Internal Migration Processes and Population Crafts in the Emirate of Bukhara
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The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: November 28, 2020 | Pages: 142-147 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue11-25 OCLC - 1121105668 Internal Migration Processes And Population Crafts In The Emirate Of Bukhara Khalikov Zokir Eshboltayevich A candidate of historical sciences of Termez State University, Uzbekistan Sharifiy Gavharshodbegim Scientific researcher of Termez State University, Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan Journal Website: http://usajournalshub.c om/index,php/tajssei Copyright: Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. ABSTRACT This article analyzes the scientific data on the role of migrants in the central cities of the Bukhara Emirate in the late XIX and early XX centuries in their crafts and production. KEYWORDS Emirate of Bukhara, Karakol, Nurata, Karshi, Guzar, Yakkabag, Chorjoi, Boysun, Denau, Mangit, Sughd INTRODUCTION The territory of the Emirate of Bukhara was According to Amir Alimkhan, the Bukhara 225,000 square kilometers, equal to the emirs believed that the Mangits were of territory of present-day Italy. The emirate had Uzbek descent and, according to Mongol 28 principalities, including Karakol, Nurata, tradition, they were carried on white felt by Karshi, Guzar, Yakkabag, Chorjoi, Boysun, sayyids, khojas and mullahs. It is said that the Denau, Sherabad, Gissar, Kulob, Qabodiyon Mongols were not Mongols, but one of the and others. The principalities had the same ancient Turkic peoples. (Ibid., p. 3). Bukhara is territory as the provinces. In this regard, one of the oldest cities in Central Asia, ruled Vobkent and Gijduvan districts close to by various kings. For example, the play admits Bukhara are mentioned. Bukhara, Uzbek, that "the Mangits ruled from 1783 to 1920." Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Tajik, Jewish, Arab European scholars are skeptical of the large and Afghan nationalities live in Bukhara. population of medieval Central Asian cities. (Sayyid Amir Alimkhan, 1991) For example, during the Navoi period, the The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11 -2020 142 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: November 28, 2020 | Pages: 142-147 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue11-25 OCLC - 1121105668 population of Samarkand was several continued their relations with their relatives. thousand people. In the 12th century, Masson They did not mix with the townspeople either acknowledged that the population of Herat because they lived together in the same area. was between half a million and one million The people of Mullo-Hoki-Roh mahalla are a (Masson, 1948). good example of this. Another name for this neighborhood is Ponobixo. The name means MATERIALS AND METHODS that they came from the village of Ponob. The population of Bukhara spoke Uzbek and When these people moved in, they bought Tajik languages. The Uzbek language was many houses in the neighborhood and evicted spoken in markets, shops, on the streets, at the residents, giving the neighborhood a new home, while in Tajik it was spoken by name. The Ponobians are engaged to their educated and courtiers. This indicates that relatives as well as their villages. The land and even before the Tajik-speaking population, houses of the settlers in the village have been there was an assimilation of the Iranian- preserved, and in the hot summer days they speaking population. Some words of the have lived for some time in their courtyards in Iranian-speaking group can be found in the the village. This indicates that the city of Bukhara dialect. The occurrence of such terms Bukhara also played an important role in the as "vartishk" - quail, "stone" - "ketmon" country's internal migration. Among the Tajik indicates that the terms in the Iranian population of Bukhara are those who language have survived among the urban migrated from the mountainous regions of population. The city's Turkic-speaking Tajikistan, commonly known as "Kolobikho" - population also spoke Persian. He lost his Kolobliks. Although they mingled with the tongue. The word "Bukhara" is also a Tajiks of Bukhara, they kept their traditions. Hephthalite word (Livshits,1954). Authors of (Sukhareva,1958, p. 79). the ancient language of the Bukhara people Many tourists who came to Bukhara in the say that it belongs to the dialect of the first half of the 19th century interacted with Sogdian language. (Barthold, 1926. p.29). locals and called them Uzbeks. A. Borns The language of the Bukhara people was admits that he is proud to be Uzbek, no analyzed by linguists in two ways. According matter what Bukhara you ask. During this to Narshakhi, F. Rosenberg and Henning period, most Bukhara residents considered confirmed that the language originated from Iranians to