Sidalcea pedata pedate checker-mallow 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation Sidalcea pedata (pedate checker-mallow) Photocredit: Scott Eliason (USFS). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Carlsbad, CA March 18, 2011 2011 5-Year Review for Sidalcea pedata 5-YEAR REVIEW Sidalcea pedata (pedate checker-mallow) I. GENERAL INFORMATION Purpose of 5-Year Reviews: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) is required by section 4(c)(2) of the Endangered Species Act (Act) to conduct a status review of each listed species at least once every 5 years. The purpose of a 5-year review is to evaluate whether or not the species’ status has changed since it was listed. Based on the 5-year review, we recommend whether the species should be removed from the list of endangered and threatened species, be changed in status from endangered to threatened, or be changed in status from threatened to endangered. Our original listing of a species as endangered or threatened is based on the existence of threats attributable to one or more of the five threat factors described in section 4(a)(1) of the Act, and we must consider these same five factors in any subsequent consideration of reclassification or delisting of a species. In the 5-year review, we consider the best available scientific and commercial data on the species, and focus on new information available since the species was listed or last reviewed. If we recommend a change in listing status based on the results of the 5-year review, we must propose to do so through a separate rule-making process defined in the Act that includes public review and comment. Species Overview: Sidalcea pedata (pedate checker-mallow) is a multi-stemmed perennial herb in the Malvaceae (mallow family) that is restricted to the moist alkaline meadows of the Big Bear Valley of San Bernardino County, California. Sidalcea pedata was listed by the State of California as an endangered species in January 1982 and federally listed as an endangered species in August 1984. At the time of listing, there were 19 known extant occurrences of S. pedata at three locations, including near Bluff Lake, Baldwin Lake, and the south shore of Big Bear Lake. Little information is available regarding the historical distribution of S. pedata, but it is thought to have occurred throughout moist meadows of Big Bear Valley and it is currently extant at 16 occurrences in the Big Bear Valley. The primary threats at the time of listing were habitat loss and degradation due to urban development, off-road vehicle use, and cattle grazing. Methodology Used to Complete This Review: This review was prepared by Jennifer McCarthy at the Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife Office, following the Region 8 guidance issued in March 2008. We used information from the 1998 Recovery Plan, survey information from experts who have been monitoring various localities of this species, and the California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB) maintained by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG). The Recovery Plan and personal communications with species experts were our primary sources of information used to update the species’ status and threats. We received no information relevant to Sidalcea pedata from the public, in response to our notice in the Federal Register initiating this 5-year review. This 5- year review contains updated information on the species’ biology and threats, and an assessment 2 2011 5-Year Review for Sidalcea pedata of that information compared to that known at the time of listing. We focus on current threats to the species that are attributable to the Act’s five listing factors. The review synthesizes all this information to evaluate the listing status of the species and provides an indication of its progress towards recovery. Finally, based on this synthesis and the threats identified in the five-factor analysis, we recommend a prioritized list of conservation actions to be completed or initiated within the next 5 years. Contact Information: Lead Regional Office: Larry Rabin, Deputy Division Chief for Listing, Recovery, and Habitat Conservation Planning, Region 8; (916) 414–6464. Lead Field Office: Jennifer McCarthy and Anna Braswell, Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife Office, Region 8; (760) 431–9440. Federal Register (FR) Notice Citation Announcing Initiation of This Review: A notice announcing initiation of the 5-year review of this taxon and the opening of a 60-day period to receive information from the public was published in the Federal Register on March 25, 2009 (USFWS 2009, pp. 12878–12883). No information relevant to Sidalcea pedata was received. Listing History: Federal Listing FR Notice: 49 FR 34497–34500 Date of Final Listing Rule: August 31, 1984 Entity Listed: Sidalcea pedata (pedate checker-mallow), a plant species. Classification: Endangered State Listing Sidalcea pedata was listed as endangered by the State of California in 1982. Associated Rulemakings: None Review History: No previous taxon-specific reviews of Sidalcea pedata have been conducted. Species’ Recovery Priority Number at Start of 5-Year Review: The recovery priority number for Sidalcea pedata is 5C according to the Service’s 2010 Recovery Data Call for the Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife Office, based on a 1–18 ranking system where 1 is the highest-ranked recovery priority and 18 is the lowest (USFWS 1983a, pp. 43098– 43105; USFWS 1983b, p. 51985). This number indicates that the taxon is a species that faces a high degree of threat and has a low potential for recovery. The “C” indicates conflict with construction or other development projects or other forms of economic activity. 