisland University, Abeokuta, Nigeria 5Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria SUMMARY This study examined the probable effects of graded doses of Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) extract on the gene expressions of monoamine oxidase B and serotonin receptor 2C (HTR2C) in an attempt to correlate the duration of use with neurodegeneration tendencies in chronic marijuana users. Male Wistar rats weighing between 90 g ± 100 g were treated with graded doses of petroleum ether extract of C. sativa (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) orally. The exposure was monitored at 4, 8, and 12 weeks for each of the doses employed, after which the brain was removed. The gene expressions were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Cannabis considerably (p < 0.05) reduced the relative expression of MAOB at 4 weeks. At 8 weeks, cannabis upregulated the relative expression of the MAOB gene by 60%. Following 12 weeks of exposure to the 50mg/kg body weight dose of C. sativa, 80% increase in the expression of MAOB was observed compared to the control group. C. sativa (50 mg/kg body weight) extract at 8 weeks resulted in about 47.7% decrease in the expression of the gene, however, prolonged exposure (12 weeks) to the extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased the relative expression of HTR2C. Cannabis-induced dysregulation of the MAOB genes may be one mechanism linking chronic use of cannabis to cognitive decline and improved likelihood of developing neurological diseases. Alterations observed in HTR2C gene expression as a result of exposure to high doses of C. sativa extract may partly account for the depression and aggressive tendencies observed in chronic users. Key words: MAOB, gene expression, HTR2C, Cannabis, neurodegeneration Corresponding author: Oluwafemi Paul Owolabi and Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo e-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Acta facultatis medicae Naissensis 2021; 38(1):35-46 35 Original article INTRODUCTION additionally appeared to assume a role in pressure- initiated heart harm (9). Marijuana, otherwise called cannabis, is a Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) has preparation of the Cannabis plant proposed for use as been involved in a wide scope of mental issues and a psychoactive medication. It is for the most part in very explicit standards of conduct, chiefly de- utilized recreationally or as restorative medication. scribed by a helpless control of driving forces (10). It Research on cannabinoids has been growing signif- is one of the most novel and pharmacologically icantly with more than 50% of this research corre- complex monoamines in both the fringe and focal sponding to “cannabinoids and brain”, particularly sensory system and hence has become the focal point relating to neurodegeneration (1). With this, there is of enthusiasm for the treatment of depression with proof that particular phytocannabinoids give some numerous serotonin-mimetic and modulators of particular activities on every single one of the path- grown-up neurogenesis clinically (11). ogenic systems engaged in neurodegeneration, for Serotonin 2C (HTR2C) receptor is a subtype of example, neuro-inflammation, oxidative stress and 5-HT receptor that ties the endogenous synapse excitotoxicity (1). serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). It is a G Monoamine oxidase B, otherwise called protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that intercedes MAOB, is an enzyme in people encoded by the excitatory neurotransmission. HTR2C signifies the MAOB gene. The protein encoded by this gene has a gene encoding for the receptor (12). The HTR2C place in the flavin monoamine oxidase family. It is a receptor is one of the many restricting destinations protein located in the outer mitochondrial layer for serotonin. The initiation of this receptor by where it catalyzes the oxidative deamination of serotonin restrains dopamine and norepinephrine biogenic and xenobiotic amines and shoulders a discharge in specific zones of the cerebrum (13). noteworthy role in the catabolism of neuroactive and HTR2C receptors are guaranteed to essentially direct vasoactive amines in the focal sensory system and state of mind, uneasiness, taking care of, and con- peripheral tissues (2). Like monoamine oxidase A ceptive conduct (14). Musty and Kaback (15) rec- (MAOA), it additionally debases dopa disease (2, 3). ommended that cannabis may have some inhibitory Vague (for example MAOA/B consolidated) inhib- role on serotonin which may prompt inactivation of itors can present issues when taken associatively HTR2C receptor resulting in the lack of motivation with tyramine-containing nourishments, for ex- and depression symptoms in cannabis users. Be that