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Astronomer Mary Grey and the Architecture of Canada's Dominion Observatory Document generated on 09/28/2021 7:49 p.m. Journal of the Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada Le Journal de la Société pour l'étude de l'architecture au Canada Astronomer Mary Grey and the Architecture of Canada’s Dominion Observatory Sharon Odell Volume 45, Number 1, 2020 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1075073ar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1075073ar See table of contents Publisher(s) SSAC-SEAC ISSN 2563-8696 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Odell, S. (2020). Astronomer Mary Grey and the Architecture of Canada’s Dominion Observatory. Journal of the Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada / Le Journal de la Société pour l'étude de l'architecture au Canada, 45(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.7202/1075073ar Copyright © SSAC-SEAC, 2020 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ ESSAY | ESSAI ASTRONOMER MARY GREY AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF CANADA’S DOMINION OBSERVATORY SHARON ODELL has a twenty-five-year career in > SHARON ODEll museology at municipal, provincial, and national level museums; as a mentor she presently sits on an Algonquin College advisory committee for Applied Museum Studies. She resides in Ottawa and holds an M.A. in Art History from Carleton hen the first National Dominion University; she specializes in research on art, WObservatory of Canada opened architecture, and the history of Canadian women in Ottawa, Ontario, in April of 1905, its function was to mirror that of the Royal in science. Her latest publication is on public Observatory at Greenwich and to become landscape art of Cairn Cunnane in Render Journal a Canadian institutional resource used for 2017, and her latest co-curated exhibition at timekeeping, railway, and survey require- Carleton University Art Gallery was a Science Lab ments. Built by David Ewart between series titled HERbarium, 2017. In addition, she 1902-1904, its architecture, an example conducts annual presentations (2017-2020) on of a blend of Romanesque Revival and the Canadian history of scientific architecture and Edwardian classicist styles used in North women in astronomy, to Canada wide audiences, America, was meant to visually highlight the national importance of the science as a member of the Royal Astronomical Society of astronomy within a colonized country of Canada. striving for independence (fig. 1). Today, thankfully, this building’s legacy has been preserved in part thanks to the keen fore- sight of the last self-taught astronomer who worked there, Mary Grey. Grey’s curatorial work in her later museum role helped bring focus to this same archi- tecture, which still holds layers of great significance at local, national, and inter- national levels, advancing its cause for comparison to other observatory histories around the world. Many believe the key for this building to continue its educa- tional value today is to strengthen its sci- entific heritage designation by following the same principles that Grey laid out, as this article will reveal. Specifically, these principles include her public outreach and preservation of the Observatory campus as-a-whole. Otherwise, without all parts of this story, only a fragmented lesson in Canada’s history of astronomy will be known to future generations. The late John Hodgson, who supervised Grey as director general of the Earth Physics Branch of Energy Mines and Resources (EMR) in 1979, wrote the first FIG. 1. DOMINION OBSERVATORY, OTTAWA, BY ARCHITECT DAVID EWART. | SHARON ODELL, AUGUST 10, 2019. JSSAC | JSÉAC 45 > No 1 > 2020 > 10-21 10 JSOHNHARON LEROUX ODELL > > ESSAY ESSAY | ESSAI| ESSAI two-volume history on this Observatory, was the first-order field of astronomy titled The Heavens Above and the Earth that had control of the Laplace azimuths. Beneath.1 While Hodgson’s volumes These official geographic points are regu- recount the overall history of the building lated by triangulation through astrono- and its social past, I have chosen to study mical coordinates.4 Grey likely worked this architecture within its surrounding at GSD for the astronomic positioning location of the National Historic Site of of mapping. Therefore, it was through the Canadian Central Experimental Farm that department that she obtained her (the CEF), in relation to Grey’s career. first experience in practical astronomy; Also, through use of a visual analysis of however, she has stated that her “pas- the Dominion Observatory, with a focus sion for astronomy only really took off on its heritage features, I will analyze like fire after moving to the Dominion Grey’s contributions to its preservation. Observatory in Ottawa.”5 The objective here is to examine her as a notable astronomer, who imparted While working at the Observatory, Grey