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Dokumentation Neuer Vogel-Taxa, 9 - Bericht Für 2013 © Deutschen Ornithologen-Gesellschaft und Partner; download www.do-g.de; www.zobodat.at Vogelwarte 53, 2015: 229 – 260 © DO-G, IfV, MPG 2015 Dokumentation neuer Vogel-Taxa, 9 - Bericht für 2013 Jochen Martens & Norbert Bahr Martens J & Bahr N 2015: Documentation of new bird taxa, part 9. Report for 2013. Vogelwarte 53: 229-260. This report is the ninth one of a series and presents the results of a comprehensive literature screening in search for new bird taxa described in 2013, namely new genera, species and subspecies worldwide. We tracked names of ten genera, 25 species and three subspecies (one additional for 2010) new to science which, according to the International Code of Zoological No- menclature were correctly described. On the basis of molecular genetic analyses new genera for species or species groups were proposed within Columbidae (2), Pipridae (1), and Thamnophilidae (7). Though various species concepts are concerned and “species” may have differing biological meanings, the number of 25 new bird species described in a single year is extraordinarily high. It is unsurpassed at least within the last hundred years. The new species refer to Hydrobatidae (1), Tytonidae (1), Strigi- dae (2), Bucconidae (1), Tyrannidae (1), Pipromorphidae (2), Thamnophilidae (5), Rhinocryptidae (1), Dendrocolaptidae (4), Furnariidae (1), Corvidae (1), Cisticolidae (1), Timaliidae (1), Polioptilidae (1), Passerellidae (1), and Thraupidae (1). Five of the new species described refer to Non-Passeriformes, the remainder 20 species to Passeriformes. In several cases the popula- tions in question now considered to represent a new species were known since long. But only substantial studies of their songs, genetics and/or ecology led to description of new formerly unrecognized species. Most cases refer to the Neotropics.The dis- tributional areas of the new species often are minute, restricted to remote and difficultly to access areas, often small islands and were hitherto overlooked due to their similarity to closely related species. Due to their limited ranges species new to science are often already endangered when detected. In a taxon sequence by genus/species/subspecies the newly described taxa have following origin: Neotropics (10/20/2), Palaearctic (-/1/2; one already in 2010) and Indo-Malaya (0/4/0). A number of splits, namely those of known species into allospecies as the geographic representatives of a superspecies are also addressed, but these are restricted to the Palaearctic and Indo-Malayan regions. Such splits markedly influenced species numbers especially in the Alcedinidae (kingfishers, Ceyx) and in the Pycnonotidae (bulbuls, Thapsinillas). We discuss possible flaws in new descriptions and certain splits, regardless of the species concept addressed. However, in general this report should be taken as a documen- tation of new taxa, not as a critical review of recent changes in bird taxonomy and bird descriptions. ✉ JM: Institut für Zoologie, D-55099 Mainz. E-Mail: [email protected] NB: Zur Fähre 10, D-29693 Ahlden. E-Mail: [email protected] 1. Vorbemerkungen Mit dieser Übersicht setzen wir die Erfassung neuer dungen für Aufspaltungen sind nach wie vor heterogen Vogeltaxa in einer neunten Arbeit fort. Im Berichtszeit- und reichen vom oberflächlichen Vergleich äußerer raum 2013 wurden zehn neue Gattungen, 25 neue Ar- Merkmale bis zu einer detaillierten Analyse und Kom- ten und drei neue Unterarten den Nomenklaturregeln bination von genetischen, morphologischen und akusti- (ICZN 1999) entsprechend benannt und verfügbar schen Merkmalen.Es erwies sich erneut, dass die Diver- gemacht. Die Neotropis erwies sich erneut als die bei sität südost-asiatischer Faunen stark unterschätzt wird. weitem entdeckungsreichste Region (32 Taxa), gefolgt Kleinpopulationen von Eisvögeln Ceyx auf Inseln SO- von der Indomalaiischen Region (4) und von der Palä- Asiens können genetisch (und zusätzlich morphologisch) arktis (3, davon ein Nachtrag für 2010). Der Trend, voneinander stark getrennt sein und verdienen oftmals längst bekannte Arten in gut kenntliche Teilgruppen Artrang. Es ergeben sich neue Fragen und Probleme für aufzugliedern, Allospezies (hier auch „Spaltarten“ ge- den Schutz solcher eigenständiger Populationen. nannt), die immer getrennte Siedlungsgebiete bewoh- Auch die Bezüge auf ein Artkonzept, das als theore- nen, hält unvermindert an. tischer Hintergrund für die Neubewertung von Merk- Derselben Entwicklung unterliegt das Gattungsni- malen dient, differieren weiterhin stark. Sie wechseln veau. Die Ameisenvögel (Thamnophilidae) und Tauben zwischen dem Biologischen und dem Phylogenetischen (Columbidae) waren davon im Berichtsjahr besonders Artkonzept. Hinzu kommt seit einigen Jahren Abgren- betroffen. Auch