ample, cheese, because the hindrance of MAOA by as it may, data are deficient on the impact of can- the medications causes a hazardous rise of serum nabis on the modulatory job of serotonin receptors in tyramine levels, which can prompt hypertensive side the cerebrum. It was in this way important to re- effects. search the impacts of various dosages of cannabis on Particular MAOB inhibitors sidestep this issue the gene articulations of MAOB and HTR2C. by specially repressing MAOB, which for the most part utilizes dopamine. If MAOB is repressed, at that MATERIALS AND METHODS point more dopamine is accessible for legitimate neuronal capacity, particularly in Parkinson's dis- Collection and extraction of Cannabis sativa ease. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are both related to raised degrees of MAOB in the cerebrum Marijuana was obtained from the National (4, 5). The ordinary action of MAOB makes re- Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA). It was sponsive oxygen species, which straightforwardly air-dried at room temperature and pulverized using harm cells (6). MAOB levels have been found to a clean, dry electric blender. Milled marijuana (250 g) increment with age, suggesting a part in normal age- was soaked in 1000 ml of petroleum ether in a round related intellectual decay and the improved prob- bottom flask for 24 hours, after which it was de- ability of creating neurological ailments, sometimes, canted and the filtrate kept. Fresh 500 ml of down the road (7). More dynamic polymorphisms of petroleum ether was added to the residue. This was the MAOB genes have been connected to negative repeated until the filtrate was colorless. The filtrate emotionality and are suspected as a fundamental was concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 400C. factor in depression (8). The action of MAOB has The concentrated extract was dissolved in olive oil at 36 Acta facultatis medicae Naissensis 2021; 38(1):35-46 Oluwatosin Adebisi Dosumu, Oluwafemi Paul Owolabi, Regina Ngozi Ugbaja at al. 50 mg/ml and kept in a dark bottle to prevent Biochemical analysis photolysis and was stored at 25°C. Extraction of RNA Animals RNA was obtained from RNAlater®– sta- A total of sixty male Wistar rats (90 - 100 g) bilized the brain via the Aidlab spin column RNA were utilized for this experiment. The rats were kept extraction pack as indicated by the guidelines of the in clean confines, exposed to 12-h light and dark producer. The concentration and clarity of obtained cycles, and had free access to food and water ad RNA were resolved at 260 nm and 280 nm utilizing a libitum. The animals were permitted to adapt to their NanoDrop® 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Sci- condition for about fourteen days before the test entific). RNA tests were preserved at −80°C for gene began. This study was performed, and rats were expression analysis. cared for following the declaration of Helsinki. The ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Expression of monoamine oxidase B and University ethical committee with the approval serotonin receptor 2C genes number 2016-06-14/0520. The levels of expression of monoamine oxidase b Treatment protocol and tissue collection gene were assessed in the brain using SDi quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain The animals were divided into twelve (3 reaction (RT-PCR). The RT-PCR was done with 500 control and 9 test groups) groups of 5 animals each. ng RNA template utilizing TranGen EasyScript one- The control groups were administered 1 mL/kg body step RT-PCR pack as indicated by the maker's weight of olive oil and the test groups took 12.5, 25, directions. The RNA samples were exposed to an and 50 mg/kg body weight of the marijuana extract. initial 30 min steam bath at 45°C for cDNA synthesis The exposure was monitored at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after which PCR amplification was done, utilizing for each of the doses employed as described by gene-specific primers (GSP) (Table 1), at 94°C for 5 Dosumu et al. (16). The test groups were admin- min trailed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 5 min at the istered 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight mar- annealing temperature of GSP, and 1 min at 72°C. ijuana extract for 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Each group of All amplifications were done in C1000 animals was sacrificed after an overnight fast using Touch™ Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories, diethyl-ether anesthesia at the end of the exposure Hercules, CA). After PCR, amplicons were en- time. The brain was excised from the animal and visioned on 1.2% agarose gel in 1X Tris Borate EDTA placed in RNAlater®.
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