her knowledge to bringing the public’s led public and educational tours as she attention to the Observatory, which lent continued to support its preservation further Canadian cultural value to its after leaving her astronomy career—to FIG. 2. MARY GREY WITH 15” REFRACTING TELESCOPE INSIDE THE DOMINION OBSERVATORY DOME, scientific heritage. become a curator at the National Science OTTAWA, C. 1962. | SLIDE 340-1, NATURAL RESOURCES and Technology Museum. As a vocal and CANADA, EARTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT. MARY GREY: A FIRST-CLASS recognized member of the Ottawa com- WOMAN ASTRONOMER munity, and as a past president of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, on the national Observatory following When examining how the Dominion Grey successfully raised awareness of this her mentors, it is here that I would like Observatory became a part of Mary Grey’s unique building and its inherent value to focus more on its architectural history scientific research, it becomes clear how to Canada. She facilitated a stronger and related visual features. This will give the building’s function changed after external recognition of the Observatory more of a perspective as to why Grey and 1970.2 This is when it became the EMR through the rare examples of Canada’s her colleagues were so motivated in pro- Branch of Seismology, as the astronomy first historical telescopes, namely the moting its scientific heritage (fig. 2). department was dissolved that same year. Dominion Telescope, through her support In addition, the life of the Observatory and scientific work. While doing so, she THE IDEAL LANDSCAPE building after Grey’s tenure was over can also highlighted the significance of the FOR A NATIONAL ASTRONOMY be traced to facilitate a discussion of her Observatory’s unpublicized historic role PROGRAM: ARM OF strong advocacy for the safeguarding in its staff for mentoring, and how these CANADIAN PARLIAMENT of the tools that once encompassed her work-related opportunities enabled the trade. first Canadian women scientists to prac- David Ewart (1841-1921) was chosen to tice physics and astronomy on a natio- be the Dominion architect for many fun- Born in 1927 in the town of Chipman, New nal level. Grey herself was mentored in ded government buildings in Canada’s Brunswick, Grey received her bachelor of this manner by her predecessor, Miriam capital, the city of Ottawa. Originally science degree in civil engineering from Burland, who worked at the Dominion from Scotland, he engaged with medie- the University of New Brunswick. A self- Observatory from 1928 to 1968, as well val Revival modes that dominated North taught astronomer, her career began as astronomer Helen Sawyer Hogg. The America in the nineteenth century, in at the Geodetic Survey Department of latter had also worked with Burland order to create one of many new modern Canada (GSD), from 1941 until the early and other astronomical staff in Ottawa, building styles for Canada’s own legacy. 1950s.3 The main building for GSD was while at the Dominion Astrophysical He often did this to exemplify an innova- located beside the Dominion Observatory Observatory in British Columbia, from tive simplified form of what he thought in Ottawa, also built by Ewart in 1914. the 1920s until 1935. As Grey became the Canada’s reverent institutions could be. From 1940 until 1985, the Geodetic Survey epitomic source for historic information In the 1890s, Ewart was also the ideal JSSAC | JSÉAC 45 > No 1 > 2020 11 JSOHNHARON LEROUX ODELL > > ESSAY ESSAY | ESSAI| ESSAI architect to construct a national obser- building. Thus, it was far enough away build a national Observatory for Canada vatory. At the request of the Canadian from the city centre to avoid light pollu- began in the 1890s, but looking back government and Canadian renowned tion, and to have the building positioned even further still, the famous observatory astronomers William King and his col- at an elevation advantageously within designed by Christopher Wren in 1675 league Otto Klotz, the project was assi- low-lying farmland and above treelines Greenwich, England, inspired modern gned to Ewart. Both astronomers would for astronomy to take place. architectural ideas for a Canadian ver- become directors of this Observatory once sion. During the nineteenth century, it was completed within the observatory It did not take long for this building to British architecture was regarded as a crescent complex. The original space of become an immediate tourist attraction resource for building-type examples, since the Cliff Observatory on Parliament Hill of Canada’s scientific pursuits; even during Canada was presided over by England as a was limiting for its older technology the construction phase, there were ste- Dominion rather than as an independent and lack of space for scientific research reographic images and postcards of this nation.
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