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The 9 International Symposium on Earthworm 1 The 9th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology 5th – 10th September 2010 Xalapa, Mexico The 9th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology 5th to 10th September 2010, Xalapa, Mexico 2 CONTENTS Introductory and Magistral lecture 3 Session 1 – Earthworm Biodiversity & DNA Bar-Coding 4 Oral Contributions 5 Poster Contributions 16 Session 2 – Earthworm Immunology & Physiology 42 Oral Contributions 43 Poster Contributions 54 Session 3 – Earthworms as Indicators of Change on a Local, Regional & Global Scale 83 Oral Contributions 84 Poster Contributions 95 Session 4 – Earthworms & Ecosystem Services 121 Oral Contributions 122 Poster Contributions 132 Session 5 – Earthworms Interaction 158 Oral Contributions 159 Poster Contributions 170 Session 6 – Earthworms, Soil & Fertility 204 Oral Contributions 205 Poster Contributions 215 Session 7 – Earthworms, Soil Contamination & Bioremediation 232 Oral Contributions 233 Poster Contributions 244 Session 8 – Vermicomposting & Waste Management 265 Oral Contributions 266 Poster Contributions 277 Author Index 305 The 9th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology 5th to 10th September 2010, Xalapa, Mexico 3 Introductory and Magistral Lecture Earthworms, Gaia's best friends Lavelle Patrick Université P. et M. Curie (Paris 6), UMR BIOEMCO 7618 Centre IRD Ile de France, CIAT/TSBF Cali, Colombia It is said that worms went out from the sea 500M years ago and colonised terrestrial environments. Since then, earthworms known for at least 100M years, have developped a large diversity of life forms distributed among several thousands of species able to exploit any ecological niche in the soil and litter environment. They have developped intense interactions with all soil organisms through their remarkable activity as soil ecosystem engineers. They have also become efficient protectors of plants through still little understood mechanisms. We only know so far that very intimate interactions involving plant gene expression are at hand. As a result, earthworms are major providers of soil ecosystem engineers. Earthworms must have gone through a number of major disturbances and changes. The shift from Gymnosperm to Angiosperms dominant vegetation must have profoundly affected the quality of organic inputs in litter and soils. Closer to us, they lived the great Quaternary glaciations and recolonised the newly formed soils after retreat. The Anthropocene is now at hand. Many earthworm species will likely disappear as a result of conversion or modification of their natural habitat. However, a small number of peregrine species, specially adapted to face great disturbances are already working to limit damages to soils and plant communities, and the remarkable ability of the group to create new species will likely replace the extinct pool of inadapted species. Earthworms will remain Gaias's best friends and help go through one more disturbance. The 9th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology 5th to 10th September 2010, Xalapa, Mexico 4 Session 1 Earthworm Biodiversity and DNA Bar-coding The 9th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology 5th to 10th September 2010, Xalapa, Mexico 5 Plenary Lecture – Session 1 Molecular data on the point of revolutionizing earthworm systematics James Samuel University of Kansas From the simple questions of correct application of names to formally described taxa to testing hypotheses of ancestral relationships and origins of faunas, molecular data are bringing clarity and focus to the scientific investigation of earthworm diversity. These data are also upsetting some enduring species concepts, challenging taxonomic opinions regarding synonymy, and may bring precision at the cost of abandoning exclusive reliance on morphology for identification of earthworms. The global earthworm DNA barcoding campaign based at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding has uncovered cryptic diversity within many common earthworm lineages, as have other working groups. These discoveries lead to the need to match lineages to type material, and we can anticipate that some names will be restored from synonymy. This is not always possible and the taxonomic community may need to take action necessary to secure the future of earthworm identification. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of 18s + 28s sequence data reveal taxon trees that do not correspond to classical earthworm systematics or the implicit homology statements of those systems. These force us to evaluate morphology in different ways and to redefine higher levels of the classification. Earthworms appear to be very old, but we need to do more to calibrate molecular clock(s) in order to estimate dates of divergence and the present and paleo-biogeography of earthworm higher taxa. The 9th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology 5th to 10th September 2010, Xalapa, Mexico 6 Oral – Session 1 Shifting clone diversity and morphometry across northern Europe in the parthenogenetic earthworm Eiseniella tetraedra (Sav.) including samples from sites exposed to radioactive pollution Terhivuo Juhani1, Halmepuro Anne-Mari 1, Saura Anssi2 1Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki, Finland 2Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden We have earlier surveyed clone pool structure and variability of morphometrical characters in parthenogenetic earthworms around the Baltic Sea. Here we give results on clone pool diversity and morphometrical variation in the riparian parthenogenetic lumbricid Eiseniella tetraedra (Sav.) as indicated by sampled specimens from Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Komi Republic bordering the Ural mountains. A pattern of geographic displacement of clones from west to east was observed and the overall clone diversity decreased towards the east. We also found that fresh weight and posterior body length were lower in adults of the east than in those of the west whereas the number of posterior segments did not differ statistically significantly between the countries. We hypothesize that the decreasing eastward trends may indicate adaptation of populations to the more severe continental climate of the east. There were, however, significant differences between populations within a country perhaps attributable to local factors. As for generative characters no clear-cut geographical west-east trend was observed. In the Vodnyi village (Komi) E. tetraedra populations occupied top soils contaminated by exposure to long-term ionizing radiation resulting from radium extraction from groundwater. The upstream samples of the Ukhta river running close to the contaminated site at Vodnyi (Komi) were made up of several clones, while the samples downstream were almost invariable, including the ones from the sites with the highest levels of background radiation. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether this invariability is related to environmental pollution because clone assemblages in the samples from varying distances of Vodnyi were either variable or monomorphic. The 9th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology 5th to 10th September 2010, Xalapa, Mexico 7 Oral– Session 1 Phylogeographic and adaptive study in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus sampled from locations corresponding to southern European glacial refugia and extending into northern Europe Sechi Pierfrancesco Cardiff University Earthworms play key direct and indirect roles in many soil processes, in food web ecology, and ecosystem functioning. For these reasons they are highly significant as bio-monitoring species. Due to their keystone and ecological engineering status, it is essential to achieve a better knowledge and understanding of their population structures, evolutionary histories, and genetic diversity. It is highly likely that during the last glaciation period, the lumbricid fauna of Great Britain was completely eradicated, with the post-glacial fauna having migrated from one or more refugia in mainland Europe extending from Iberia to the Carpathians. A probable consequence of this can be found in the paucity of species in Great Britain, consisting of only ~26 species. In comparison, the number of extant species in southern mainland Europe is ~180 species. Despite the importance of representative lumbricids in ecotoxicology, a large-scale genetic analysis of the patterns of dispersal of certain relatively ubiquitous species from recognized glacial refugia and the subsequent (re)colonization of northern latitudes is conspicuously lacking. The present project ultimately aims to study the phylogeography of the acid-tolerant, cosmopolitan, epigeic species Lumbricus rubellus with regard to the post-glacial colonization of North Europe using mitochondrial DNA markers and next-generation sequencing tools. The project will also investigate the evolutionary processes and metabolic responses of populations that have established sustainable footholds on polluted sites. The Cardiff laboratory has already identified two deeply-differentiated mitochondrial lineages within L. rubellus. The specific purpose of the pan-European collaborative initiative presented here was to explore the mainland European origin(s) of northern including (especially) British L. rubellus populations, and to verify the spatial/temporal clustering of the two presently recognised lineages. We present the preliminary phylogenetic study based on mitochondrial genotype (COI and COII loci) data obtained from specimens from sites in Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Serbia, Poland, Estonia, Denmark, Austria, Hungary, Sweden, Finland and Norway. The
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