auf diesem taxonomischen Niveau ma- zung nach der morphologischen Wertigkeit bzw. den chen genetische Analysen verwandtschaftliche Bezie- Score-Indizes (Tobias et al. 2010), bisweilen fehlt ein hungen deutlich bzw. machen sie erst erkennbar und Bezug zu einem Artkonzept ganz. Die Akzeptanz der erfordern oft die Benennung eigenständiger Taxa. Artaufspaltungen bei Systematikern und Taxonomen Für die Paläarktis und die Indomalaiische Region ha- ist erstaunlich hoch, selbst dann, wenn die Begrün- ben wir Artaufspaltungen dokumentiert. Die Begrün- dungen nicht besonders tragend erscheinen. © Deutschen Ornithologen-Gesellschaft und Partner; download www.do-g.de; www.zobodat.at 230 J. Martens & N. Bahr: Dokumentation neuer Vogel-Taxa, 9 - Bericht für 2013 Drei neue gewichtige Dokumentationen aller Vogel- wurde. Tribus (engl. „tribe“) ist eine Kategorie der Familien- arten lassen erkennen, wie subjektiv Artgrenzen gezo- gruppe unterhalb der Unterfamilie. gen werden können und wie ebenso subjektiv die An- Der in der Originalbeschreibung genannte Fundort des oder erkennung der Beschreibung neuer Arten sein kann. der Typusexemplare wird als Locus typicus (Typuslokalität, Dickinson & Remsen (2013) und Dickinson & Christi- engl. „type locality“) bezeichnet. Synonyme (mehrere Namen für dieselbe Art oder Unterart) oder Homonyme (gleiches Epi- dis (2014) bzw. del Hoyo & Collar (2014) gehen ganz theton für ganz unterschiedliche Arten oder Unterarten einer unterschiedlich vor. Dickinson wägt sorgfältig ab und Gattung) erlaubt der „Code“ ebenfalls nicht, da sie eindeutiger übergeht Neubeschreibungen bisweilen sogar unbe- wissenschaftlicher Benennung zuwiderlaufen. Der jeweils ältere gründet. Del Hoyo & Collar (2014) erkennen Neube- Name wird in der Regel als der gültige angesehen. schreibungen in so gut wie allen Fällen an und definie- Sympatrie (sympatrisch) benennt gemeinsames Vorkom- ren nach der Wertigkeitsmethode sogar zahlreiche men zweier Arten im selben Gebiet, nicht unbedingt im selben weitere Arten, ohne dass diese zuvor in eigenständigen Lebensraum. Allopatrie (allopatrisch) weist auf geografisch Publikationen begründet dargelegt wurden. getrennte Verbreitungsgebiete. Parapatrie (parapatrisch) be- Der Bezug auf ein definiertes Artkonzept wird bis- schreibt ‚nahtlos’ aneinander grenzende Verbreitungsgebiete. weilen ganz bewusst unterlassen. Whitney & Cohn- Bei den deutschen Namen der Vogelarten folgen wir bis auf wenige Ausnahmen dem „Handbook of the Birds of the Haft (2013) verweisen darauf, dass die Autoren der in World“ (del Hoyo et al. 1992-2013), gelegentlich der Arten- diesem Band des HBW benannten neuen Taxa gar liste von Wolters (1975-1982). keinem Artkonzept folgen. Vielmehr entschieden sie Monophylie, monophyletisch: Das Taxon hat eine gemein- von Fall zu Fall auf Basis unabhängiger Merkmalskom- same Stammform und umfasst alle zugehörigen Untergrup- plexe über den subjektiv am besten in den taxono- pen. Polyphylie, polyphyletisch: Das Taxon hat keine gemein- mischen Rahmen passenden Rang natürlich definierter same Stammform, vermeintlich gemeinsame Merkmale sind Populationen. Die Merkmale betreffen Morphologie nur oberflächlich ähnlich und beruhen nicht auf gemeinsamer (Gefieder und Morphometrie), Bioakustik und Mole- Verwandtschaft. Paraphylie, paraphyletisch: Das Taxon hat kulargenetik. Die Taxa müssen anhand von zwei dieser eine gemeinsame Stammform (wie bei Monophylie), umfasst drei Komplexe diagnostizierbar sein, um Artstatus zu jedoch nicht alle Teiltaxa. erlangen. Ein Konsens über die „Vogelarten“ weltweit Abkürzungen: N, S, W, und O stehen für die Himmelsrich- liegt somit in weiter Ferne. tungen, Z zentral, oft in Kombination mit geografischen oder politischen Einheiten; ad. adult, Adultus: ausgewachsener 2. Methodik zumeist geschlechtsreifer Vogel; subad. subadult, Subadultus: nahezu ausgewachsener noch nicht geschlechtsreifer Vogel; Termini: Wir verwenden „Art“ gleichbedeutend mit „Spezi- immat. immatur, Immaturus, ausgewachsener noch nicht es“, „species“ im Englischen, desgleichen „Unterart“ gleich- geschlechtsreifer Vogel; juv. juvenis, Jungvogel. Zur Charak- bedeutend mit „Subspezies“, „subspecies“ im Englischen. Der terisierung von Arten und Unterarten immer wieder heran- „Inhalt“, d. h. der jeweilige theoretische Hintergrund und der gezogene Gene des mitochondrialen Genoms (= mt-Gene bzw. biologische Rahmen einer „Art“ und folglich des aus Gat- mtDNA-Genom): Cytb Cytochrom b, KR Kontrollregion, tungs- und Artnamen zusammengesetzten wissenschaftlichen ND2 NADH-Dehydrogenase-2-Untereinheit, CO1 Cyto- Doppelnamens (des Binomens) kann je nach angewandtem chrom-Oxidase 1. Zunehmend werden Gene des Kerngenoms Artkonzept deutlich verschieden sein. Auf die Implikationen verwendet; sie zeigen besonders alte Aufspaltungen
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