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CCW Contract Science Report No. 705

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CCW Contract Science Report No. 705 Site Condition Assessments of Welsh SAC and SSSI Standing Water Features. Amy Burgess, Ben Goldsmith and Tristan Hatton-Ellis April 2006 CCW Contract Science Report No. 705 “This is a report of research commissioned by the Countryside Council for Wales. The Council has a programme of research in scientific and other areas, which supports the development of policies and practical work and helps point the way to new countryside legislation. However, the views and recommendations presented in this report are not necessarily those of the Council and should, therefore, not be attributed to the Countryside Council for Wales. No part of this report may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Countryside Council for Wales.” CYNGOR CEFN GWLAD CYMRU COUNTRYSIDE COUNCIL FOR WALES CCW CONTRACT SCIENCE REPORT DISTRIBUTION Report number: 705 Publication date: April 2006 Contract number: FC-73-02-318 Nominated officer: Tristan Hatton-Ellis Title: Site Condition Assessments of Welsh SAC and SSSI Standing Water Features. Authors: Burgess A., Goldsmith B., Hatton-Ellis, T.W. Restrictions: None Distribution: CCW HQ Library Scott Hand, Cardiff CCW Regional Libraries (5 Copies) David Hatcher, Mold CCW Marine and Freshwater Science Bob Haycock, Stackpole Library, Archive Andy Jones, Aberystwyth David Allen, Newtown Dyfed Jones, Bangor Dave Drewett, Llandrindod Jon Ratcliffe, Bangor Fiona Evans, Dolgellau Stuart Reid, Abergavenny Charlotte Gjerløv, Aberystwyth Hywel Roberts, Bangor Alan Hale, Aberystwyth Paul Williams, Dolgellau EN HQ Library Stewart Clarke, English Nature Peterborough SNH HQ Library Mary Hennessy, SNH Edinburgh EHS HQ Library Tony Waterman EA Richard Hemsworth Jo-Anne Pitt Geoff Phillips SEPA Scot Mathieson Other National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth British Library, Document Supply Centre, Boston Spa ii Executive Summary This report was commissioned by the Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) in 2005 and provides an assessment of the conservation status of Welsh Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). It details the site condition assessments of 43 individual standing water features and provides overall assessments of the 13 SACs and 11 SSSIs in which they lie. Site condition is assessed using Common Standards Monitoring (CSM) methods, where specific habitat feature attributes are assessed against targets corresponding to ‘favourable’ condition. To make these assessments, data from CCW Contract Science Report no. 704 (Goldsmith et al. 2006) is employed, alongside further chemical and biological data collected by ENSIS Ltd. and the Environment Agency (EA) between 2003-2005. Data from previous reports and surveys is also utilised where available to provide a longer-term perspective and possible evidence of trends. The results of the site condition assessments are discussed in terms of general categories of impact (e.g. acidification or eutrophication). Where sites were in unfavourable condition, recommendations for further investigation and / or management are made. Reference is also made to Water Framework Directive (WFD) Risk Assessments and some attempt is made to relate condition assessment outcomes to the probability of sites failing to meet good ecological status by 2015 in accordance with the objectives of Article 4 of the WFD. Condition assessments for the oligotrophic to mesotrophic Welsh lake SACs (23 lakes) and SSSIs (7 lakes) with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and / or of the Isoëto- Nanojuncetea, indicate that approximately 80 % of lakes of this type are currently in ‘unfavourable’ (60 %) or ‘unfavourable, recovering’ (20 %) condition. Only one SAC - Cadair Idris (3 lakes) – and three lakes within two other SACs are classified as ‘favourable’. Acidification is the primary reason for failure to meet favourable condition targets, particularly for SAC lakes. The recovery trends observed at a number of acid-impacted lakes most likely relate to reductions in atmospheric deposition of sulphur and nitrogen. It is expected that alkalinisation trends will continue provided that atmospheric deposition stabilises or continues to decrease. Nutrient enrichment, grazing pressure, sediment inwash, forestry operations and drawdown are further pressures that result in unfavourable condition assessment outcomes. Eutrophication is of particular concern amongst SSSI lakes of this type. All eleven Welsh lake SACs and SSSIs of the naturally eutrophic type (with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition-type vegetation) or hard oligo-mesotrophic Chara spp. type are classified as ‘unfavourable’ (70 %) or ‘unfavourable, recovering’ (20 %), with one lake classified as ‘unfavourable, declining’. Eutrophication is the primary reason for failure to meet favourable condition targets. However, unlike acidification, eutrophication may come from both point and diffuse sources, and its effects may be exacerbated by local management practices such as grazing and fish stocking. For many eutrophied lakes there is scope to identify and reduce diffuse sources of nutrients within the catchment. However, residual sediment nutrient concentrations may be problematic, as may inappropriate fish communities resulting from past stocking practices. Eutrophication can dramatically alter the structure and function of a lake ecosystem; therefore iii carefully constructed management plans must be implemented if favourable condition is to be a realistic future target for impacted naturally eutrophic and hard-water Welsh lake SACs and SSSIs. Only one SAC in Wales is notified for the dystrophic lakes feature (2 lakes). This feature was provisionally classified as unfavourable. However, the targets for this habitat type may require refinement. The report concludes by discussing uncertainty in lake classification, data confidence concerns, CSM issues relating to survey methodology and the appropriateness of targets used for condition assessment. Comparisons between the CSM approach and other lake assessment methodologies are also considered. Overall recommendations for future monitoring and assessment are provided. iv Crynodeb Gweithredol Comisiynwyd yr adroddiad hwn gan Gyngor Cefn Gwlad Cymru (CCW) yn 2005 ac fe ddarpara asesiad o statws cadwraethol Ardaloedd Cadwraeth Arbennig (ACAoedd) a Safleoedd o Ddiddordeb Gwyddonol Arbennig (SoDdGAoedd) yng Nghymru. Dyry fanylion asesiadau o gyflwr y safleoedd yn achos 43 o nodweddion dŵr llonydd ac asesiadau cyffredinol o’r 13 ACA ac11 SoDdGA sy’n eu cynnwys. Asesir cyflwr safle gan ddefnyddio dulliau Monitro Safonau Cyffredin (CSM), trwy ba rai y cymerir priodoleddau penodol nodweddion cynefin â thargedau sy’n cyfateb i ‘gyflwr ffafriol’. Er mwyn gwneud yr asesiadau hyn, defnyddir data o Adroddiad Gwyddonol Cytundeb CCW rhif. 704 (Goldsmith et al. 2006), ynghyd â data cemegol a biolegol eraill a gasglwyd gan ENSIS Ltd. ac Asiantaeth yr Amgylchedd rhwng 2003 a 2005. Defnyddir hefyd ddata o adroddiadau ac arolygon blaenorol, lle maent ar gael, er mwyn rhoi persbectif tymor hwy ac, o bosibl, dystiolaeth ynghylch tueddiadau. Trafodir canlyniadau asesiadau cyflwr y safleoedd yn ôl categorïau cyffredinol o effaith (e.e. asideiddio neu ewtroffeiddio). Lle’r oedd safleoedd mewn cyflwr anffafriol, gwneir argymhellion ar gyfer archwilio pellach a / neu reoli. Cyfeirir hefyd at Asesiadau Risg y Gyfarwyddeb Fframwaith Dŵr a gwneir rhyw ymdrech i gysylltu canlyniadau asesiadau cyflwr â’r tebygrwydd y bydd safleoedd yn methu cyrraedd statws ecolegol da erbyn 2015 yn unol ag amcanion Erthygl 4 y Gyfarwyddeb Fframwaith. Dengys asesiadau cyflwr ACAoedd a SoDdGAoedd llynnoedd Cymru sy’n oligotroffig neu’n fesotroffig (23 o lynnoedd a 7 o lynnoedd yn ôl eu trefn), gyda llystyfiant megis Littorelletea uniflorae ac / neu Isoëto-Nanojuncetea, fod rhyw 80 % o lynnoedd o’r math hwn ar hyn o bryd mewn cyflwr ‘anffafriol’ (60 %) neu ‘anffafriol, yn gwella’ (20 %) . Nid ystyrir ond un ACA - Cadair Idris (tri llyn) - a thri llyn mewn dwy ACA arall yn ‘ffafriol’. Asideiddio yw’r prif reswm dros fethu cyrraedd targedau ar gyfer cyflwr ffafriol, yn enwedig yn achos llynnoedd ACA. Sylwyd bod nifer o lynnoedd dan effaith asid yn tueddu i ymadfer; mae’n debygol iawn bod hyn yn ymwneud â’r lleihad ym maint y sylffwr a’r nitrogen sy’n cael eu dyddodi o’r atmosffer. Disgwylir y bydd tueddiadau i alcalineiddio’n parhau, os bydd dyddodi o’r atmosffer yn sefydlogi neu’n parhau i ostwng. Pwysau eraill sy’n arwain at asesiad cyflwr anffafriol yw maethlonni, pwysau gan bori, golchi gwaddod i mewn (sediment inwash), gweithgareddau coedwigaeth a gostyngiad yn lefel y dŵr (drawdown). Mae ewtroffeiddio’n bryder arbennig yn achos llynnoedd SoDdGA o’r math hwn. Mae pob un o’r un ar ddeg ACA a SoDdGA llynnoedd yng Nghymru sy’n ewtroffig naturiol (gyda llystyfiant megis Magnopotamion neu Hydrocharition) neu’n oligo-mesotroffig caled Chara spp. yn ‘anffafriol’ (70 %) neu ‘anffafriol, yn gwella’ (20 %), heblaw un llyn a ystyrir yn ‘anffafriol, yn gwaethygu’. Ewtroffeiddio yw’r prif reswm dros fethu cyrraedd targedau ar gyfer cyflwr ffafriol. Er hynny, yn wahanol i asideiddio, gall ewtroffeiddio godi o ffynhonnell unigol ac o ffynonellau gwasgarog, a gall arferion rheoli lleol megis pori a stocio pysgod waethygu ei effeithiau. Yn achos sawl llyn ewtroffig mae modd adnabod a lleihau ffynonellau gwasgarog maetholion yn y dalgylch. Er hynny, gall crynodiadau maetholion sydd ar ôl yn
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