be Tajiks, not themselves. the grammatical norms of the Sogdian (Sukhareva, 1958) language. According to Muhammad Narshahi, A study of the population of Bukhara revealed the people of Bukhara had preserved their that a Tajik-speaking man also spoke Uzbek. ancient pre-Tajik language until the beginning However, Uzbek families have preserved the of the 8th century. Only in the X century this traditions of their ancestors. Uzbeks such as language was replaced by the Tajik language. Mangit, Nayman, Uch-Urug, Qirq-Juz, and But there are also people of different Turkmen lived here. Most of them came from nationalities who have immigrated with the Khorezm. Such groups lived in Urgenj mahalla, Tajiks. They did not mix with the townspeople, west of Sheikh Jalal Gate, in Charmgaron but kept their national traditions as they The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11 -2020 143 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: November 28, 2020 | Pages: 142-147 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue11-25 OCLC - 1121105668 mahalla, south of Shergiron Gate, and in Olim- Mangits and the Forties were made up of Khoja mahalla, south of Samarkand Gate. In soldiers. During this period, the bourgeoisie the early 19th century, they lived with the was less formed in the Bukhara Khanate than nobility of the Khiva khanate in the in the Governor-General of Turkestan. But Boyrobofon district of the craftsmen's they could not reflect the interests and needs mahalla, who had fled to Bukhara. These of the nation. Among the Tajiks of Bukhara groups had no contact with each other as they and Samarkand at that time, the term had moved to Bukhara at different times. "Uzbek" was not only an ethnic name, but These segments of the population are able to also a social one, meaning "outskirts" or speak Tajik fluently without forgetting their "villages." For the towns’ people, religion was language. But the families of the aristocracy more important than nationality. Most of the (sipo) among them remained faithful to their towns’ people were considered "Sunni traditions and language. The nobles and Muslims." Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Iranians were servicemen of the Bukhara Khanate were of united in a single social stratum to govern the Uzbek descent and had their own tribes. The country. Uzbek language was predominant at the same RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS level (Vyatkin, 1928). In Bukhara there were also groups that preserved their language. In Bukhara, Iranians were also in the majority. One of them was a Kenagas and a Kalmyk They were isolated from the local population army living south of the Talipoch Gate. In because they belonged to the Shia sect of addition to them, Tajik-speaking craftsmen Islam. During the reign of Amir Shah Murad, lived in this part of the city. The second group the descendants of the Kyzylbashli who of the Turkic-speaking population lived in the remained in Samarkand and Bukhara differed only area south of the aforementioned from the local Turkic-speaking Uzbeks and Samarkand Gate. They used to weave mats. A Tajiks in their anthropology and language. third group of Turkic-speaking populations Most Iranians lived in the Joyboriy mahalla in made up half of the Kara-Kemal district on the the southwestern part of the city, in the east side of the city, north of the Mazar Gate. Chakar, Chukur mahalla, Vaqf mahalla, and Half of the area was Tajik-speaking. Most of Takhti-Chorbog guzar. In addition, the eastern the locals were engaged in butchery or border of the area where they live shoemaking. The Uzbek men living here have corresponds to the Walida-khan-Shahid been given the name "bek". A small group of district of the Alley branch. would include z. Turkic-speaking people belonged to the The second smaller group lived in the Bahrin tribe, who lived in the Morkush and Topkhana district on the northwest side of Kyrgyzoyim mahallas, inhabited by the Mangit Shahristan and made up about 60% of the and Forty Hundred tribes, and they belonged population. The third group consisted of 28 to 10 wealthy families of this tribe. They relatives and lived in the Dost-Chorogos village reportedly lived in the Chashmai-Ayub area on the west side of the Bukhara arch. Legend (Sukhareva, 1958). Subsequent reports has it that five of their descendants lived here suggest that these tribes migrated to Bukhara and were descendants of Ibrahim the silk- during the Russian occupation of Oratepa. The spinner, who migrated from Iran to Bukhara in The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11 -2020 144 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: November 28, 2020 | Pages: 142-147 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue11-25 OCLC - 1121105668 the late 18th century. The Sunnis of Bukhara to Bukhara in search of work and settled there lived separately from the Iranians.