3 2011 5-Year Review for Sidalcea pedata Recovery Plan or Outline: Name of Plan Recovery Plan for the Pedate Checker-mallow (Sidalcea pedata) and Slender-Petaled Mustard (Thelypodium stenopetalum) Date Issued July 1998 II. REVIEW ANALYSIS Application of the 1996 Distinct Population Segment (DPS) Policy: The Endangered Species Act defines “species” as including any subspecies of fish or wildlife or plants, and any distinct population segment (DPS) of any species of vertebrate wildlife. This definition of species under the Act limits listing as distinct population segments to species of vertebrate fish or wildlife. Because the species under review is a plant the DPS policy is not applicable, and the application of the DPS policy to the species’ listing is not addressed in this review. Information on the Species and its Status: Species Description Sidalcea pedata (pedate checker-mallow) is a multi-stemmed perennial herb in the Malvaceae (mallow family). The 20 to 40 decimeter (7 to 16 inches (in)) plant has erect stems that arise from a fleshy, nonrhizomatous taproot. The typically reddish stems are broad and pubescent. The predominantly basal leaves are palmately five to seven parted into narrow, three lobed divisions, which are further dissected into linear to oblong segments. The few stem leaves are small and divided into three segments that are also dissected into linear segments. The five- parted flowers, which occur in many-flowered, loose, spike-like terminal racemes (inflorescence), may vary in color from pink to magenta with darker veins; petals are 9 to 12 millimeters (0.4 to 0.6 in) long. Sidalcea pedata has a generational turnover of approximately 3 to 5 years. The taxon flowers between May and August (USFS 2000a, p. 37). Species Biology and Life History Sidalcea pedata is gynodioecious, meaning there are plants with both female and hermaphrodite flowers and plants with female flowers only. Research findings indicate that female and hermaphrodite plants differ substantially in their reproductive biology and pollination ecology (Leong 2006, p. 24). Hermaphrodites can produce seeds through outcrossing (pollen transfer between separate plants) and geitonogamy (pollen transfer between separate flowers on the same plant), whereas females appear to produce seeds solely through outcrossing. The most common visitors to S. pedata appear to be generalist bees, predominantly in the genus Osmia. Sidalcea pedata also attracts one specialist pollinator, the female of the bee species Diadasia nigrifrons (Anthrohoridae). Other visitors include flies, butterflies, and beetles. Bee visitors appear to 4 2011 5-Year Review for Sidalcea pedata distinguish between the two sex morphs and are more highly attracted to hermaphrodite flowers when initially flying to a new group of stems (Leong 2006, p. 24). Female plants also appear to be much more productive than hermaphrodites. Sidalcea pedata seeds are small and dispersal appears to be limited to the area surrounding the parent plant (USFS 2000a, p. 37). Observations in the field suggest that Sidalcea pedata is a tolerant species and individuals are able to survive in areas that have been significantly disturbed; individuals have been observed in mowed, vacant, and compacted lots (S. Eliason, USFS, pers. obs. 2010). However, research indicates that S. pedata does not reproduce in or near severely impacted areas and that non- compacted soils are important to the reproductive success and persistence of this species (Krantz 1981, p. VI). Habitat or Ecosystem Sidalcea pedata is primarily found on vernally moist meadows and sparsely vegetated, drier meadow sites at elevations from 1,600 to 2,500 meters (m) (5,250 to 8,200 feet (ft)) in the Big Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains of California (USFS 2000b, p. 38). The geological history of the area as a Pleistocene lake bed has resulted in a high clay component in the soil that contributes to the formation of these moist meadows. The clay forms a barrier to percolation of surface water and creates favorable conditions to support moist to wet meadow plant species. The clay soils of these meadows are often saturated with surface water in the spring, but dry by July (Krantz 1980, p. 2). Community dominants are mostly low herbaceous species less than 0.5 m (1.6 ft) high (Krantz 1994, p.